全國自考《現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)》歷年真題及詳解

2015年10月全國自考《現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)》真題及詳解課程代碼：00830選擇題部分I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandblackenthecorrespondingletterA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(2%×10=20%)1.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishlanguageusedinCharlesDickens’timecanberegardedasa_____study.A.diachronicB.prescriptiveC.synchronicD.historical【答案】C【解析】研究某一時(shí)期的語言特征屬于共時(shí)研究，故選C項(xiàng)。2.Ofthefollowingconsonants,_____isdental.A.[t]B.[p]C.[ʃ]D.[θ]【答案】D查看答案【解析】[θ]是舌齒音，故D項(xiàng)正確。[t]是齒齦音（alveolar），[p]爆破音（plosive），[ʃ]是腭音（palatal）。3.Theinflectionalmorphemeintheword“deforestated”is_____.A.de-B.forestC.-ateD.-ed【答案】D查看答案【解析】曲折詞素指的是不改變單詞意思而改變單詞詞性的詞素，-ed將單詞由動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樾稳菰~，屬于曲折詞素，故D項(xiàng)正確。de-和-ate是派生詞素，forest是詞根。4.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare_____innumber,andyetthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.A.finiteB.non-finiteC.infiniteD.definite【答案】A查看答案【解析】任何語言的句法規(guī)則都是有限的，但是人們能夠制造并理解無數(shù)句子，這是由語言的遞歸性和二重性決定的，故A項(xiàng)正確。5.InEnglish,wordssuchas“knight”and“night”,“rain”and“rein”aretypicalexamplesof______.A.homographsB.hyponymsC.homophonesD.antonyms【答案】C查看答案【解析】knight和night以及rain和rein是同音異形詞，故選C項(xiàng)。homograph同形異義詞。hyponym下義詞。antonym反義詞。6.Thefollowinginterpretationsofthesentence“Iamstillyoung”arealltypicalinstancesofitspragmaticanalysisEXCEPT“_____”.A.IamsupposedtodomoreworkB.‘I’isasubjectwhile‘a(chǎn)mstillyoung’isitspredicateC.IhavepotentialstorealizemydreamD.Pleaseforgivemyinnocence【答案】B查看答案【解析】A、C、D三項(xiàng)都是對Iamstillyoung的語用分析，不同的情境下有不同的理解。而B項(xiàng)是對句子的語義理解，流于表面，脫離了語境，不屬于語用分析，故選B項(xiàng)。7.Theword“edit”iscreatedbymeansof_____.A.clippingB.blendingC.acronymyD.back-formation【答案】D查看答案【解析】edit一詞是由editor去掉后綴而來，屬于逆生法，故D項(xiàng)正確。clipping剪切法。blending拼綴法。acronymy縮略法。8.Alinguistic_____referstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe“polite”societyfromgeneraluse.A.slangB.euphemismC.tabooD.jargon【答案】C查看答案【解析】語言禁忌指為禮貌社會(huì)所禁止的詞語或表達(dá)，故選C項(xiàng)。slang俚語。euphemism委婉語。jargon行話。9.TheneurobiologistEricLennebergisamajorproponentoftheideathat_____.A.thereisadistinctionbetweenacquisitionandlearningB.thereisaninterrelationshipbetweenlanguageandthinkingC.thereisacriticalperiodforlanguageacquisitionD.languageinfluencesthinking【答案】C查看答案【解析】埃里克·列寧伯格提出了語言習(xí)得關(guān)鍵期的理論，故選C項(xiàng)。習(xí)得和學(xué)習(xí)的區(qū)別由克拉申提出的，語言和思維的關(guān)系以及語言影響思維是由薩丕爾和沃爾夫提出的。10.Ingeneral,childrenhavevirtuallyacquiredthebasicfabricoftheirnativelanguageattheageof_____.A.twoB.threeC.fourD.five【答案】D查看答案【解析】總體而言，兒童實(shí)際上在五六歲時(shí)就掌握了母語的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。故選D項(xiàng)。非選擇題部分II.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%×10=10%)11.Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadc_____transmitted.【答案】culturally查看答案【解析】人類的語言能力有著遺傳基礎(chǔ)，但是任何語言體系的細(xì)節(jié)知識通常不是通過遺傳來傳遞，而是通過文化來傳遞。12.Theshortvowelsarealllaxvowelsandthelongvowelsareallt_____vowels.【答案】tense【解析】短元音是松元音，發(fā)音時(shí)不需要緊繃肌肉；長元音是緊元音，發(fā)音時(shí)需要緊繃肌肉。13.Thecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwordsarecalledc_____.【答案】compounding查看答案【解析】將兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上單詞合在一起的構(gòu)詞法叫做合成法。14.Suchwordsas“that”,“if”and“until”,whichfunctionasintroductorywordsinmostembeddedclauses,arecalleds_____.【答案】subordinator查看答案【解析】that、if和until等詞在多數(shù)嵌入式從句中作為引導(dǎo)詞，它們是主從連詞。15.S_____isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform,whichisabstractandindependentfromcontext.【答案】Semantics查看答案【解析】語義學(xué)關(guān)注語言形式的原本意義，其是抽象并脫離語境的。16.“Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse”isrequiredbythemaximofq_____underthecooperativeprinciple【答案】quality查看答案【解析】“不要說你認(rèn)為錯(cuò)誤的事情”是合作原則下質(zhì)量原則的要求。17.InthecourseofthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglish,achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownase_____.【答案】epenthesis查看答案【解析】在英語的發(fā)展過程中，在單詞中間插入一個(gè)輔音或元音叫做插音。18.Apidginizeddialectmayexpandandhaseventuallybecomethenativelanguageofacertainpopulation,whichisthencalledac_____.【答案】creole查看答案【解析】一種洋涇浜方言可能擴(kuò)展，最終成為某一特定人群的母語，這時(shí)它又叫克里奧語。19.Linguisticl_____isthebrain’sneurologicalspecializationforlanguage.【答案】lateralization查看答案【解析】語言側(cè)化指的是大腦神經(jīng)處有專門的語言區(qū)，位于左腦。20.Accordingtothea_____view,theacquisitionofasecondlanguageinvolves,andisdependenton,theacquisitionofthecultureofthetargetlanguagecommunity.【答案】acculturation查看答案【解析】根據(jù)文化適應(yīng)的觀點(diǎn)，第二語言的習(xí)得包含并依賴目標(biāo)語群體文化的習(xí)得。III.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandthengivethecorrectversion.(2%×10=20%)21.Generallinguisticsdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.【答案】T查看答案【解析】普通語言學(xué)涉及適用于任何語言研究的基本概念、理論、描述，模式和方法。22.Thespeechsound[k]canbedescribedasvoiced,velar,stop.【答案】F Thespeechsound[k]canbedescribedasvoiceless,velar,stop.查看答案【解析】[k]為清輔音，不是濁輔音。23.Morphemesthatmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degree,andcasearecalledderivationalmorphemes.【答案】F Morphemesthatmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degree,andcasearecalledinflectionalmorphemes.查看答案【解析】表示各種語法關(guān)系或語法類別如數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)、程度和格的詞素叫做曲折詞素。派生詞素改變單詞的意思，不改變單詞的詞性。24.Generallyspeaking,majorlexicalcategoriesareopencategoriesandminorlexicalcategoriesareclosedcategories.【答案】T查看答案【解析】總體而言，主要此類是開放詞類，次要詞類是封閉詞類。25.Thesenserelationbetweenthewordflowerandthewordsrose,tulipandcarnationiscalledhomonymy.【答案】FThesenserelationbetweenthewordflowerandthewordsrose,tulipandcarnationiscalledhyponymy.查看答案【解析】flower包含rose、tulip和carnation，它們是上下義關(guān)系。26.Speechacttheoryaimstoanswerthequestion“Whatdowedowhenusinglanguage?”【答案】T查看答案【解析】言語行為理論旨在回答“我們使用語言時(shí)做了哪些行為？”這個(gè)問題。27.Inviewofalanguageasaself-regulatingsemioticsystem,internalborrowingwellexplainssoundchangeforthepurposeofminimizingmemorizationburdensandmaximizingcommunicativeefficiency.【答案】T查看答案【解析】如果將語言作為一個(gè)能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)自我調(diào)節(jié)的符號系統(tǒng)來看，內(nèi)部借詞能很好解釋語音變化是為了最大程度降低記憶負(fù)擔(dān)，最大程度提升交際效率。28.Inmostbilingualcommunities,twolanguageshavethesamefunctioninspeechsituationsknownasdomains.【答案】TInmostbilingualcommunities,twolanguageshavedifferentfunctionsinspeechsituationsknownasdomains.查看答案【解析】在大多數(shù)雙語群體中，兩種語言在不同的場合有著不同的功能，通常一種語言用于一些場合，另一種語言用于另一種場合。29.MostscholarsaccepttheweakerversionoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesisandrecognizethatlanguagedeterminesthewayhumanbeingsperceivetheobjectiveworld.【答案】F MostscholarsaccepttheweakerversionoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesisandrecognizethatlanguagedoesnotsomuchdeterminethewayhumanbeingsperceivetheobjectiveworld.查看答案【解析】許多學(xué)者認(rèn)同薩丕爾-沃爾夫假設(shè)的溫和版本，認(rèn)為語言并不完全決定人們認(rèn)識客觀世界的方式。30.Practicalexperiencesuggeststhatinterferencefromthemothertongueistheonlyormajorsourceoferrors.【答案】F Practicalexperiencesuggeststhatinterferencefromthemothertongueisnottheonlyormajorsourceoferrors.查看答案【解析】實(shí)踐表明母語干擾不是錯(cuò)誤的唯一來源或主要來源。IV.Directions:Explainthefollowingtermsandgiveexamplesforillustrationwhereappropriate.(3%×10=30%)31.displacement答：Displacementisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage,whichmeansthatlanguagecanrefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeaker.Thuswetalkaboutthings,freefrombarrierscausedbyseparationintimeandplace.Butanimalcallsaremainlyutteredinresponsetoimmediatechangesofsituation.32.phonetics答：Phoneticsrefertothestudythesoundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunication,includingarticulatoryphoneticswhichstudiesthewaysoundsareproduced,acousticphoneticswhichstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanotherandauditoryphoneticsthatstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearer’spointofview.Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.33.morphologicalrules答：Morphologicalrulesrefertorulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword.Forexample,thesuffix“-ly”canbeaddedtoanadjectivetoformitscorrespondingadverb,e.g.happy+-ly＞happily,notable+-ly＞notably.34.syntax【答案】Syntaxisthestudythatfocusesonhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences,includingasystemofrules,categoryandstructure,universalgrammarandso-on.查看答案35.componentialanalysis答：Componentialanalysisisawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.Theapproachisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.Forexample,theword“man”isanalyzedascomprisingthefeaturesof+HUMAN+ADULT+ANIMATE+MALE.36.utterancemeaning答：Utterancemeaningreferstotherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyacontext.Forexample,theliteralmeaningofMybagisheavyisthattherearealotofthingsinthebag,buttheutterancemeaningcanbe“MybagisheavyandIcan’thelpyou”or“Iboughtlotsofthingsanddon’tneedanymore”.37.historicallinguistics答：Historicallinguisticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudieslanguagechange.,whichisconcernedwiththehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguagesandtheprocessesinvolvedinlanguagechange.Historicallinguisticslookintothenatureoflanguagechangeandthecausesthatleadtolanguagechange.Theyalsoexploremethodsandtechniqueswithwhichtheycanreconstructlinguistichistoryandestablishtherelationshipbetweenlanguagesthatbelongtothesamelanguagefamily.38.euphemism答：Euphemismreferstothemild,indirectorlessoffensivewordorexpressionsubstitutewhenthespeakerorwriterfearsmoredirectwordingmightbeharsh,unpleasantlydirect,oroffensive,whichcomesfromtheGreekwordeuphemismos,meaning“tospeakwithgoodwords”.Forexample,“seniorcitizen”istheeuphemismof“oldman”.39.cerebralcortex答：Cerebralcortexreferstotheareaoftheoutsidesurfaceofthebrainthatisthedecision-makingorganofthebody,receivingmessagesfromallthesensoryorgansandinitiatingallvoluntaryactions.Manyofthecognitiveabilitiesthatdistinguishhumansfromothermammals,suchassophisticatedreasoning,linguisticskills,andmusicalability,arebelievedtoresideinthecortex.40.fossilization答：Fossilizationisaphenomenonofsecondlanguageacquisition(SLA)inwhichsecondlanguagelearnersdevelopandretainalinguisticsystem,orinterlanguage,thatisself-containedanddifferentfromboththelearner’sfirstlanguageandthetargetlanguage.Forexample,someChineselearnersuse“he”invariablyforboth“he”and“she”,whichisakindoffossilization.V.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%×2=20%)41.Illustratetherecursivenessofphrasestructureruleswithexamples.答：Therecursivenessofphrasestructurerulesreferstothefactthattheserulescangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentences,andsentenceswithinfinitelength.Aconclusionisdrawnthat“AnScontainsaVPthatmaycontainanotherS;aVPmayincludeanSthatcontainsanotherVP;aPPconsistsofanNPthatmaybefollowedbyanotherPP;andanNPmaytakeaPPthatincludesanNPand/oranS!”Theserulesaresufficetoexplainhowlanguageis“creative”andhowspeakerswithfinitemindshavetheabilitytoproduceandunderstandaninfinitesetofsentences.Forexample,asentencecangolikethis:YesterdaymorningImetanoldmanwearing