河南師范大學(xué)《831英語(yǔ)寫作與翻譯》歷年考研真題及詳解

2009年河南師范大學(xué)821英語(yǔ)寫作與翻譯考研真題及詳解Ⅰ.MatchthefollowingnumberswiththecorrespondinglettersaccordingtothecontentsandwriteyouranswerontheAnswersheet（5points）1.PeterNewmark2.LawrenceVenuti3.YanFu4.EugeneNida5.FuLeiA）faithfulness,expressiveness,andeleganceB）resemblanceinspiritC）semantictranslationandcommunicativetranslationD）domesticationandforeignizationE）functionalequivalence【參考答案】1.C 語(yǔ)義翻譯和交際翻譯（semantictranslationandcommunicativetranslation）是英國(guó)翻譯家紐馬克（Newmark）翻譯理論的兩種基本策略。語(yǔ)義翻譯法具有絕對(duì)意義，交際翻譯法具有相對(duì)意義。交際翻譯法集歸化、意譯和地道翻譯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。2.D 美國(guó)學(xué)者L.Venuti（文努迪）于1995年提出翻譯的歸化與異化（domesticationandforeignization），指出翻譯有兩種情況，一種是讓讀者靠近作者即異化，另一種是讓作者靠近讀者即歸化。3.A “信達(dá)雅”（faithfulness,expressiveness,andelegance）是由我國(guó)清末新興啟蒙思想家嚴(yán)復(fù)提出的，他在《天演論》中的“譯例言”講到：“譯事三難：信、達(dá)、雅。求其信已大難矣，顧信矣不達(dá)，雖譯猶不譯也，則達(dá)尚焉”。4.E 功能對(duì)等理論（functionalequivalence）是由美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家尤金·A·奈達(dá)（EugeneNida）提出，他認(rèn)為最大的功能對(duì)等是指譯文文本的讀者應(yīng)該基本上能以原文讀者理解和欣賞原文的方式來(lái)理解和欣賞譯文文本。5.B 傅雷先生提出了神似（resemblanceinspirit）的思想?！耙孕Ч?翻譯應(yīng)當(dāng)像臨畫一樣，所求的不在形似而在神似。”（spiritualconformity/resemblanceinspirit）。Ⅱ.TranslatethefollowingintoChinese（40points）Whatisitthatwemeanbyliterature?Popularly,andamongstthethoughtless,itisheldtoincludeeverythingthatisprintedinabook.Littlelogicisrequiredtodisturbthatdefinition.Themostthoughtlesspersoniseasilymadeawarethatintheideaofliteratureoneessentialclementissomerelationtoageneralandcommoninterestofman—sothatwhatappliesonlytoalocal,orprofessional,ormerelypersonalinterest,eventhoughpresentingitselfintheshapeofabook,willnotbelongtoLiterature.Sofarthedefinitioniseasilynarrowed;anditisaseasilyexpanded.Fornotonlyismuchthattakesastationinbooksnotliterature;butinversely,muchthatreallyisliteratureneverreachesastationinbooks.TheweeklysermonsofChristendom,thatvastpulpitliteraturewhichactssoextensivelyuponthepopularmind—towarn,touphold,torenew,tocomfort,toalarm—doesnotattainthesanctuaryoflibrariesintheten-thousandthpartofitsextent.TheDramaagain—as,forinstance,thefinestofShakespeare’splaysinEngland,andallleadingAthenianplaysinthenoontideoftheAtticstage—operatedasaliteratureonthepublicmind,andwere（accordingtothestrictestletterofthatterm）publishedthroughtheaudiencesthatwitnessedtheirrepresentationsometimebeforetheywerepublishedasthingstoberead;andtheywerepublishedinthisscenicmodeofpublicationwithmuchmoreeffectthantheycouldhavehadasbooksduringagesofcostlycopyingorofcostlyprinting【參考譯文】我們所說(shuō)的“文學(xué)”是什么呢？人們，尤其是對(duì)此欠考慮者，普遍會(huì)認(rèn)為：文學(xué)包括印在書本中的一切。可這種定義無(wú)需多少理由便可被推翻。最缺乏思考的人也很容易明白，“文學(xué)”這一概念中有個(gè)基本要素，即文學(xué)或多或少都與人類普遍而共同的興趣有關(guān)；因此，那些僅適用于某一局部、某一行業(yè)或僅僅處于個(gè)人興趣的作品，即便以書的形式面世，也不該屬于“文學(xué)”。就此而論，文學(xué)之定義很容易變窄，而它同樣也不難拓寬。因?yàn)椴粌H有許多躋身于書卷之列的文字并非文學(xué)作品，而且與之相反，不少真正的文學(xué)著作卻未曾付梓成書。譬如基督教世界每星期的布道，這種篇什浩繁且對(duì)民眾精神影響極廣的講壇文學(xué)，這種對(duì)世人起告戒、鼓勵(lì)、振奮、安撫或警示作用的布道文學(xué)，最終能進(jìn)入經(jīng)樓書館的尚不及其萬(wàn)分之一。此外還有戲劇，如英國(guó)莎士比亞最優(yōu)秀的劇作，以及雅典戲劇藝術(shù)鼎盛時(shí)期的全部主流劇作，都曾作為文學(xué)作品對(duì)公眾產(chǎn)生過(guò)影響。這些作品在作為讀物出版之前，已通過(guò)觀看其演出的觀眾而“出版”了（這正是“出版”一詞最嚴(yán)格的意義）。在抄寫或印刷都非常昂貴的年代，通過(guò)舞臺(tái)形式“出版”這些劇作遠(yuǎn)比將它們出版成書效果更佳。Ⅲ.TranslatetheunderlinedintoEnglish.（45points）我同書箱，即將分離。我雖非英雄，頗有垓下之感，卻無(wú)可奈何。這些書，都是在全國(guó)解放以后，來(lái)到我家的。最初零零碎碎，中間成套成批。有的來(lái)自京滬，有的來(lái)自蘇杭。最初，囊中潛澀，也曾交臂相失。中間也曾一擲否金，稍有豪氣，總之，時(shí)歷三十余年，我同它們，可稱故舊。十年浩劫，我自顧不暇，無(wú)心也無(wú)力顧及它們。但它們輾轉(zhuǎn)多處，經(jīng)受折磨、潮濕、踐踏、撞破，終于還是回來(lái)了，失去了一些，我有些惋惜，但也不愿去尋覓它們，因?yàn)槲沂サ臇|西，比起它們，更多也更重要。它們回到寒舍以后，我對(duì)它們的情感加故。書無(wú)分大小、貴賤、古今、新舊，只要是我想保存的，因之也同我共過(guò)患難的，一視同仁。洗塵，安置，撫慰，唏噓，它們大概是已經(jīng)體味到了。近幾年，又為它們添加了一些新伙伴。當(dāng)這些新書，進(jìn)入我的書架，我不再打印章，寫名字，只是給它們包裹一層新裝，記下到此的歲月。這是因?yàn)椋乙庾R(shí)到，我不久就會(huì)同它們告別了。我的命運(yùn)是注定了。但它們各自的命運(yùn)，我是不能預(yù)知，也不能擔(dān)保的?！緟⒖甲g文】SoonI’llpartwithmybooks;I’llhaveto,thewaytheancientheroXiangYupartedwithhisfavoriteladyYuatGaixia.Thebookshadarrivedatmyhomesince1949,theyearthecountrywasliberated（fromKMTrule）.Atfirsttheycamepiecemealand,later,insetofbulk,somefromBeijingandShanghai,somefromSuzhouandHangzhou.Duringthefirstfewyears,asIwasfinanciallyembarrassed,sometimesIhadtoturnfromthebooksthatIwouldhavelikedtogiveeverythinginexchangefor.However,therewereoccasionsonwhichIthrewmymoneyonbookswithquiteasenseoflavishgenerosity.Inshort,havingkeptthemcompanyforover30years,Ifeltlifelongintimacywiththemall.DuringthetenyearsofthedisastrousCulturalRevolutionIwasnotinthemoodto,norwasIfitenoughtobotheraboutmybooks,asIwasnotsurewhereImyselfwouldendup.But,havingbeentakenfromplacetoplace,gettingmoistenedanddamaged,torturedandtrampledunderfoot,theyeventuallyhadcomebacktome.Someofthemhadjustgotlost,forIhadhadmoretoloseinthoseyearsandwhatIhadlostwasfarmoreimportantthanthebooks.AftertheirreturnhomeIfeltaboutthemwiththesameaffectionasIdidearlier.Itreatedthemalike,whethertheywerebigorsmall,oldornew,expensiveorinexpensive,classicalorcontemporary,sincetheyhadbeeninmycollection,therefore,gonethroughthickandthinwithme.Iwouldsignwithsignificance,whenIdustedandcaressedthemandthenfoundaplaceforthemtogoto.IguessedtheymusthavesensedhowIfeltabouttheirreturn.DuringthepastcoupleofyearsIhadfoundthemsomenewcompanions.Inolongerstampedmysealorwrotemynameonthem.WhenIputthemonthebookshelves,Ionlyclothedthemwithanewcoverandmarkedthedateoftheirarrival.Ⅳ.Writing1.AppliedWriting（20points）Instructions:PleasechooseONEfromthefollowingtopicsandwritewithin150words.1）Supposeyouwereanundergraduatestudentthatisabouttograduatefromthecollege,writealettertotheMinistryofEducationcomplainingaboutthecurrentsituationofjob-huntingandproposingyoursuggestions.2）Supposeyouwereapplyingtostudyabroad,writealettertotheuniversityadministratorfortheinformationyouneedtoknow.3）Oneofyourcolleaguesisgoingtohaveajobinterview,youareaskedtowritearecommendationletterforhimorher.【參考范文】【解析】本文為一封詢問(wèn)信，主要詢問(wèn)出國(guó)留學(xué)的有關(guān)事宜。第一段首先表明來(lái)意，表示自己想詢問(wèn)一些事宜。第二段主要描寫了詢問(wèn)的具體事情。第三段表示期待回信。此類信件要注意格式和禮貌用語(yǔ)。2.TopicalWriting（40points）Instructions:PleasechooseONEfromthefollowingtopicsandwriteanessaywithin500words.1）GlobalizationoftheChineseLanguage2）E-learning:Whatdoesitmean?3）WhatiswrongwithourEnglishteaching?【參考范文】WiththeChina’sentrancetoWTOandthemoreandmorecooperationinforeigntrade,agoodgraspofEnglishcommunicationisthekeytowinthecooperation.ButwecanfindmanydisadvantagesinEnglisheducation,moreandmorepeoplehascomplainedtheycan’tuseEnglishverywell.Thentherecomesasharpcontrastexistsbetween“test-orientededucation”and“competence-orientededucation”.Sowhat’swrongwithChina’sEnglisheducation?Tobeginwith,mostofthelanguagelearnersdonothavealanguageenvironmentintheirstudy.TheycannotspeakandlistentoEnglishasmuchasthey’resupposedto.Sowhatwehaveis“dumbEnglish”ratherthancommunicativeEnglish.Toagreatextent,theEnglishteachinginChinaisteacher-centered,turningalanguageclassintoaninformationclass.Itisstillverycommonintheclassroomthattheteacherexplainseverylanguagepointindetail,whilestudentstakenotesallthetime.StudentsaretaughthowtomemorizelanguagepointinsteadofhowtouseEnglish.StudentsareveryshywhentheyareaskedtospeakinEnglish.Secondly,cultureisneglectedinEnglishteachingbecauseofpoortextdesign.SomeredundantunrealisticmaterialsandagreatdealorgrammarandstructureexercisesinthetextleadtostudentsmemorizingalargevocabularyandalotofEnglishrules.Fewstudentsknowhow,whenandwheretousethem.What’smore,manytextbooksareoutdated.ManyoftheEnglishbooksweusenowwerepublishedin1990s.Thoughtheyhavehighquality,theycannotreflectthedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage.Sothesebooksarenotidealtextbooks.Finally,test-orientededucation,inasense,misleadsandimpedescollegeEnglishteachinginChina.Forexample,collegeEnglishtestbandfourorsixissooveremphasizedinsomecollegesthatteachersteachtothetest,sacrificinglearningforthesakeoftestresults,andstudentsonlylearntopasstheexamination.Asaresult,student’sactuallanguagecompetenceisweakenedthoughthepassingratehasincreased.Inconclusion,ChineseEnglishteachingistobereformed.ThelanguageenvironmentshouldbeimprovedandEnglishclassshouldbestudents-centered.Cultureknowledgeshouldbeintroducedinlanguageteaching,andexaminationshouldbedealtwithappropriately.【解析】本文圍繞當(dāng)今中國(guó)英語(yǔ)教育的弊端展開論述。文章第一段介紹了在當(dāng)今時(shí)代背景下，學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)十分重要，從而引出大多英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者并不能用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行交流并發(fā)問(wèn)問(wèn)題出在哪里。文章第二段說(shuō)明語(yǔ)言環(huán)境匱乏，英語(yǔ)課主要是以老師為中心。文章第三段說(shuō)明英語(yǔ)教學(xué)缺少文化因素，教材僵化。第四段說(shuō)明了應(yīng)試教育也是弊端之一。最后一段總結(jié)概括全文，簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明了改善方法。2010年河南師范大學(xué)821英語(yǔ)寫作與翻譯考研真題及詳解Ⅰ.Matchfilefollowingnumberswiththecorrespondinglettersaccordingtothecontents,writethecorrespondingletterintothebracket（5points）:1.LawrenceVenuti2.EugeneNida3.AndreLefevere4.PeterNewmark5.QianZhongshuA.ReachingtheacmeofperfectionB.ForeignizationanddomesticationC.CommunicativeandsemantictranslationD.RewritingtheoryE.Functionalequivalence【參考答案】1.B 美國(guó)學(xué)者L.Venuti（文努迪）于1995年提出翻譯的歸化與異化（domesticationandforeignization），指出翻譯有兩種情況，一種是讓讀者靠近作者即異化，另一種是讓作者靠近讀者即歸化2.E 功能對(duì)等理論（functionalequivalence）是由美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家尤金·A·奈達(dá)（EugeneNida）提出，他認(rèn)為最大的功能對(duì)等是指譯文文本的讀者應(yīng)該基本上能以原文讀者理解和欣賞原文的方式來(lái)理解和欣賞譯文文本。3.D 安德烈·勒菲弗爾（AndreLefevere）基于前人研究基礎(chǔ)提出“翻譯即改寫”的翻譯理論觀,并認(rèn)為譯作受意識(shí)形態(tài)、詩(shī)學(xué)和贊助人三因素的操控。4.C 交際翻譯和語(yǔ)義翻譯（communicativetranslationandsemantictranslation）是英國(guó)翻譯家紐馬克（Newmark）翻譯理論的兩種基本策略。交際翻譯法集歸化、意譯和地道翻譯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。語(yǔ)義翻譯法具有絕對(duì)意義，交際翻譯法具有相對(duì)意義。5.A 錢鐘書提出了化境（reachingtheacmeofperfection）的思想。錢鐘書指出：文學(xué)翻譯的最高境界是“化”,把作品從一國(guó)文字轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱硪粐?guó)文字,既能不因語(yǔ)文習(xí)慣的差異而露出生硬牽強(qiáng)的痕跡，又能完全保存原有的風(fēng)味，那就算得入于“化境”。Ⅱ.TranslatethefollowingEnglishintoChinese（40points）SectionA（25points）:ForceMajeur（不可抗力）:TheSellersshallnotbeheldresponsibleforlatedeliveryornon-deliveryofthegoodsowingtogenerallyrecognized“ForceMajeure”causes.However,insuchcase,theSellersshallimmediatelycabletheBuyerstheaccidentandairmail,totheBuyerswithin15daysaftertheaccident,acertificateoftheaccidentissuedbythecompetentgovernmentauthoritiesorthechamberofcommercewhichislocatedattheplacewheretheaccidentoccursasevidencethereof.Withtheexceptionoflatedeliveryornon-deliverydueto“ForceMajeure”causes,mcasetheSellersfailtomakedeliverywithinthetimeasstipulatedinthecontract,theSellersshouldindemnifytheBuyersforalllossesandexpensesincurredtothelatterdirectlyattributabletolatedeliveryorfailuretomakedeliveryofthegoodsinaccordancewiththetermsofthiscontract.Ifthe“ForceMajeure”causelastsover60days,theBuyersshallhavetherighttocanceltheContractortheundeliveredpartoftheContract.【參考譯文】由于不可抗力原因,賣方將不負(fù)責(zé)延遲交貨或不交貨。在這種情況下，賣家應(yīng)當(dāng)立即通知買家事故事件，并在事故后15天之內(nèi)發(fā)送航空郵件給買家，提供由政府部門或當(dāng)?shù)厮谏虝?huì)在事故發(fā)生時(shí)出具的證書作為證明。除延遲交貨和不交貨歸于不可抗力因素之外，如果賣家在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)未能成功交貨，按照本合同的條款，應(yīng)對(duì)買家賠償其由于遲交或交貨失敗造成的直接一切損失和費(fèi)用。如果不可抗力因素持續(xù)超過(guò)60天，買家將有權(quán)取消合合同以及未完成部分的合同內(nèi)容。SectionB（15points）:Arbitration:AlldisputesinconnectionwiththisContractortheexecutionthereofshallbeamicablysettledthroughnegotiationincasenosettlementcanbereachedbetweenthetwoParties,thecaseunderdisputeshallbesubmittedtotheTradeArbitrationCommissionoftheChinaCouncilforthePromotionofInternationalTradeforarbitration.ThearbitrationshalltakeplaceinBeijing,ChinaandshallbeexecutedinaccordancewiththeProvisionalRulesofProcedureofthesaidCommissionandthedecisionmadebytheArbitrationCommissionshallbeacceptedasfinalandbindinguponbothparties.ThefeesforarbitrationshallbebornebythelosingPartyunlessotherwiseawarded.【參考譯文】凡因執(zhí)行本合同所發(fā)生的或與本合同有關(guān)的一切爭(zhēng)議，雙方應(yīng)通過(guò)友好協(xié)商解決；如果協(xié)商不能解決，應(yīng)提交北京中國(guó)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(huì)，根據(jù)該會(huì)的仲裁規(guī)則進(jìn)行仲裁仲裁是終局的，對(duì)雙方都有約束力。仲裁費(fèi)用除仲裁庭另有規(guī)定外，均由敗訴方承擔(dān)。Ⅲ.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.（45points）第五，必須堅(jiān)持執(zhí)政為民。政府的一切權(quán)力都是人民賦予的，執(zhí)政為民是各級(jí)政府的崇高使命。我們要牢記全心全意為人民服務(wù)的宗旨，把實(shí)現(xiàn)好、維護(hù)好、發(fā)展好最廣大人民的根本利益，作為政府工作的出發(fā)點(diǎn)和落腳點(diǎn)。更加注重保障和改莕民生，特別要關(guān)心和解決城鄉(xiāng)低收入群眾的生活閑難，使全體人民共享改革發(fā)展成果。只有堅(jiān)持一切屬于人民，一切為了人民，一切依靠人民，一切歸功于人民，我們的各項(xiàng)亊業(yè)才能獲得最廣泛、最可靠的群眾基礎(chǔ)和力量源泉。第六，必須堅(jiān)持依法行政。遵守憲法和法律是政府一切工作的根本原則。我們要嚴(yán)格按照法定權(quán)限和程序行使權(quán)力、履行職責(zé)，加強(qiáng)政府立法，規(guī)范行政執(zhí)法，完善行政監(jiān)督，建設(shè)法治政府，不斷提高依法行政能力。只有全面推行依法行政，努力做到有權(quán)必有責(zé)、用權(quán)受監(jiān)督、侵權(quán)要賠償、違法要追究，讓權(quán)力在陽(yáng)光下運(yùn)行，才能保證人民賦予的權(quán)力始終用來(lái)為人民謀利益?！緟⒖甲g文】Fifth,wemustcontinuetorunthegovernmentforthepeople.Allthepowerofthegovernmentcomesfromthepeople,andrunningthegovernmentforthemisaloftymissionofgovernmentsatalllevels.Wemustneverforgetthatservingthepeoplewholeheartedlyisourpurpose,andmakesurethattheaimandoutcomeoftheworkofthegovernmentistofulfill,safeguardanddevelopthefundamentalinterestsoftheoverwhelmingmajorityofpeople.Weneedtoattachgreaterimportancetoensuringthewell-beingofthepeopleandimprovingtheirlives,inparticularshowingconcernforurbanandruralresidentswithlowincomesandhelpingthemmakeendsmeetintheirdailylives,inordertoensurethatallofthepeopleshareinthefruitsofreformanddevelopment.Wemustalwayskeepinmindthateverythingbelongstothepeople,doeverythingfortheirbenefit,relyonthemineverythingwedoandattributealloursuccessestotheirefforts.Onlybydoingsocanweenjoythebroadestandmostreliablesupportfromthepeopleanddrawfromthemthestrengthforensuringsuccessinallourendeavors.Sixth,wemustcontinuetorunthegovernmentinaccordancewiththelaw.AbidingbytheConstitutionandlawsisafundamentalprincipleforalltheworkofthegovernment.Weneedtoexerciseourpowerandperformourfunctionsandresponsibilitieswithinthejurisdictionstipulatedbylawandinaccordancewithlegalprocedures,improvegovernmentlegislativework,standardizeadministrativelawenforcement,improveadministrativeoversight,developlaw-basedgovernmentandenhanceourabilitytocarryoutadministrativefunctionsinaccordancewiththelaw.Wemustensurethatgovernmentadministrationfullycomplieswiththelaw,thatpowercomeswithresponsibility,thatthereisproperoversightontheexerciseofpower,thatreparationispaidforinfringementofrights,thatanyviolationofthelawisprosecuted,andthatpowerisexercisedinatransparentmanner.Thisistheonlywaytoensurethatthepowerentrustedtousbythepeopleisalwaysexercisedintheirinterests.Ⅳ.Writing（60points）1.Appliedwriting（15points）Directions:ChooseONEofthefollowingtopicstowritewithin300words.（1）aletterofapplicationDirection:Supposeyouweretoapplyajobpositionatauniversityoracompany,writealettertothedeanoftheschoolorthemanagerofthecompanyintroducingyourselfandyourjobexpectation.PleaseDONOTrevealyourrealnameandaffiliations.（2）aletterofinquiryDirection:SupposeyouwereapplyingforM,A.studyataforeigndiversity,writetotheuniversityofficeconcernedaskingforinformationabouttheM.A.programandaskquestionsyouareinterestedin.（3）aletterofcomplaintDirection:Writetotheuniversityauthoritycomplainingabouttheproblemsthatneedtobesolvedonthecampus.Proposeyourownsuggestion.【參考范文】【解析】本文為一封求職信，作者表達(dá)感謝、表明來(lái)意后簡(jiǎn)要介紹自己的學(xué)歷背景，學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷及社會(huì)實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)等。最后表明自己的一些素質(zhì)能夠勝任工作及其十分希望能到貴公司工作。要注意格式及不能涉及個(gè)人信息。2.Topicwriting（45points）Direction:WriteonONEofthefollowingtopics.（1）AresearchproposalforM.A.study（2）LearningwiththeInternet（3）UniversityeducationandthejobmarketIsUniversityEducationWorthIt?Asweallknow,manyparentssendtheirchildrentouniversityinordertomakethemtakeagoodlife,becausetheybelievethetruththatknowledgecanchangeone’slife.Butmanyfreshuniversitygraduatesarefindingthatitbecomesincreasinglydifficulttofindjobs.Somanypeoplethinkthatknowledgeisnolongerenoughtochangelivesintoday’sChina.Butinmyopinion,temporaryproblemsinthejobmarketdon’tmeanknowledgeisuseless,onthecontrary,itisstillworthtakinguniversityeducation.First,itisnotknowledgewhichleadstothecurrentproblemofuniversitygraduatesintoday’sjobmarket.Oneofthereasonsfortheproblemistheover-expansionofhighereducation.In1998,theuniversitiesbegantoenlargetheenrollment.Inthesameyear,thenumberofstudentswhoenteredintouniversitieswas1.08million.In2012,