環(huán)境統(tǒng)計學2007B試卷答案

杭州師范學院生命與環(huán)境科學學院2006-2007學年第一學期期末考試《環(huán)境統(tǒng)計學》試卷（B）答案、名詞解釋（共20、名詞解釋（共20分，每小題4分）得分班級：學號： 姓名：題號三四五總分得分評卷簽名數(shù)據(jù)和數(shù)據(jù)類型(Dataandtypesofdata)Thenumericalfactsthatreflectthevariablearedata(Onenumericalfactisadatum):Quantitativedata,ranked(ordinal)data,andcategorical(nominal)data參數(shù)分析須滿足的三個假設(Thethreeassumptionsforparametricanalyses)Normality,additivity,andhomogeneity正態(tài)分布曲線的特點(Propertiesofthenormaldistributioncurve)Normaldistributioncurvesarebell-shapedandbilaterallysymmetrical.ThetailsofthecurveapproachtheX-axis,butnevertouchit.Althoughthegraphwillgoonindefinitely,theareaunderthegraphisconsideredtohaveaunitof1.00Alsouniqueaboutthenormaldistributioncurveisthatthemean,median,andmodearethesamevalueThemodeandmediancanbeestimatedbysimplylookingatagraph:themodeisthevaluewiththehighestfrequency,andthemedianisthemiddlepoint.Itishardertoestimatethemean,however,asthatdependsontherangeofvalues協(xié)方差分析的基本步驟(Thegeneralproceduresforanalysisofcovariance)ToexamineifdataaresuitableforparametricanalysesToexamineiftheinvolvedlinearregressionlinesarestatisticallysignificantToexamineiftheinvolvedlinearregressionlinesareparallel.Ifso,thencalculatethecommonslopeToexamineiftheinterceptsdiffersignificantly.Ifso,thencorrectobservedvaluesToshowdifferencesinadjustedmeansamongsampleusingmultiplecomparison現(xiàn)代科學研究的基本步驟(Thegeneralproceduresformodernscientificresearches)Observationofaparticular eventStatementoftheproblemFormulationofahypothesisMakingapredictionDesignoftheexperiment

StatisticalanalysesofdataConclusion、基礎統(tǒng)計分析題（共20、基礎統(tǒng)計分析題（共20分）得分用下表人類頭發(fā)顏色觀測頻次(O)的抽樣數(shù)據(jù)，要求：(1)填寫頭發(fā)顏色的理論頻次分布；(2)用卡方好適度檢測和對數(shù)似然比例(G檢驗)檢測人類黑色、棕色、白色、金色和紅色頭發(fā)顏色是否吻合5:3:2:2:1的顏色分布[Thefollowingsampledataarerecordedastheobservedfrequencies(O),bywhichyoumayusetotestwhetherthesamplecomesfromapopulationhavinga5:3:2:2:1colorpatternofblacktobrowntowhitetoblondtoredhaircolorations.Youareasked:(1)toshowtheexpectedfrequencies(E),and(2)todecidethetruenessofthenullhypothesis(H0)usingChi-squaregoodnessoffit(X2test)andLog-likelihoodratio(G-test).Pleasenotethatthecriticalvalueis9.49whenP=0.05anddf=4](10points))黑色（Black）棕色（Brown）白色（White）金色（Blond）紅色（Red）nO8940322910200E76.946.230.830.815.4200G=4.80,df=4,P>0.05X2=4.78,df=4,P>0.05請?zhí)顚懸韵挛赐瓿傻谋砀癫W原M與實W設計試題檢驗由兩個齢教指導的學生是否具有相同的學業(yè)表現(xiàn)（PleasefillthefollowinguncompletedformandthenuseMann-Whitneytesttoexamineiftheperformanceofstudentsisthesameundertwoteachingassistants)(10points)TeachingassistantATeachingassistantBGrad'e RangeofgradeGradeRangeofgradeA2.5A2.5A2.5A2.5A—5.5B+7.5A—5.5B+7.5B10B10B10B—12C+13.5C16.5C+13.5C16.5C16.5C—19.5C16.5D—24C—19.5D22.5D22.5D+21U=49.5,U'=93.5,P=0.202三、綜合統(tǒng)計分析題（共60分） 得分附錄是某種動物雌體繁殖特征的地理變異的數(shù)據(jù)。要求將該組數(shù)據(jù)粘貼到統(tǒng)計軟件包，以便于做以下統(tǒng)計分析(Theappendixisasetofdataongeographicvariationinfemalereproductivetraitsofahypotheticanimal.Youareaskedtopastethisdatasetintothestatisticalpackagesothatyouwillbeabletodothefollowingstatisticalanalyses)請分別用t-檢驗、Mann-Whitney秩檢驗和單因子方差分析檢測浙皖(ZW)和百色(BS)雌體的體長是否存在差異(PleaseexamineifthereisadifferenceinbodylengthbetweenfemalescollectedfromQuangzhouandZhoushanusingStudent'st-test,Mann-WhitneyU-testandone-wayANOVA)(8points)Zhewan<BaiseU=244.0,U'=1554.0,P<0.0001t=6.42,df=89,P<0.0001F1,89=41.32,P<0.00011,89試用Kruskal-Wallis檢驗檢測四個地理來源的雌體體長是否存在差異(PleaseuseKruskal-Wallistesttoexamineiftherearedifferencesinfemalebodylengthamongthefourgeographiclocalities)(8points)H2,N=163=46.06,P<0.00012,N=163請將兩個地理位置的生育力描述性統(tǒng)計值填入表內，并同以雌體體長為協(xié)變量的單因子協(xié)方差分析比較兩個地理位置生育力平均值(Pleasefillthefollowingtablewithdescriptivestatisticsoffecundityandthencomparethemeanvaluesoffecunditybetweenthetwogeographiclocalitiesusingone-wayANCOVAwithfemalebodylengthasthecovariate)(8points)地理位置（Location）有效樣本（validN）平均值（Mean）標準誤(Standarderror)標準差(Standarddeviation)中值（Median）范圍（Range）ZW6212.10.54.01215BS2916.60.84.11617F1,88=0.58,P=0.4501,88試用以地理位置和年份為因子的雙因子方差分析分別顯示不同地理位置、不同年份，以及地理位置與年份的交互作用對雌體體重的影響[Pleaseusetwo-factorANOVAwithgeographiclocality(Location)andyearasthefactorstoexaminetheeffectsofgeographiclocality,yearandgeographiclocalityyearinteractiononfemalebodymass](8points)Location:F3,217=18.02,P<0.0001Year:F1,217=0.95,P=0.331Interaction:F3,217=0.81,P=0.490

5.試用以雌體體長為協(xié)變量、地理位置為因子的單因子協(xié)方差分析填充以下表格[Pleaseuseone-factorANCOVAwithgeographiclocality(location)asthefactorandfemalebodylengthasthecovariatetofillthefollowingtable](8points)變量(Variables)平行性(斜率)檢驗的F值和顯著性水平(Fvaluesandsignificancelevelsforslopes)截距檢驗的F值和顯著性水平(Fvaluesandsignificancelevelsforintercepts)生育力(Fecundity)F3217=1.01,P=0.391F3220=3.99,P=0.009(or<0.009)后代大小Fin=2.03,P=0.110=3.12,P=0.027(OSIZE)一窩后代重量F3217=1.72,P=0.164orF3220=6.60,P<0.0003or(OMASS)F3217=1.21,P=0.307F3220=6.00,P<0.0006or6.請用偏相關分析捕自百色的雌體體長、生育力和后代大小之間的關系。請注意分析須給出偏相關系數(shù)、檢驗結果和顯著性水平(PleaseanalyzethefollowingrelationshipsamongBL,FecundityandOSIZEwithapartialcorrelationanalysisusingdataonfemalescollectedfromZhoushan.Pleasenotethatyouareaskedtogivepartialcorrelationcoefficients,statisticalresultsandsignificancelevels):BLvsFecundity,BLvsOSIZEandFecundityvsOSIZE)(8points)BLvsFecundity:r=0.86,t=8.45,df=26,P<0.0001orr=0.85,t=8.23,df=26,P<0.0001BLvsOSIZE:r=0.14,t=0.70,df=26,P=0.491orr=0.16,t=0.82,df=26,P=0.421FecundityvsOSIZE:r=-0.08,t=0.40,df=26,P=0.695orr=-0.11,t=0.54,df=26,P=0.5937.請用特征值設置為>1的主成分分析檢驗繁殖特征是否存在地理變異。雌體大小的影響用相關特征與雌體體長對數(shù)的回歸剩余值去除。要求：(1)填寫下面的表格；(2)顯示對每個區(qū)分出的向量起主要作用的變量；(3)方差分析和多重比較(若適用的話)顯示每個區(qū)分出的向量分值的地理變異[Pleaseuseaprinciplecomponentanalysis(eigenvalues>1)toexaminetheexistenceofgeographicvariationinreproductivetraits.Maternalsizeeffectshouldberemovedinallcasesusingresidualsfromregressionsonfemalesize(BL).Youareasked:(1)tofillthefollowingtable;(2)toshowvariablesthathavemaincontributiontoeachresolvedvectorandtheproportionofvarianceexplainedineachresolvedfactor;and(3)toshowgeographicvariationinscoresinsingleresolvedvectorsusingone-wayANOVAandposthocmultiplecomparison(ifapplicable)](12points)變量(variable)負載系數(shù)(factorloading)Factor(PC)1Factor(PC)2Factor(PC)3尾長(Taillength)0.44960.0937雌體體重(Femalebodymass)0.65830.2980生育力(Fecundity)0.6943-0.7066

后代大小(Offspringsize)0.32430.88039一窩后代重(Clutchmass)0.9230-0.0359解釋方差百分比(Proportionofvarianceexplained)(%)41.527.5Score1:F3,220=5.40,P<0.002;QZb,ZWb,ZSa,BSabScore2:F3,220=3.63,P=0.014;QZa,ZWb,ZSab,BSb附錄(Appendix):某種動物雌體繁殖特征的地理變異(Geographicvariationinfemalereproductivetraitsofahypotheticanimal)縮寫和注釋(Abbreviationsandnotes)BL:雌體體長(femalebodylengthincm)TL:雌體尾長(femaletaillengthincm)BM:雌體體重(femalebodymassinkg)FECUNDITY:雌體生育力，即每次繁殖所產后代的數(shù)量(Thenumberofoffspringproducedbyfemales)OSIZE:后代大小(重量，公斤單位)[Offspringsize(mass,inkg)]OMASS:一窩后代重量(公斤單位)[Clutchmass(inkg)]LOCATION:雌體捕獲的地理位置(Geographiclocalitieswherefemaleswerecollected)；其中：QZ：泉州(Quanzhou)；ZW：浙皖(Zhejiang&Anhui)；ZS：舟山(Zhoushan)；BS：百色(Baise)YEAR:雌體捕獲的年份(Theyearwhenfemaleswerecollected)；其中：1：2003；2：2004BLtlBMFECUNDITYOSIZEOMASSLOCATIONyear79815820351821491068Q7185515923671013581135807yjQZ18651432358814966119727Qz18731411754813293106346QZ1880140208561268876129Q719051622806816409131273yjQZ19051542241815734125875QZ1915168厶厶i.丄2526丄?i118328丄J.OiQ109968QZQZ19301592824101795179497Q719451723551213232158779yjQ71955150309681240599241Qz1958162Ju丿.u25551017495174948QZ1960160XJ丿丿.丿24891116907185975Q7196214930371014669146687yjQZ19791532103916544148892QZ1985170—丄U?Q30821221747丄1O.O丿厶260969QZQZ1?(3985170349151460421906QZ19903811817027306497°Q71101617126261316065208848yjQ71101716330371015595155948QZ110181804071717854丄JJ?丿1U30351QZ1102017739821615526248418QZ1102016237987144391010727°Q7110301755181716832286145QZ1丄UJu1035170332991673150574QZ1丄i/」丿103518248213丄Vz?rJ21362277707Q71840135143871332993303yjQ719051602091116483181313QZ192516024758丄kJ*1OZ19431612641114908163988QZ19451703201314889193563Q719501552331018371837QZ1965168J262510-L0?J/1826-L0J?/1826QZ197013526567180761265327厶QZ1993172264882005516044yjQ71100017029261120124221364yjQZ11010167厶丿丄.U346311厶u?丄厶117553厶厶丄.」u1193083QZQZ11012168240311丄，.丿丿Z1101516027871118396202356Q71102017525721017111711QZ1丄\j^\j1020丄/丿18035487186751307257乙QZ11025190283211丄U?VzTZ11029193354112125061500687°QZ110301753169152017830267yjQZ1 1032 丄/J 175 Q丄kJ.丿 3353 15 厶U.丄/0 15776 Q Ui 23664 QZ 1

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