光電信息專業(yè)英語(yǔ)單詞句子中英翻譯

詞匯RayOptics射線光學(xué)Refraction折射Reflection反射IndexofRefraction折射率Opticalspectrum光譜Dispersion色散lens透鏡TotalInternalReflection全內(nèi)反射Prisms棱鏡rightisoscelestriangles正等腰三角形Sphericalrefractingsurface球面折射面signconvention符號(hào)法則paraxialapproximation近軸近似aberration像差chromaticaberration色差collimated平行的；使平行criticalangle臨界角defect缺點(diǎn)，缺陷incident入射的inclination傾斜角；偏向magnitude數(shù)量級(jí)virtualimage虛像Diffraction衍射Interference干涉aperture孔徑complexexponentialfunction復(fù)指數(shù)函數(shù)complexconjugate復(fù)共軛monochromatic單色的opticalpathdifference光程差polarization偏振resonator諧振器resolution分辨率Holography全息術(shù)wavelength波長(zhǎng)microscope顯微鏡beamsplitter分束器Rainbowholography彩虹全息術(shù)Volumeholograms體全息圖Computer-generatedholography計(jì)算機(jī)全息術(shù)SpatialFiltering空間濾波gratings光柵的，沒有考慮必須存在的條件，以便干擾實(shí)驗(yàn)成功地執(zhí)行。Lightisatransverse,electromagneticwavecharacterizedbytime-varyingelectricandmagneticfields.Thefieldspropagatehandinhand;itisusuallysufficienttoconsidereitheroneandignoretheother.Itisconventionaltoretaintheelectricfield,largelybecauseitsinteractionwithmatterisinmostcasesfarstrongerthanthatofthemagneticfield.光是以時(shí)變的電場(chǎng)和磁場(chǎng)為特征的橫向電磁波。在領(lǐng)域里攜手共進(jìn);通常足以考慮一個(gè)而忽略另一個(gè)。通常保持電場(chǎng)，主要是因?yàn)槠渑c物質(zhì)的相互作用在大多數(shù)情況下遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)強(qiáng)于磁場(chǎng)的相互作用。Atransversewave,likethewaveonapluckedstring,vibratesatrightanglestothedirectionofpropagation.Suchawavemustbedescribedwithvectornotation,becauseitsvibrationhasaspecificdirectionassociatedwithit.Forexample,thewavemayvibratehorizontally,vertically,orinanyotherdirection;oritmayvibrateinacomplicatedcombinationofhorizontalandverticaloscillations.Sucheffectsarecalledpolarizationeffects.Awavethatvibratesinasingleplane(horizontal,forexample)issaidtobeplanepolarized.橫波，類似于拾取弦上的波，以與傳播方向成直角振動(dòng)。這樣的波必須用矢量符號(hào)來(lái)描述，因?yàn)樗恼駝?dòng)具有與其相關(guān)聯(lián)的特定方向。例如，波可以水平地，垂直地或在任何其它方向上振動(dòng);或者其可以以水平和垂直振蕩的復(fù)雜組合振動(dòng)。這種效應(yīng)稱為偏振效應(yīng)。在單個(gè)平面（例如水平）中振動(dòng)的波被稱為平面偏振。Spectralfiltersaredevicesusedtomodifythe(spectral)transmittanceofanopticalsystem.Theymaybemadeofahomogeneousmaterialwithappropriatespectralabsorptioncharacteristics,oruseotheropticalphenomenon,suchasmultiple-beaminterferenceoropticalanisotropy,toeffectthemodification.光譜濾光器是用于修改光學(xué)系統(tǒng)的（光譜）透射率的裝置。它們可以由具有適當(dāng)光譜吸收特性的均勻材料制成，或者使用其它光學(xué)現(xiàn)象，例如多光束干涉或光學(xué)各向異性，以實(shí)現(xiàn)修改。Thefifthgenerationoflightwavesystemsemployserbium-dopedfiberamplifiersforamplifyingthetransmittedopticalsignalperiodicallytocompensateforfiberloss.第五代光波系統(tǒng)采用摻鉺光纖放大器來(lái)周期性地放大傳輸?shù)墓庑盘?hào)，以補(bǔ)償光纖損耗。Asopticalmedia,crystalsaremuchlesspopularthanglassesfortheobviousreasonthattheyarefarmoredifficulttomanufactureinlargesize.Theiruseisinvariablymotivatedbytheneedforcharacteristicsnotreadilyobtainableinglass.Amongthesecharacteristicsarethefollowing:(1)Spectraltransmittancecharacteristicsextendingbeyondthoseobtainablewiththeusualglasses;(2)Specialshapeofthedispersioncurve;(3)Birefringence,electro-,andmagnetoopticalcharacteristics;(4)Mechanicalandthermalstrength.作為光學(xué)介質(zhì)，由于明顯的原因，晶體比玻璃更不受歡迎，因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)诖蟪叽缦码y以制造。它們的使用總是由對(duì)玻璃中不容易獲得的特性的需要所驅(qū)動(dòng)。這些特性如下：（1）超過用通常的玻璃獲得的光譜透射率特性;（2）分散曲線的特殊形狀;（3）雙折射，電光和磁光特性;（4）機(jī)械和熱強(qiáng)度。Forthesepotentialadvantagestoberealized,waysmustbefoundtoproducehighlycompactcomponents:(1)Opticalwaveguideswhosecross-sectionaldimensionsareindeedoftheorderofmagnitudeofanopticalwavelength.(2)Lightsourcesanddetectorsofsimilardimensions.(3)Lightmodulationandsteeringdevicesofasizeconsistentwith(1)and(2).為實(shí)現(xiàn)這些潛在優(yōu)勢(shì),必須找到方法來(lái)產(chǎn)生高度緊湊的組件:(1)光波導(dǎo)的橫截面尺寸數(shù)量級(jí)的確實(shí)是一個(gè)光學(xué)波長(zhǎng)。(2)光源和探測(cè)器類似的維度。(3)光調(diào)制和操舵裝置的大小與(1)和(2)一致。However,toobtainhighefficiencies,alowworkfunctiondoesnotsuffice;thecathodemustbesuchthatusefulphotoexitationcantakeplacealsowithinthematerialuptothedepthofseveraltensofnanometers.然而，為了獲得高效率，低功函數(shù)不足;陰極必須使得有用的光激發(fā)也可以在材料內(nèi)發(fā)生達(dá)到幾十納米的深度。Photoconductivedetectorsfallintotwomajorcategories:(1)Homogeneousdetectorswhereacarrier,freedanywhereinsidethematerialisdrawnoutbyanexternallyappliedfield.(2)Junctiondetectors,wherethecarriersaregeneratedintheneighborhoodofap-njunctiontobeseparatedbyaninternallygeneratedfield.光電導(dǎo)檢測(cè)器分為兩個(gè)主要類別：（1）均勻檢測(cè)器，其中在材料內(nèi)任何地方釋放的載體由外部施加的場(chǎng)引出。（2）結(jié)檢測(cè)器，其中載流子在p-n結(jié)附近產(chǎn)生以由內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生的場(chǎng)分離。Thethermaldetectorsrespondduetoachangeintemperaturewhichisafunctionoftheabsorbedenergyandindependentofitswavelength;theirspectralresponseisdeterminedsolelybytheirspectralabsorptivityandisthereforegenerallymuchmoreuniformthanthatobtainedwithasimplephotondetector.熱檢測(cè)器由于溫度變化而響應(yīng)，該溫度變化是吸收能量的函數(shù)并且與其波長(zhǎng)無(wú)關(guān);它們的光譜響應(yīng)僅由它們的光譜吸收率確定，因此通常比用簡(jiǎn)單的光子檢測(cè)器獲得的光譜響應(yīng)更均勻。Opticalthinfilmsarewidelyusedtodayinmanydiverseapplicationstocontrolthewaylightisreflected,transmitted,orabsorbedasafunctionofwavelength.Theycanbegroupedintotwomajorcategoriesbasedontheapplication.Inthefirst,thelighttravelsparalleltotheplaneofthesubstratewiththefilmsactingaswaveguidesintheemergingfieldofintegratedoptics.Herelightsignalscouldreplaceelectricalsignalsinapplicationssuchascommunicationsandcomputers.Inthesecondapplication,thelighttravelsperpendiculartothefilmplaneforuseasantireflectioncoatings,edgefilters,highefficiencymirrors,beamsplitters,etc.光學(xué)薄膜目前在許多不同的應(yīng)用中廣泛使用，以控制光作為波長(zhǎng)的函數(shù)被反射，透射或吸收的方式。根據(jù)應(yīng)用，它們可以分為兩大類。在第一種情況下，光平行于襯底的平面?zhèn)鞑?，其中膜用作集成光學(xué)器件的出射場(chǎng)中的波導(dǎo)。這里，光信號(hào)可以替代諸如通信和計(jì)算機(jī)的應(yīng)用中的電信號(hào)。在第二應(yīng)用中，光垂直于膜平面行進(jìn)，用作抗反射涂層，邊緣濾光器，高效率反射鏡，分束器等。Theterm“thin”isusedtoindicatealayerwhosethickness(perpendiculartothesubstrate)isthesameorderofmagnitudeasthewavelengthofinterest,andtheextent(paralleltothesubstrate)isaverylargenumberofwavelengths.Typicallayersmightrangeinthicknessfrom80nminthevisibletotwentytimesthatintheinfrared.Filtersarecomposedofastackofsuchlayers,alternatingbetweenhighandlowrefractiveindices,withtypically20~40layers,althoughinsomecasestheymayhaveonehundredlayersormore.Thinfil