廣西壯族自治區(qū)賀州市芳林初級(jí)中學(xué)2022-2023學(xué)年高二英語(yǔ)聯(lián)考試題含解析

廣西壯族自治區(qū)賀州市芳林初級(jí)中學(xué)2022-2023學(xué)年高二英語(yǔ)聯(lián)考試題含解析一、選擇題1.Heatwavesuffererssaidthattheycouldn’tgetadmittedintohospitals.Theyarrivedathospitals,

nobedavailable.

A.finding

B.soastofind

C.found

D.onlytofind參考答案：D2.Themanpulledoutagoldwatch，______weremadeofsmalldiamonds．（）A．thehandsofwhom B．whomthehandsofC．whichthehandsof D．thehandsofwhich參考答案：D考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，句意：那人拿出一塊金表，指針是由小鉆石制成的．先行詞為agoldwatch，在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，所以用which引導(dǎo)，排除A和B選項(xiàng)，可以用thehandsofwhich或ofwhichthehands，所以選D．3.Ittakesabouttwohourstogettotheirofficebuilding,_________possibletrafficdelays.A.allowingto

B.allowingforC.allowedto

D.allowedfor參考答案：B【詳解】考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：考慮到可能出現(xiàn)的交通耽擱，到他們的辦公大樓大概要花兩個(gè)小時(shí)。allowfor…為固定搭配，意為“考慮到，體諒，留出”；根據(jù)與邏輯主語(yǔ)togettotheirofficebuilding是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用動(dòng)詞的-ing形式。注意邏輯主語(yǔ)不是it，it是形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是后面的動(dòng)詞不定式。故選B項(xiàng)。13.That'sthebestwayto________intothedangerousarea.A.getpeopleget

B.stoppeopletogetC.keeppeoplegetting

D.preventpeoplegetting參考答案：D略5.honest

A.hire

B.honour

C.husband

D.hunger參考答案：B6.Hekepttalkingallaloneandwasn’t________ofhavinghurtherfeelings.A.informed

B.content

C.conscious

D.patient參考答案：C7.___________nevertocomebackbeforehecouldmakeabigfortune,Mikelefthomewithout

sayinganything.

A.Tobedetermined

B.Todetermine

C.Beingdetermined

D.Determined參考答案：D略8.She’s________ourbestplayer,butsheneedstopracticemuchharder.A.extremely B.potentially

C.particularly D.fluently參考答案：B9.Doyouknowthe_____ofobtaininganewpassport?NextyearIwillgotoAustralia.A.process

B.procedure

C.progress

D.program參考答案：B10.Itwasinthecompany_____wassetupbyMrGreen_____Jackgothisfirstjob.

A．where;that

B．that;where

C．which;that

D．that;which參考答案：C11.Itwasonlyafterhehadreadthepapers

Mr.Grossrealizedthetaskbeforehimwasextremelydifficulttocomplete.A.when

B.that C.which

D.what參考答案：B12.Wehavetopreventpollution______

apeacefulandharmoniouslife..A.living

B.tolive

C.fromliving

D.toproctecting參考答案：B13.-----Whatanicefireyouhaveinyourfireplace!-----DuringthewinterIlikemyhouse____.A.warmingandcomfortablyB.warmlyandcomfortableC.warmandcomfortableD.warmlyandcomfortably參考答案：C14.It______allthemorning,andwedon’tknowwhenitwill______.A.hasrained,letup

B.hasbeenraining,letupC.hasrained,letout

D.hasbeenraining,letout參考答案：B考查時(shí)態(tài)和動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)辨析。句意：整個(gè)上午一直在下雨，我們不知道什么時(shí)候雨會(huì)停。由句意可知，rain這個(gè)動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且還會(huì)持續(xù)下去，故第一個(gè)空要用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。letup意為“停止，減弱”，letout意為“發(fā)出（聲音），將（衣服）放大”。故B選項(xiàng)正確。15.NowhereelseinEurope______peoplewhoinvitecompletestrangerstotheirhomesforcoffeeordinner.A.youwillfind B.willyoufind C.youhavefound D.haveyoufound參考答案：B16.

towinthematch,he

meofsomereallybadthingsjusttohurtme.A.Determined;charged

B.Determining;blamedC.Determined;accused

D.Determining;argued參考答案：C17.Thelecturewasgoingwelluntiltheprojector(幻燈機(jī))______andputtheprofessoroffhisstride.

A.brokedown

B.brokeup

C.brokeaway

D.brokeoff參考答案：A略18.Itisapitythattheindustrialcities_____inthenineteenthcenturydonotattractvisitors.A.tobebuilt

B.havingbuilt

C.beingbuilt

D.built參考答案：D19.Theelementradium,______inthechemistrylab,gaveoffafaintbluelight.A.discovered

B.tobediscovered

C.todiscover

D.discovering參考答案：A二、完型填空20.Ifyouwantyourlifetostandforpeaceandkindness,it’shelpfultodokindandpeacefulthings.Oneofmyfavorite

21

todothisisbydevelopingmyownhelpingactions.Theselittleactsof

22

areopportunitiestobeofserviceandremindersofhowgooditfeelstobekindand

23

.WeliveinaruralareaoftheSanFranciscoBayArea.Mostofwhatweseeis

24

andnatural.Oneofthe

25

tothebeautyistherubbishthatsomepeoplethrowoutoftheirwindowsastheyare

26

ontheruralroads.Oneofthefew

27

tolivinginthemountainousareaisthatpublicservices,suchasrubbishcollection,areless

28

thanthoseareclosertothecity.AhelpingactionthatIpractice

29

withmytwochildrenispickinguprubbishinoursurroundingarea.We’vebecomesoaccustomedtodoingthisthatmy

30

willoftensaytomeinpleasantvoices,“There’ssomerubbish,Daddy,

31

thecar!”Andifwehave

32

,wewilloftenpulloverandpickitup.Itmayseemstrange,butweactually

33

it.Wepickuprubbishinparks,onsidewalks,practicallyanywhere.OnceIevensawa(n)

34

pickinguprubbishclosetowherewelive.ThemanwhomIdidn’tknowsmiledatmeandsaid,“I

35

sawyoudoingit,anditseemedlikeagoodidea.”Pickinguprubbishisonly

36

ofanendlesssupplyofpossiblehelpingactions.Youmightlikeholdingadooropenforpeople,visitingand

37

lonelyelderlypeopleinnursinghomes,orremovingsnowoffsomeoneelse’sdriveway.Thinkofsomethingthatseemseffortless

38

helpful.It’sworthwhile,personallyrewarding,andsetsagoodexample.Youractsofkindnesscan

39

otherstodothesamethings.Andeveryone

40

fromthis.21．A．things B．a(chǎn)ctivities C．ways D．places22．A．kindness B．education C．profession D．a(chǎn)musement23．A．polite B．curious C．challenging D．helpful24．A．dirty B．beautiful C．different D．simple25．A．explanations B．a(chǎn)nswers C．changes D．weaknesses26．A．running B．walking C．driving D．jumping27．A．reasons B．disadvantages C．principles D．days28．A．a(chǎn)vailable B．important C．satisfying D．dangerous29．A．generally B．casually C．regularly D．a(chǎn)ccurately30．A．friends B．parents C．colleagues D．children31．A．stop B．start C．repair D．speed32．A．faith B．time C．money D．material33．A．enjoy B．need C．see D．get34．A．cleaner B．neighbor C．a(chǎn)dult D．stranger35．A．seldom B．often C．never D．rarely36．A．many B．that C．one D．a(chǎn)ll37．A．comforting B．respecting C．treating D．teaching38．A．just B．yet C．still D．even39．A．force B．inform C．encourage D．beg40．A．remembers B．ranges C．suffers D．benefits參考答案：21．C22．A23．D24．B25．D26．C27．B28．A29．C30．D31．A32．B33．A34．D35．B36．C37．A38．B39．C40．D【分析】本文通過描述自己和孩子提供撿垃圾來(lái)幫助自己所生活的社區(qū)的公共服務(wù)，告訴我們我們要伸出我們友愛之手去幫助需要幫助的人。21．考查名詞。A.things事情；B.activities活動(dòng)；C.ways方法；D.places地方。通過bydevelopingmyownhelpingactions可知這是做這個(gè)的“方法”。故選C。22．考查名詞。A.kindness善良；B.education

教育；C.profession職業(yè)；D.amusement娛樂。根據(jù)tobeofserviceandremindersofhowgooditfeelstobekind可知這些是善意的小行動(dòng)。故選A。23．考查形容詞。A.polite有禮貌的；B.curious好奇的；C.challenging具有挑戰(zhàn)性的；D.helpful有益的。根據(jù)tobekind可知是善良和有益的。故選D。24．考查形容詞。A.dirty臟的；B.beautiful美麗的；C.different

不相同的；D.simple簡(jiǎn)單的。根據(jù)下句的thebeauty可知我們看到的大部分都是美麗的和自然的。故選B。25．考查名詞。A.explanations解釋；B.answers回答；C.changes改變；D.weaknesses劣勢(shì)。根據(jù)本句中的therubbishthatsomepeoplethrowoutoftheirwindows可知垃圾是美中不足，是“劣勢(shì)”之一。故選D。26．考查動(dòng)詞。A.running跑；B.walking

散步；C.driving駕駛；D.jumping跳。根據(jù)本句中的somepeoplethrowoutoftheirwindows和ontheruralroads可知這是在農(nóng)村的公路上“開車”。故選C。27．考查名詞。A.reasons理由；B.disadvantages優(yōu)勢(shì)；C.principles原則；D.days天。生活在山區(qū)的少數(shù)缺點(diǎn)之一是公共服務(wù)，如垃圾收集，比那些離城市近的服務(wù)更少。結(jié)合句意可知答案為B。28．考查形容詞。A.available可以利用的；B.important重要的；C.satisfying令人滿意的；D.dangerous危險(xiǎn)的。生活在山區(qū)的少數(shù)缺點(diǎn)之一是公共服務(wù)，如垃圾收集，比那些離城市近的服務(wù)更少。結(jié)合句意可知答案為A。29．考查副詞。A.generally一般地；B.casually隨便地；C.regularly

有規(guī)律地；D.accurately精確地。我和我的兩個(gè)孩子經(jīng)常實(shí)行的幫助行動(dòng)是在我們周圍地區(qū)撿垃圾。結(jié)合句意可知答案為C。30．考查名詞。A.friends朋友；B.parents父母；C.colleagues

同事；D.children孩子。根據(jù)本段第一句中的mytwochildrenispickinguprubbishinoursurroundingarea.和本句中的Daddy，可知，我的孩子們常常用悅耳的聲音對(duì)我說(shuō)。此處是單詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，故選D。31．考查動(dòng)詞。A.stop停止；B.start開始；C.repair修理；D.stop停止。根據(jù)本段第一句中pickinguprubbishinoursurroundingarea.和There’ssomerubbish可知，當(dāng)孩子看到垃圾時(shí)叫爸爸“停車”。故選A。32．考查名詞。A.faith信仰；B.time時(shí)間；C.money

金錢；D.material材料。如果我們有時(shí)間，我們經(jīng)常把車停在路邊，把垃圾撿起來(lái)。故選B。33．考查動(dòng)詞。A.enjoy喜愛；B.need需要；C.see看見；D.get得到。這可能看起來(lái)很奇怪，但我們真的很享受。句中的but“但是”，表示轉(zhuǎn)折，故選A。34．考查名詞。A.cleaner清潔工；

B.neighbor鄰居；C.adult成年人；D.stranger陌生人。根據(jù)下句中ThemanwhomIdidn’tknow可知，我甚至看到一個(gè)陌生人在我家附近撿垃圾。D項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境。35．考查副詞。A.seldom很少，難得；

B.often經(jīng)常；C.never

從來(lái)沒有；D.rarely罕見地。這位陌生人經(jīng)?？匆娮髡邠炖?。故選B。36．考查不定代詞。撿垃圾只是無(wú)數(shù)可能的給予幫助的行動(dòng)之一。故選C。37．考查動(dòng)詞。A.comforting使舒適；B.respecting尊重；C.treating對(duì)待；D.teaching教。根據(jù)visitingand____17____lonelyelderlypeopleinnursinghomes可知，拜訪和安慰養(yǎng)老院里那些孤獨(dú)的老年人。故選A。38．考查副詞。A.just僅僅；B.yet然而；C.still仍然；D.even甚至。根據(jù)Thinkofsomethingthatseemseffortless____18____helpful.“想一些看似毫不費(fèi)力卻很有幫助的事情?！贝颂巈ffortless和helpful不是一類型的詞，可視為有一種轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故答案為B。39．考查動(dòng)詞。A.force強(qiáng)迫；B.inform

告知；C.encourage鼓勵(lì)；D.beg祈求。你的善良行為能鼓勵(lì)其他人做同樣的事情。故選C。40．考查動(dòng)詞。A.remembers記得；B.ranges排列，把---分列；C.suffers遭受；D.benefits有益于，受益。每個(gè)人從中受益。benefitfrom得益于，故答案為from。21.TheotherdayItalkedtoastrangeronthebus.WhenhefoundoutthatIwasfrom51

,hetoldmehehadagoodfriendwholivedthereandhewonderedif,byanychance,I52toknowhim.AtthemomentIthoughthemightbejoking,butIcould

53

fromtheexpressiononhisfacethathewas

54

.IfeltlikesayingthatitwasimpossibletoallthemillionsofpeopleinChicagoIcouldhave

55

withhisfriend.Butinstead,Ijust

56

andtoldhimthatChicagowasaverybigcity.He_57,andIthoughthewasgoingto58

talkingaboutthesubject.ButIwas59

.Hewassilentforafewminutes,andthenhebegantotellmeabouthisfriend.Hetoldmethathisfriend’smain60

inlifeseemedtobeplayingtennis.Hesaidhewasanexcellenttennisplayer,andthathe61

hadhisowntenniscourt(網(wǎng)球場(chǎng)).Headdedthatheknewalotofpeoplewithswimmingpools,62

heonlyknewtwopeoplewhohadprivatetenniscourts.ItoldhimIknewseveralpeoplehavingprivatetenniscourts,includingmybrotherwhowasadoctorinCalifornia---and,infact,63

mynextdoorneighborinChicago.Hesaidthatmaybetherewere64

privatecourtsinthecountrythanherealized,buthedidnotknowofanyothers.ThenheaskedmewheremybrotherlivedinCalifornia.WhenIsaidSacramento,hesaidthatwasacoincidence(巧合)

65

hisfriendspentthesummerinSacramentolastyear,andhestayednextdoortoadoctorwhohadatenniscourtinhisbackyard.IsaidIfeltthatreallywasacoincidencebecausemy66

hadgonetoSacramentolastsummerandhadrented(租用)thehouse

67

mybrother’s.Foramoment,we68

ateachother,butwedidnotsayanything.“Wouldyourfriend'snamehappenedtobeRolandDickwood?”Iaskedfinally.Helaughedandsaid,“Yes.Wouldyour

69

namehappenedtobeDrRayHunter?”Itwasmy

70tolaugh.“Yes,”Ireplied.51.A.Chicago

B.acity

C.Sacramento

D.California52.A.wanted

B.happened

C.went

D.had53.A.speak

B.watch

C.see

D.tell54.A.serious

B.anxious

C.friendly

D.gentle55.A.talked

B.worked

C.met

D.lived56.A.smiled

B.sat

C.thought

D.talked57.A.rose

B.nodded

C.smiled

D.agreed58.A.stop

B.begin

C.continue

D.change59.A.right

B.curious

C.wrong

D.foolish60.A.habit

B.interest

C.duty

D.belief61.A.once

B.exactly

C.even

D.almost62.A.for

B.or

C.so

D.but63.A.same

B.as

C.also

D.well64.A.some

B.no

C.more

D.fewer65.A.if

B.because

C.while

D.when66.A.brother’sfriend

B.brother

C.friend

D.next-doorneighbor67.A.farfrom

B.nextto

C.near

D.behind68.A.stared

B.talked

C.laughed

D.shouted69.A.friend’s

B.brother’s

C.neighbor’s

D.court’s70.A.chance

B.time

C.turn

D.moment參考答案：51-70

ABDAC

ABACB

CDCCB

DBABC三、閱讀理解22.Whenonelovesone’sArt,noserviceseemstoohard.Joewasamanwithagenius(天才)forart.Deliadidthingsinsixoctaves(音階)promisingly.JoeandDeliabecameinlovewithoneoftheother,oreachoftheother,asyouplease,andinashorttimeweremarried–for(seeabove),whenonelovesone’sArtnoserviceseemstoohard.Theybeganhousekeepinginaflat.Itwasalonesome(無(wú)人跡的)flat,buttheywerehappy;fortheyhadtheirArt,andtheyhadeachother.

JoewaslearningpaintingintheclassofthegreatMagister–youknowhisfame.Hisfeesarehigh;hislessonsarelight–hishigh-lightshavebroughthimfame.Deliawasstudyingunder

Rosenstock–youknowhisreputationasadisturberofthepianokeys.Theyweremighty(非常地)happyaslongastheirmoneylasted.

Afterawhile,Artflagged(減退).Everythinggoingoutandnothingcomingin,moneywaslackingtopayMr.MagisterandRosenstocktheirprices.Whenonelovesone’sArt,noserviceseemstoohard.So,Deliasaidshemustgivemusiclessonstomaketheendsmeet.Fortwoorthreedaysshewentoutlookingforpupils.Oneeveningshecamehomeoverjoyed.“Joe,dear,”shesaid,cheerfully,“I’veapupil.And,oh,theloveliestpeople!General–GeneralPinkney’sdaughterClementina–onSeventy-firststreet.”“That’sallrightforyou,Dele,”saidJoe,“buthowaboutme?DoyouthinkI’mgoingtoletyouworkwhileIplayintheregionsofhighart?”Deliacameandhungabouthisneck.“Joe,dear,youaresilly.Youmustkeeponatyourstudies.ItisnotasifIhadquitmymusicandgonetoworkatsomethingelse.WhileIteachIlearn.Iamalwayswithmymusic.”“Allright,”saidJoe.“ButImaysellsomeofmypicturesaswell.”

Thenextfewweeks,theybothbusiedthemselveswiththeirownbusinessandbroughtbackaten,afive,atwoandaone–alllegaltendernotes–andlaidthembesideeachothers’earnings.OneSaturdayeveningJoereachedhomefirst.Hespreadhis$18onthetableandwashedwhatseemedtobeagreatdealofdarkpaintfromhishands.HalfanhourlaterDeliaarrived,herrighthandtiedupinashapelessbundle(束)ofwrapsandbandages(繃帶).“Howisthis?”askedJoe.Delialaughed,butnotveryjoyously.“Clementina,”sheexplained,“insisteduponaWelshrabbit(一種奶酪)afterherlesson.Inservingtherabbitshespilledagreatlotofit,boilinghot,overmywrist.Nothingserious,dear.”“Whattimethisafternoondidyouburnyourhand,Dele?”“Fiveo’clock,Ithink,”saidDele.“Theiron–Imeantherabbitcameoffthefireaboutthattime.”“Sitdownhereamoment,Dele,”saidJoe.“Whathaveyoubeendoingforthelastfewweeks,Dele?”heasked.Shebraveditforamomentortwowithaneyefullofloveandstubbornness,butatlastdownwentherheadandoutcamethetruthandtears.

“Icouldn’tgetanypupils,”shewept.“IgotaplaceironingshirtsinthatbigTwenty-fourthstreetlaundry(洗衣店).Agirlinthelaundrysetdownahotiron(熨斗)onmyhandthisafternoon.IthinkIdidverywelltomakeupbothGeneralPinkneyandClementina.WhatmadeyoueversuspectthatIwasn’tgivingmusiclessons?”“Ididn’t,”saidJoe,“untiltonight.AndIwouldn’thavethen,onlyIsentupthiscottonwasteandoilfromtheengine-roomthisafternoonforagirlupstairswhohadherhandburnedwithasmoothing-iron.I’vebeenfiringtheengineinthatlaundryforthelastfewweeks.”“Andthenyoudidn’t…”saidDeliaAndthentheybothlookedateachotherandlaughed,andJoebegan:“Whenonelovesone’sArtnoserviceseems…”ButDeliastoppedhimwithherhandonhislips.“No,”shesaid–“just‘Whenoneloves.’”71.Whatcanweknowaboutthecouplefromthestory?A.Theybothbecamefamousfortheirtalentsinart.B.Theyturnedouttobeworkingatthesamelaundry.

C

.Arthelpedthemoutofthepovertytheywerefacedwith.D.Studyingfromfamousteacherscontributedmosttotheirpoverty.72.Whatqualitiesofthecouple’sarebestconveyedinthestory?A.intelligentandeconomical

B.faithfulandromantic

C.considerateandgiving

D.hardworkingandloyal73.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTgivereadersaclue(線索)thatthecoupleweretellingwhitelies?A.Deliasaidshemustgivemusiclessonstomaketheendsmeet.

B.Joewashedwhatseemedtobeagreatdealofdarkpaintfromhishands.C.Delia’srightwristwastiedupinashapelessbundleofwrapsandbandages.D.“Theiron–Imeantherabbitcameoffthefireaboutthattime”saidDele.74.Whydoestheauthorrepeat“Whenonelovesone’sArtnoserviceseemstoohard.”?A.Torevealthethemeofthestory.

B.Toexplaintheauthor’swritingpurpose.C.Toindicatethesadmoodofthestory.D.Toassistwiththedevelopmentofthestory.75.Whatcanserveasthebesttitleofthisstory?A.AServiceofLove

B.AServiceofArt

C.NoArtNoLove

D.TheLoveforArt參考答案：71.B72.C73.A74.D75.A試題分析：本文講述一對(duì)夫婦彼此說(shuō)謊來(lái)支持彼此的愛好，為愛犧牲71.B考查細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第五段提到AndIwouldn’thavethen,onlyIsentupthiscottonwasteandoilfromtheengine-roomthisafternoonforagirlupstairswhohadherhandburnedwithasmoothing-iron.I’vebeenfiringtheengineinthatlaundryforthelastfewweeks.”本來(lái)今晚也不會(huì)起疑的，可是今天下午，我把機(jī)器間的油和廢紗頭送給樓上一個(gè)給熨斗燙了手的姑娘。兩星期來(lái)，我就在那家洗衣作的爐子房燒火，可知兩人在同一個(gè)洗衣店工作，故選B項(xiàng)。72.C考查推理判斷題。兩個(gè)主人公為了讓對(duì)方能學(xué)習(xí)好，互相編造諾言，為對(duì)方付出，同時(shí)也很細(xì)心周到，故選C項(xiàng)。73.A考查細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第六段提到Whenonelovesone’sArt,noserviceseemstoohard.So,Deliasaidshemustgivemusiclessonstomaketheendsmeet.當(dāng)你愛好你的藝術(shù)時(shí)，就覺得沒有什么犧牲是難以忍受的。于是，德麗雅說(shuō)，她得教授音樂，以免斷炊，故選A項(xiàng)。74.D考查推理判斷題。文中不斷出現(xiàn)的Whenonelovesone’sArtnoserviceseemstoohard當(dāng)你愛好你的藝術(shù)時(shí)，就覺得沒有什么犧牲是難以忍受的，用來(lái)貫穿全文，發(fā)展劇情，故選D項(xiàng)。75.A考查主旨標(biāo)題。本文講述一對(duì)夫婦彼此說(shuō)謊來(lái)支持彼此的愛好，故選A項(xiàng)。23.Inmanydevelopedcountries,peoplewhohavehighdegreesbegintoworklongerthanthosewhodon't.About65%ofAmericanmenaged62－74withaprofessionaldegreeareintheworkforce(勞動(dòng)人口),comparedwith32%ofmenwhoonlyfinishhighschool.Thisgapispartofadeepeningdividebetweenthewell-educatedwealthyandtheunskilledpoor.Rapidtechnologicaladvancehasraisedtheincomesofthehighlyskilledwhilesqueezingthoseoftheunskilled.Theconsequences,forindividualsandsociety,areprofound（意義深遠(yuǎn)的）.Theworldisfacinganastonishingriseinthenumberofoldpeople,andtheywilllivelongerthaneverbefore.Overthenext20yearstheglobalpopulationofthoseaged65ormorewillalmostdouble,from600millionto1.1billion.Theexperienceofthe20thcentury,whengreaterlongevity(長(zhǎng)壽)translatedintomoreyearsinretirementratherthanmoreyearsatwork,haspersuadedmanyobserversthatthisshift(變化)willleadtoslowereconomicgrowth,whiletheswelling(漸增的)ranksofpensionerswillcreategovernmentbudgetproblems.Policiesarepartlyresponsible.ManyEuropeangovernmentshaveabandonedpoliciesthatusedtoencouragepeopletoretireearly.Eventhebetter-offmustworklongertohaveacomfortableretirement.Butthechangingnatureofworkalsoplaysabigrole.Payhasrisensharplyforthehighlyeducated,andthosepeoplecontinuetoreap(獲得)richrewardsintooldagebecausethesedaystheeducatedelderlyaremoreproductivethanthepreceding(先前的)generation.Technologicalchangemaywellreinforce(強(qiáng)化)thatshift:theskillsthatcomplement(補(bǔ)充)computers,frommanagementknow-howtocreativity,donotnecessarilydeclinewithage.8.Whatisthecommonphenomenonintheworkforceinrichcountr