河南師范大學(xué)《831英語寫作與翻譯》歷年考研真題及詳解

2009年河南師范大學(xué)821英語寫作與翻譯考研真題及詳解Ⅰ.MatchthefollowingnumberswiththecorrespondinglettersaccordingtothecontentsandwriteyouranswerontheAnswersheet（5points）1.PeterNewmark2.LawrenceVenuti3.YanFu4.EugeneNida5.FuLeiA）faithfulness,expressiveness,andeleganceB）resemblanceinspiritC）semantictranslationandcommunicativetranslationD）domesticationandforeignizationE）functionalequivalence【參考答案】1.C 語義翻譯和交際翻譯（semantictranslationandcommunicativetranslation）是英國翻譯家紐馬克（Newmark）翻譯理論的兩種基本策略。語義翻譯法具有絕對意義，交際翻譯法具有相對意義。交際翻譯法集歸化、意譯和地道翻譯的優(yōu)勢。2.D 美國學(xué)者L.Venuti（文努迪）于1995年提出翻譯的歸化與異化（domesticationandforeignization），指出翻譯有兩種情況，一種是讓讀者靠近作者即異化，另一種是讓作者靠近讀者即歸化。3.A “信達雅”（faithfulness,expressiveness,andelegance）是由我國清末新興啟蒙思想家嚴復(fù)提出的，他在《天演論》中的“譯例言”講到：“譯事三難：信、達、雅。求其信已大難矣，顧信矣不達，雖譯猶不譯也，則達尚焉”。4.E 功能對等理論（functionalequivalence）是由美國語言學(xué)家尤金·A·奈達（EugeneNida）提出，他認為最大的功能對等是指譯文文本的讀者應(yīng)該基本上能以原文讀者理解和欣賞原文的方式來理解和欣賞譯文文本。5.B 傅雷先生提出了神似（resemblanceinspirit）的思想?！耙孕Ч?翻譯應(yīng)當(dāng)像臨畫一樣，所求的不在形似而在神似?！保╯piritualconformity/resemblanceinspirit）。Ⅱ.TranslatethefollowingintoChinese（40points）Whatisitthatwemeanbyliterature?Popularly,andamongstthethoughtless,itisheldtoincludeeverythingthatisprintedinabook.Littlelogicisrequiredtodisturbthatdefinition.Themostthoughtlesspersoniseasilymadeawarethatintheideaofliteratureoneessentialclementissomerelationtoageneralandcommoninterestofman—sothatwhatappliesonlytoalocal,orprofessional,ormerelypersonalinterest,eventhoughpresentingitselfintheshapeofabook,willnotbelongtoLiterature.Sofarthedefinitioniseasilynarrowed;anditisaseasilyexpanded.Fornotonlyismuchthattakesastationinbooksnotliterature;butinversely,muchthatreallyisliteratureneverreachesastationinbooks.TheweeklysermonsofChristendom,thatvastpulpitliteraturewhichactssoextensivelyuponthepopularmind—towarn,touphold,torenew,tocomfort,toalarm—doesnotattainthesanctuaryoflibrariesintheten-thousandthpartofitsextent.TheDramaagain—as,forinstance,thefinestofShakespeare’splaysinEngland,andallleadingAthenianplaysinthenoontideoftheAtticstage—operatedasaliteratureonthepublicmind,andwere（accordingtothestrictestletterofthatterm）publishedthroughtheaudiencesthatwitnessedtheirrepresentationsometimebeforetheywerepublishedasthingstoberead;andtheywerepublishedinthisscenicmodeofpublicationwithmuchmoreeffectthantheycouldhavehadasbooksduringagesofcostlycopyingorofcostlyprinting【參考譯文】我們所說的“文學(xué)”是什么呢？人們，尤其是對此欠考慮者，普遍會認為：文學(xué)包括印在書本中的一切。可這種定義無需多少理由便可被推翻。最缺乏思考的人也很容易明白，“文學(xué)”這一概念中有個基本要素，即文學(xué)或多或少都與人類普遍而共同的興趣有關(guān)；因此，那些僅適用于某一局部、某一行業(yè)或僅僅處于個人興趣的作品，即便以書的形式面世，也不該屬于“文學(xué)”。就此而論，文學(xué)之定義很容易變窄，而它同樣也不難拓寬。因為不僅有許多躋身于書卷之列的文字并非文學(xué)作品，而且與之相反，不少真正的文學(xué)著作卻未曾付梓成書。譬如基督教世界每星期的布道，這種篇什浩繁且對民眾精神影響極廣的講壇文學(xué)，這種對世人起告戒、鼓勵、振奮、安撫或警示作用的布道文學(xué)，最終能進入經(jīng)樓書館的尚不及其萬分之一。此外還有戲劇，如英國莎士比亞最優(yōu)秀的劇作，以及雅典戲劇藝術(shù)鼎盛時期的全部主流劇作，都曾作為文學(xué)作品對公眾產(chǎn)生過影響。這些作品在作為讀物出版之前，已通過觀看其演出的觀眾而“出版”了（這正是“出版”一詞最嚴格的意義）。在抄寫或印刷都非常昂貴的年代，通過舞臺形式“出版”這些劇作遠比將它們出版成書效果更佳。Ⅲ.TranslatetheunderlinedintoEnglish.（45points）我同書箱，即將分離。我雖非英雄，頗有垓下之感，卻無可奈何。這些書，都是在全國解放以后，來到我家的。最初零零碎碎，中間成套成批。有的來自京滬，有的來自蘇杭。最初，囊中潛澀，也曾交臂相失。中間也曾一擲否金，稍有豪氣，總之，時歷三十余年，我同它們，可稱故舊。十年浩劫，我自顧不暇，無心也無力顧及它們。但它們輾轉(zhuǎn)多處，經(jīng)受折磨、潮濕、踐踏、撞破，終于還是回來了，失去了一些，我有些惋惜，但也不愿去尋覓它們，因為我失去的東西，比起它們，更多也更重要。它們回到寒舍以后，我對它們的情感加故。書無分大小、貴賤、古今、新舊，只要是我想保存的，因之也同我共過患難的，一視同仁。洗塵，安置，撫慰，唏噓，它們大概是已經(jīng)體味到了。近幾年，又為它們添加了一些新伙伴。當(dāng)這些新書，進入我的書架，我不再打印章，寫名字，只是給它們包裹一層新裝，記下到此的歲月。這是因為，我意識到，我不久就會同它們告別了。我的命運是注定了。但它們各自的命運，我是不能預(yù)知，也不能擔(dān)保的?！緟⒖甲g文】SoonI’llpartwithmybooks;I’llhaveto,thewaytheancientheroXiangYupartedwithhisfavoriteladyYuatGaixia.Thebookshadarrivedatmyhomesince1949,theyearthecountrywasliberated（fromKMTrule）.Atfirsttheycamepiecemealand,later,insetofbulk,somefromBeijingandShanghai,somefromSuzhouandHangzhou.Duringthefirstfewyears,asIwasfinanciallyembarrassed,sometimesIhadtoturnfromthebooksthatIwouldhavelikedtogiveeverythinginexchangefor.However,therewereoccasionsonwhichIthrewmymoneyonbookswithquiteasenseoflavishgenerosity.Inshort,havingkeptthemcompanyforover30years,Ifeltlifelongintimacywiththemall.DuringthetenyearsofthedisastrousCulturalRevolutionIwasnotinthemoodto,norwasIfitenoughtobotheraboutmybooks,asIwasnotsurewhereImyselfwouldendup.But,havingbeentakenfromplacetoplace,gettingmoistenedanddamaged,torturedandtrampledunderfoot,theyeventuallyhadcomebacktome.Someofthemhadjustgotlost,forIhadhadmoretoloseinthoseyearsandwhatIhadlostwasfarmoreimportantthanthebooks.AftertheirreturnhomeIfeltaboutthemwiththesameaffectionasIdidearlier.Itreatedthemalike,whethertheywerebigorsmall,oldornew,expensiveorinexpensive,classicalorcontemporary,sincetheyhadbeeninmycollection,therefore,gonethroughthickandthinwithme.Iwouldsignwithsignificance,whenIdustedandcaressedthemandthenfoundaplaceforthemtogoto.IguessedtheymusthavesensedhowIfeltabouttheirreturn.DuringthepastcoupleofyearsIhadfoundthemsomenewcompanions.Inolongerstampedmysealorwrotemynameonthem.WhenIputthemonthebookshelves,Ionlyclothedthemwithanewcoverandmarkedthedateoftheirarrival.Ⅳ.Writing1.AppliedWriting（20points）Instructions:PleasechooseONEfromthefollowingtopicsandwritewithin150words.1）Supposeyouwereanundergraduatestudentthatisabouttograduatefromthecollege,writealettertotheMinistryofEducationcomplainingaboutthecurrentsituationofjob-huntingandproposingyoursuggestions.2）Supposeyouwereapplyingtostudyabroad,writealettertotheuniversityadministratorfortheinformationyouneedtoknow.3）Oneofyourcolleaguesisgoingtohaveajobinterview,youareaskedtowritearecommendationletterforhimorher.【參考范文】【解析】本文為一封詢問信，主要詢問出國留學(xué)的有關(guān)事宜。第一段首先表明來意，表示自己想詢問一些事宜。第二段主要描寫了詢問的具體事情。第三段表示期待回信。此類信件要注意格式和禮貌用語。2.TopicalWriting（40points）Instructions:PleasechooseONEfromthefollowingtopicsandwriteanessaywithin500words.1）GlobalizationoftheChineseLanguage2）E-learning:Whatdoesitmean?3）WhatiswrongwithourEnglishteaching?【參考范文】WiththeChina’sentrancetoWTOandthemoreandmorecooperationinforeigntrade,agoodgraspofEnglishcommunicationisthekeytowinthecooperation.ButwecanfindmanydisadvantagesinEnglisheducation,moreandmorepeoplehascomplainedtheycan’tuseEnglishverywell.Thentherecomesasharpcontrastexistsbetween“test-orientededucation”and“competence-orientededucation”.Sowhat’swrongwithChina’sEnglisheducation?Tobeginwith,mostofthelanguagelearnersdonothavealanguageenvironmentintheirstudy.TheycannotspeakandlistentoEnglishasmuchasthey’resupposedto.Sowhatwehaveis“dumbEnglish”ratherthancommunicativeEnglish.Toagreatextent,theEnglishteachinginChinaisteacher-centered,turningalanguageclassintoaninformationclass.Itisstillverycommonintheclassroomthattheteacherexplainseverylanguagepointindetail,whilestudentstakenotesallthetime.StudentsaretaughthowtomemorizelanguagepointinsteadofhowtouseEnglish.StudentsareveryshywhentheyareaskedtospeakinEnglish.Secondly,cultureisneglectedinEnglishteachingbecauseofpoortextdesign.SomeredundantunrealisticmaterialsandagreatdealorgrammarandstructureexercisesinthetextleadtostudentsmemorizingalargevocabularyandalotofEnglishrules.Fewstudentsknowhow,whenandwheretousethem.What’smore,manytextbooksareoutdated.ManyoftheEnglishbooksweusenowwerepublishedin1990s.Thoughtheyhavehighquality,theycannotreflectthedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage.Sothesebooksarenotidealtextbooks.Finally,test-orientededucation,inasense,misleadsandimpedescollegeEnglishteachinginChina.Forexample,collegeEnglishtestbandfourorsixissooveremphasizedinsomecollegesthatteachersteachtothetest,sacrificinglearningforthesakeoftestresults,andstudentsonlylearntopasstheexamination.Asaresult,student’sactuallanguagecompetenceisweakenedthoughthepassingratehasincreased.Inconclusion,ChineseEnglishteachingistobereformed.ThelanguageenvironmentshouldbeimprovedandEnglishclassshouldbestudents-centered.Cultureknowledgeshouldbeintroducedinlanguageteaching,andexaminationshouldbedealtwithappropriately.【解析】本文圍繞當(dāng)今中國英語教育的弊端展開論述。文章第一段介紹了在當(dāng)今時代背景下，學(xué)習(xí)英語十分重要，從而引出大多英語學(xué)習(xí)者并不能用英語進行交流并發(fā)問問題出在哪里。文章第二段說明語言環(huán)境匱乏，英語課主要是以老師為中心。文章第三段說明英語教學(xué)缺少文化因素，教材僵化。第四段說明了應(yīng)試教育也是弊端之一。最后一段總結(jié)概括全文，簡要說明了改善方法。2010年河南師范大學(xué)821英語寫作與翻譯考研真題及詳解Ⅰ.Matchfilefollowingnumberswiththecorrespondinglettersaccordingtothecontents,writethecorrespondingletterintothebracket（5points）:1.LawrenceVenuti2.EugeneNida3.AndreLefevere4.PeterNewmark5.QianZhongshuA.ReachingtheacmeofperfectionB.ForeignizationanddomesticationC.CommunicativeandsemantictranslationD.RewritingtheoryE.Functionalequivalence【參考答案】1.B 美國學(xué)者L.Venuti（文努迪）于1995年提出翻譯的歸化與異化（domesticationandforeignization），指出翻譯有兩種情況，一種是讓讀者靠近作者即異化，另一種是讓作者靠近讀者即歸化2.E 功能對等理論（functionalequivalence）是由美國語言學(xué)家尤金·A·奈達（EugeneNida）提出，他認為最大的功能對等是指譯文文本的讀者應(yīng)該基本上能以原文讀者理解和欣賞原文的方式來理解和欣賞譯文文本。3.D 安德烈·勒菲弗爾（AndreLefevere）基于前人研究基礎(chǔ)提出“翻譯即改寫”的翻譯理論觀,并認為譯作受意識形態(tài)、詩學(xué)和贊助人三因素的操控。4.C 交際翻譯和語義翻譯（communicativetranslationandsemantictranslation）是英國翻譯家紐馬克（Newmark）翻譯理論的兩種基本策略。交際翻譯法集歸化、意譯和地道翻譯的優(yōu)勢。語義翻譯法具有絕對意義，交際翻譯法具有相對意義。5.A 錢鐘書提出了化境（reachingtheacmeofperfection）的思想。錢鐘書指出：文學(xué)翻譯的最高境界是“化”,把作品從一國文字轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱硪粐淖?既能不因語文習(xí)慣的差異而露出生硬牽強的痕跡，又能完全保存原有的風(fēng)味，那就算得入于“化境”。Ⅱ.TranslatethefollowingEnglishintoChinese（40points）SectionA（25points）:ForceMajeur（不可抗力）:TheSellersshallnotbeheldresponsibleforlatedeliveryornon-deliveryofthegoodsowingtogenerallyrecognized“ForceMajeure”causes.However,insuchcase,theSellersshallimmediatelycabletheBuyerstheaccidentandairmail,totheBuyerswithin15daysaftertheaccident,acertificateoftheaccidentissuedbythecompetentgovernmentauthoritiesorthechamberofcommercewhichislocatedattheplacewheretheaccidentoccursasevidencethereof.Withtheexceptionoflatedeliveryornon-deliverydueto“ForceMajeure”causes,mcasetheSellersfailtomakedeliverywithinthetimeasstipulatedinthecontract,theSellersshouldindemnifytheBuyersforalllossesandexpensesincurredtothelatterdirectlyattributabletolatedeliveryorfailuretomakedeliveryofthegoodsinaccordancewiththetermsofthiscontract.Ifthe“ForceMajeure”causelastsover60days,theBuyersshallhavetherighttocanceltheContractortheundeliveredpartoftheContract.【參考譯文】由于不可抗力原因,賣方將不負責(zé)延遲交貨或不交貨。在這種情況下，賣家應(yīng)當(dāng)立即通知買家事故事件，并在事故后15天之內(nèi)發(fā)送航空郵件給買家，提供由政府部門或當(dāng)?shù)厮谏虝谑鹿拾l(fā)生時出具的證書作為證明。除延遲交貨和不交貨歸于不可抗力因素之外，如果賣家在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)未能成功交貨，按照本合同的條款，應(yīng)對買家賠償其由于遲交或交貨失敗造成的直接一切損失和費用。如果不可抗力因素持續(xù)超過60天，買家將有權(quán)取消合合同以及未完成部分的合同內(nèi)容。SectionB（15points）:Arbitration:AlldisputesinconnectionwiththisContractortheexecutionthereofshallbeamicablysettledthroughnegotiationincasenosettlementcanbereachedbetweenthetwoParties,thecaseunderdisputeshallbesubmittedtotheTradeArbitrationCommissionoftheChinaCouncilforthePromotionofInternationalTradeforarbitration.ThearbitrationshalltakeplaceinBeijing,ChinaandshallbeexecutedinaccordancewiththeProvisionalRulesofProcedureofthesaidCommissionandthedecisionmadebytheArbitrationCommissionshallbeacceptedasfinalandbindinguponbothparties.ThefeesforarbitrationshallbebornebythelosingPartyunlessotherwiseawarded.【參考譯文】凡因執(zhí)行本合同所發(fā)生的或與本合同有關(guān)的一切爭議，雙方應(yīng)通過友好協(xié)商解決；如果協(xié)商不能解決，應(yīng)提交北京中國國際經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易仲裁委員會，根據(jù)該會的仲裁規(guī)則進行仲裁仲裁是終局的，對雙方都有約束力。仲裁費用除仲裁庭另有規(guī)定外，均由敗訴方承擔(dān)。Ⅲ.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.（45points）第五，必須堅持執(zhí)政為民。政府的一切權(quán)力都是人民賦予的，執(zhí)政為民是各級政府的崇高使命。我們要牢記全心全意為人民服務(wù)的宗旨，把實現(xiàn)好、維護好、發(fā)展好最廣大人民的根本利益，作為政府工作的出發(fā)點和落腳點。更加注重保障和改莕民生，特別要關(guān)心和解決城鄉(xiāng)低收入群眾的生活閑難，使全體人民共享改革發(fā)展成果。只有堅持一切屬于人民，一切為了人民，一切依靠人民，一切歸功于人民，我們的各項亊業(yè)才能獲得最廣泛、最可靠的群眾基礎(chǔ)和力量源泉。第六，必須堅持依法行政。遵守憲法和法律是政府一切工作的根本原則。我們要嚴格按照法定權(quán)限和程序行使權(quán)力、履行職責(zé)，加強政府立法，規(guī)范行政執(zhí)法，完善行政監(jiān)督，建設(shè)法治政府，不斷提高依法行政能力。只有全面推行依法行政，努力做到有權(quán)必有責(zé)、用權(quán)受監(jiān)督、侵權(quán)要賠償、違法要追究，讓權(quán)力在陽光下運行，才能保證人民賦予的權(quán)力始終用來為人民謀利益。【參考譯文】Fifth,wemustcontinuetorunthegovernmentforthepeople.Allthepowerofthegovernmentcomesfromthepeople,andrunningthegovernmentforthemisaloftymissionofgovernmentsatalllevels.Wemustneverforgetthatservingthepeoplewholeheartedlyisourpurpose,andmakesurethattheaimandoutcomeoftheworkofthegovernmentistofulfill,safeguardanddevelopthefundamentalinterestsoftheoverwhelmingmajorityofpeople.Weneedtoattachgreaterimportancetoensuringthewell-beingofthepeopleandimprovingtheirlives,inparticularshowingconcernforurbanandruralresidentswithlowincomesandhelpingthemmakeendsmeetintheirdailylives,inordertoensurethatallofthepeopleshareinthefruitsofreformanddevelopment.Wemustalwayskeepinmindthateverythingbelongstothepeople,doeverythingfortheirbenefit,relyonthemineverythingwedoandattributealloursuccessestotheirefforts.Onlybydoingsocanweenjoythebroadestandmostreliablesupportfromthepeopleanddrawfromthemthestrengthforensuringsuccessinallourendeavors.Sixth,wemustcontinuetorunthegovernmentinaccordancewiththelaw.AbidingbytheConstitutionandlawsisafundamentalprincipleforalltheworkofthegovernment.Weneedtoexerciseourpowerandperformourfunctionsandresponsibilitieswithinthejurisdictionstipulatedbylawandinaccordancewithlegalprocedures,improvegovernmentlegislativework,standardizeadministrativelawenforcement,improveadministrativeoversight,developlaw-basedgovernmentandenhanceourabilitytocarryoutadministrativefunctionsinaccordancewiththelaw.Wemustensurethatgovernmentadministrationfullycomplieswiththelaw,thatpowercomeswithresponsibility,thatthereisproperoversightontheexerciseofpower,thatreparationispaidforinfringementofrights,thatanyviolationofthelawisprosecuted,andthatpowerisexercisedinatransparentmanner.Thisistheonlywaytoensurethatthepowerentrustedtousbythepeopleisalwaysexercisedintheirinterests.Ⅳ.Writing（60points）1.Appliedwriting（15points）Directions:ChooseONEofthefollowingtopicstowritewithin300words.（1）aletterofapplicationDirection:Supposeyouweretoapplyajobpositionatauniversityoracompany,writealettertothedeanoftheschoolorthemanagerofthecompanyintroducingyourselfandyourjobexpectation.PleaseDONOTrevealyourrealnameandaffiliations.（2）aletterofinquiryDirection:SupposeyouwereapplyingforM,A.studyataforeigndiversity,writetotheuniversityofficeconcernedaskingforinformationabouttheM.A.programandaskquestionsyouareinterestedin.（3）aletterofcomplaintDirection:Writetotheuniversityauthoritycomplainingabouttheproblemsthatneedtobesolvedonthecampus.Proposeyourownsuggestion.【參考范文】【解析】本文為一封求職信，作者表達感謝、表明來意后簡要介紹自己的學(xué)歷背景，學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷及社會實踐經(jīng)驗等。最后表明自己的一些素質(zhì)能夠勝任工作及其十分希望能到貴公司工作。要注意格式及不能涉及個人信息。2.Topicwriting（45points）Direction:WriteonONEofthefollowingtopics.（1）AresearchproposalforM.A.study（2）LearningwiththeInternet（3）UniversityeducationandthejobmarketIsUniversityEducationWorthIt?Asweallknow,manyparentssendtheirchildrentouniversityinordertomakethemtakeagoodlife,becausetheybelievethetruththatknowledgecanchangeone’slife.Butmanyfreshuniversitygraduatesarefindingthatitbecomesincreasinglydifficulttofindjobs.Somanypeoplethinkthatknowledgeisnolongerenoughtochangelivesintoday’sChina.Butinmyopinion,temporaryproblemsinthejobmarketdon’tmeanknowledgeisuseless,onthecontrary,itisstillworthtakinguniversityeducation.First,itisnotknowledgewhichleadstothecurrentproblemofuniversitygraduatesintoday’sjobmarket.Oneofthereasonsfortheproblemistheover-expansionofhighereducation.In1998,theuniversitiesbegantoenlargetheenrollment.Inthesameyear,thenumberofstudentswhoenteredintouniversitieswas1.08million.In2012,