新編翻譯教程

新編英漢翻譯教程ANewCoursebookonEnglish-ChineseTranslation10/10/20231/116嚴(yán)復(fù)：信達(dá)雅

Faithfulness,fidelity,truthfulness

Smoothness，expressiveness

Elegancy10/10/20232/116

德國(guó)譯學(xué)專(zhuān)家WolframWilss在TheScienceofTranslation：Problems&Methods一書(shū)中說(shuō)：

Translationisnotsimplyamatterofseekingotherwordswithsimilarmeaning,butoffindingappropriatewaysofsayingthingsinanotherlanguage.Translatingisalwaysmeaning-based,i.e.itisthetransferofmeaninginsteadofformfromthesourcelanguagetothetargetlanguage.

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翻譯不只是在另一種語(yǔ)言中尋找意義相同其他詞語(yǔ)，而是尋找體現(xiàn)事物合適方式。翻譯始終立足于語(yǔ)義，也就是說(shuō)，是語(yǔ)義從源語(yǔ)到譯語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換，而不是形式。10/10/20234/116

翻譯不是一種語(yǔ)言中詞語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)句構(gòu)造到另一種語(yǔ)言詞語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)句構(gòu)造簡(jiǎn)單轉(zhuǎn)換，也不是在另一種語(yǔ)言中尋找與一種語(yǔ)言中對(duì)等詞語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)句構(gòu)造然后將其串接成句過(guò)程。在英漢翻譯中，假如把眼光盯著原文詞語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)句構(gòu)造這些屬于語(yǔ)言層次東西，成果翻譯出來(lái)只是一種文字層次轉(zhuǎn)換，徒具其形，原文內(nèi)容和意義不也許得到較好體現(xiàn)。10/10/20235/116

這說(shuō)明了翻譯是語(yǔ)義翻譯，不是語(yǔ)言形式翻譯，是利用另一種語(yǔ)言合適方式來(lái)體現(xiàn)一種語(yǔ)言所體現(xiàn)內(nèi)容，而不是在另一種語(yǔ)言中尋找與一種語(yǔ)言中含義相同某些詞語(yǔ)或構(gòu)造。翻譯必須跳出原文語(yǔ)言層面束縛，必須著眼于傳達(dá)原文內(nèi)容和意義。10/10/20236/116

換句話說(shuō)，翻譯基本單位應(yīng)當(dāng)是語(yǔ)篇，而不是詞語(yǔ)構(gòu)造。根據(jù)系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)家觀點(diǎn)，語(yǔ)言實(shí)際使用單位是語(yǔ)篇這樣言語(yǔ)單位，而不是詞語(yǔ)構(gòu)造這樣語(yǔ)法單位。實(shí)際使用語(yǔ)篇有也許是一種句子、一種句段、一種句群，也有也許是一種詞語(yǔ)。翻譯作為語(yǔ)言交際一種形式，其實(shí)質(zhì)是用一種語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)篇材料替代另一種語(yǔ)言與其意義對(duì)等語(yǔ)篇材料。翻譯是利用一種語(yǔ)言把另一種語(yǔ)言所體現(xiàn)內(nèi)容和意義精確而完整地重新體現(xiàn)出來(lái)語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)。10/10/20237/116

Examples

10/10/20238/116Icanseethreedifferenttypesofcomposersinmusicalhistory,eachofwhomcreatesmusicinasomewhatdifferentfashion.10/10/20239/116

譯文1:我能看到音樂(lè)史上有三種不一樣作曲家，他們中每一種人以某種不一樣方式創(chuàng)作音樂(lè)。

譯文2:我發(fā)覺(jué)音樂(lè)史上有三類(lèi)作曲家，他們各自音樂(lè)創(chuàng)作方式有所不一樣。10/10/202310/116Thetraditionalisttypeofcomposerbeginswithapatternratherthanwithatheme.ThecreativeactwithPalestrinaisnotthethematicconceptionsomuchasthepersonaltreatmentofawell-establishedpattern.

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譯文1:傳統(tǒng)主義型作曲家始于某種格調(diào)而非某種主題。帕萊斯特里納創(chuàng)作行為不太像對(duì)固定格調(diào)進(jìn)行個(gè)性化處理主題概念。

譯文2:傳統(tǒng)型作曲家是從形式出發(fā)而不是從主題出發(fā)進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作。帕萊斯特里納創(chuàng)作不是主題構(gòu)思，而是對(duì)固定形式個(gè)性化處理。

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Findyourself.Beyourself.Popularitywillcome--withthepeoplewhorespectyouforwhoyouare.發(fā)覺(jué)自我，如實(shí)地體現(xiàn)自我，你自然會(huì)為人們所喜歡——為那些尊重你真正個(gè)性人們所喜歡。10/10/202313/116

WheredoyouexpectShanghaitobeinfiveyears?你估計(jì)此后五年上海發(fā)展目標(biāo)如何？

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Publicopinionplaysavitalandhealthyroleinthepoliticalrealm.譯文1:公共輿論在政治領(lǐng)域起著生命力、健康作用。

譯文2:輿論在政治領(lǐng)域起著極其主要、有益作用。

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什么是好譯文？Whatisgoodtranslation?10/10/202316/116

翻譯兩類(lèi)問(wèn)題：一類(lèi)是譯文語(yǔ)義基本符合原文，但漢語(yǔ)體現(xiàn)有欠正確；另一類(lèi)是漢語(yǔ)體現(xiàn)尚有可讀性，但譯文語(yǔ)義不符原文。

目前翻譯界普遍接收，也是作為一般翻譯學(xué)習(xí)者必須努力掌握標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，簡(jiǎn)而言之是兩條：忠實(shí)(Faithfulness)和流暢(Smoothness)。10/10/202317/116

Jobsandworkdomuchmorethanmostofusrealizetoprovidehappinessandcontentment.

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譯文1:職業(yè)和工作帶來(lái)很大幸福和滿足，而我們大多數(shù)人并不意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)。

譯文2:職業(yè)和工作對(duì)于取得幸福和滿足起了很大作用，我們大多數(shù)人對(duì)此卻結(jié)識(shí)不足。10/10/202319/116

ForNatNakasathepledgehewasrequiredtosign--toleavehiscountryandneverreturnprovedtoomuch;hecommittedsuicideinNewYork.

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譯文1：納特.納卡薩不得不立誓離開(kāi)祖國(guó)，不論情況如何永不返家，并自殺于紐約。

譯文2：對(duì)納特.納卡薩來(lái)說(shuō)，要他簽字確保離開(kāi)祖國(guó)永不返回是難以接收：他在紐約自殺了。

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Inthewakeofhismother'sdeathsomethirty-sixyearslater,Hemingwayturnedbacktotheadventureandtriedtowriteanovelaboutit.

10/10/202322/116譯文1：在他母親去世36年之后，海明威又想起了那次歷險(xiǎn)奇遇，并試圖寫(xiě)一部小說(shuō)。

譯文2：大約36年過(guò)后，在他母親去世后很快海明威又想起了那次遭遇險(xiǎn)情，并試圖就此寫(xiě)一部小說(shuō)。

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外語(yǔ)腔是初學(xué)翻譯者不知不覺(jué)地會(huì)在漢語(yǔ)譯文中體現(xiàn)出來(lái)一種不當(dāng)傾向。翻譯時(shí)所要體現(xiàn)內(nèi)容來(lái)自外語(yǔ)原文，原文詞語(yǔ)和構(gòu)造形式伴隨內(nèi)容一起進(jìn)入到我們大腦，于是原文語(yǔ)言形式被帶入譯文，造成了譯文外語(yǔ)腔。10/10/202324/116

Theonlyconcessionhemadetotheclimatewastowearawhitedinnerjacket.譯文1：他對(duì)氣候唯一讓步就是穿了一件白色短餐衣。

譯文2：氣候變化，他僅稍稍作了一點(diǎn)變通，赴宴時(shí)穿了件白色短禮服。

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Ifcertainanimalpsychologistsareright,adogadoptshisfamilyinamostliteralway--takingitforgrantedthatthefamilyisthebandofdogshebelongsto.

10/10/202326/116譯文1：假如某些動(dòng)物心理學(xué)家分析正確，狗在很大程度上代表著它家人——理所當(dāng)然這一家也就屬于狗幫了。

譯文2：假如有些動(dòng)物心理學(xué)家分析正確，狗對(duì)于他所在家庭認(rèn)同是非常實(shí)際——它理所當(dāng)然地以為這一家人就是它所歸屬一群狗。10/10/202327/116

當(dāng)代西方著名翻譯理論家EugeneA.Nida在其理論著述中經(jīng)常談到讀者反應(yīng)問(wèn)題。他以為：翻譯服務(wù)對(duì)象是讀者，要評(píng)判譯文質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)劣，必須看讀者對(duì)譯文反應(yīng)如何，同步必須把這種反應(yīng)與原作讀者對(duì)原文也許產(chǎn)生反應(yīng)進(jìn)行對(duì)比，看兩種反應(yīng)是否基本一致。

除了忠實(shí)和流暢這兩項(xiàng)基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之外，好譯文還必須保持原文格調(diào)，包括民族格調(diào)、時(shí)代格調(diào)、語(yǔ)體格調(diào)、作者個(gè)人語(yǔ)言格調(diào)等。文藝作品翻譯尤其要求這樣做。譯者不能破壞或變化原文格調(diào)，不能以譯者格調(diào)替代原作格調(diào)。10/10/202328/116

不要把"假大空"語(yǔ)言翻譯成英文

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建筑工人們表達(dá)：一定要樹(shù)雄心、立壯志，大干、苦干300天，力求在今年年終，完成高速馬路建設(shè)任務(wù)。

Thebuildingworkerssaidthattheymustworkdiligentlyandpainstakingly,withgreatambitionandloftyaspiration,for300days,inordertocompletetheconstructiontaskoftheexpresswaywithinthisyear.10/10/202330/116

Thebuildersvowedthattheywilldotheirbesttocompletetheexpresswaywithinthisyear.建設(shè)者們立誓，一定要竭盡全力，在年內(nèi)建成這條高速馬路。10/10/202331/116

直譯LiteralTranslationWordforwordtranslation10/10/202332/116意譯FreeTranslation10/10/202333/116Armedtoteeth.

Toothfortooth

Eyeforeye10/10/202334/116

PassiveVoice被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)翻譯10/10/202335/116Americansprefertodisciplinethemselvesratherthanbedisciplinedbyothers.10/10/202336/116

Thepolicecourtispresidedbyamagistrate,whotriedthecaseswithoutajury.10/10/202337/116Morethan50,000computersatwebsiteswereinfectedbyacomputervirusthatisspreadingrapidlyaroundtheworld.10/10/202338/116

Themobilephoneboomisdrivenbytheyoungadults.10/10/202339/116

TheUSAisreputedtobeaclasslesssociety.10/10/202340/116Itisbelievedthatnuclearpowerisamongthegreatestinnovationsofourtime.Butitisalsofeareditwillbringtheendoftheworld.10/10/202341/116

Thetrendtowardinformaldresswasstronglyinfluencedbytheboomine-business,whichwasalsoanattempttocompensatefortherisingstressofworkinglife.10/10/202342/116

Present-dayconcernwithmusicisshownbytheexistenceofover100summerschoolsinmusicinEnglandwhichcaterforallgradesofmusiciansfromthemerebeginnertotheskilledperformer.10/10/202343/116

Astreamofnewresidents,highly-skilledandwell-qualified,areattractedbynewandsophisticatedindustriesgrowinginandaroundLosAngeles,whohavemovedintotheirnewhomesandgardensscatteredoveravastareaofsuburbs.10/10/202344/116

Thetelephonewasinventedin1876byaScottishimmigrant,AlexanderGrahamBell,whowasfascinatedby“sound”.10/10/202345/116Thebandageswerecoveredwithblood.10/10/202346/116

Changesarebeingintroducedtomakethedepartmentoperatemoreefficiency.

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Thefourmenwereallinvolvedinorganizingandcarryingoutthemurders.10/10/202348/116

Thisexerciseisdesignedtodeveloptheshouldersandbackmuscles.10/10/202349/116

定語(yǔ)從句翻譯

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Thesunwarmstheearth，whichmakesitpossibleforplantstogrow.太陽(yáng)溫暖了大地，這才使植物有也許生長(zhǎng)。10/10/202351/116

Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren，whichherhusbandseldomwas.她對(duì)孩子們很耐心，她丈夫卻很少這樣。10/10/202352/116

Lanterns,whichdatebackthousandsofyears,canbeseenallovertheworldwhereverChineseexist.10/10/202353/116

Thetimesofopeningofpubsareregulatedbylaw,wherebettingisforbiddenandchildrenarenotallowedonthepremises.

10/10/202354/116ThemovetodownloaddigitalmusicviatheInternetmaybeopposedbythemusicindustry,whichfearspiracyoftheirlabel.10/10/202355/116

Likethepressinmostothercountries,Americannewspapersrangefromthesensational,

whichfeaturecrime,sex,andgossip,totheserious,whichfocusonfactualnewsandtheanalysisofworldevents.10/10/202356/116

E-commerceisachallenginganddynamicareawherechange,growthandinnovationarethenorm.10/10/202357/116

詞性轉(zhuǎn)譯

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名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞

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NewYorkCitywasabitterdisillusionmenttosomeimmigrants.10/10/202360/116

IraqiwarisadrainonAmericanresources.10/10/202361/116

Onethingthatoftenleadspeopletomoveinaffluenttimes,isthedesireforbetterclimate,moreattractivescenery,moreagreeableliving.10/10/202362/116

比較級(jí)翻譯10/10/202363/116

CaliforniaonthewholehasaclimatemildestalltheyearroundthanthatofanyotherplacesintheContinentalUnitedStates.10/10/202364/116

Musicwhosemeaningisslightlydifferentwitheachhearinghasagreaterchanceofremainingalive.10/10/202365/116

Itwouldperhapsbemorenatural,aswellasinbetterconformitywiththewillofGod,ifthereweremorecelibatesandifthosewhoweremarriedhadlargerfamilies.

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TherearemorecarsperpersonsintheUSAthaninanyothercountryintheworld,andmoreinLosAngelesthananyothercityintheUSA.10/10/202367/116

Americanpresidentstendtobejudgedlessbythegooddeedstheysetinmotionthanbyhowwelltheyrespondtocrisis.

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Hitler’smistakegaveRooseveltthevictory;justasatWaterlooitwaslessWellingtonwhowonthanNapoleonwholost.

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Charlesismorecautiousthandecisive.10/10/202370/116

Ifyouaskmyopinion,I’dsayheisamanwhoismorebravethanwise.10/10/202371/116

Afterallthoseyearsofworkingtogether,heismorethanafriendtome.10/10/202372/116Hefeltmorethanshrilledtocomeacrosssuchagorgeousbeauty.10/10/202373/116

Iwasbusyandlessthandelightedtohavecompanythatday.10/10/202374/116

Theplanisnothingmorethanacastleintheair.10/10/202375/116

Heismorehandsomethanwise.10/10/202376/116

Itisnoteasytoimpartknowledgeanymorethanitistoacquireknowledge.10/10/202377/116

Itmaybethatwhenhislifeatlastcomestoanendhewillleavenomoretraceofhissojournonearththanastonethrownintoariverleavesonthewater.

10/10/202378/116動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯名詞10/10/202379/116Theworldwillbeadullplaceindeedwhenallthedifferentnationalities

behave

exactlyalike.10/10/202380/116

Anti-wardemonstrations,blackcivilrightsprotests,women’srightsactivities,andrebellionbyyoungpeopleagainsttraditionalauthoritycharacterized

the1960’s.10/10/202381/116

Populationgrewbothasaresultofnaturalincreaseandofcontinuedimmigration.10/10/202382/116

Inthetwentiethcentury,radioandlatertelevisionsupplementedtheprintmedia.10/10/202383/116

形容詞、副詞

和名詞互相轉(zhuǎn)譯

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AftertheWorldWarII,theUnitedStatesenjoyedunprecedentedprosperity.10/10/202385/116

Americansarefarmorerace-consciousthanclass-conscious.10/10/202386/116

VarietyisakeycharacteristicoftheUnitedStates,bothgeographicallyandculturally.10/10/202387/116

介詞(詞組)轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞

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ThemosteffectivesafeguardofdemocracyistheSupremeCourt,foroneofitsobjectsistoprotecttheindividualagainstthegovernment.Anyindividualwhohasagrievanceagainstthegovernmentcanapplytoitforhelp.

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ManypeopleareundertheillusionthatthemainissueoftheCivilWarwastheabolitionofslavery,butamorebasicreasonistheagriculturalSouthernStatessuspectedthetreattotheirrightsfromindustrialNorthernStates,oneofwhichwastherighttoowntheslavesworkingontheirplantation.

10/10/202390/116同義反譯法10/10/202391/116

Leavemealone!Goaway10/10/202392/116

WemustliveuptotheParty’sexpectation.10/10/202393/116

Youhavearousedmycuriosity.Andnowyoumustgratifyit.10/10/202394/116

Appearancesareoftendeceptive.不能以貌取人。10/10/202395/116

Shewasirritatedatbeingdeniedtheopportunitytogetapayrise.10/10/202396/116

Hedeniedhernothing.10/10/202397/116

Hedeniedhimselfnothing.10/10/202398/116

Shallowandconceited,heisthelastpersonourcompanywants.10/10/202399/116

Itescapesyournoticethatshehaschangedsomuch.

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Hernameescapesme.

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Nothingescapes