難句gre解讀提高閱讀必須要過第一關(guān)

即在Gre中，考生也不需要再考場上分析一句話的語法成分，也不要想這句話有沒目的有二：一為初學者如果看不懂句子得結(jié)構(gòu)，往往會感到心情沮喪，或大腦，根本就翻譯，都只是學習英語的輔助工具；最終的目的，是為了提高對英語的實際使用能 同時避免閱讀，克服內(nèi)心和喉頭與嘴唇的顫動，關(guān)鍵是： d 速度與理解力的平衡點訓練 GRE閱讀，包括數(shù)學和邏輯中的一些題干的一大特點，也就是一點，就是充斥著一些或很長、或很怪異的句子，稱之為GRE難句。句子，作為任何閱讀文章最基本的然而，GRE難句絕非不可攻克，只要訓練方法得當，并且能更每天半小時左右進行練習，GRE難句完全可以在一個月甚至幾周內(nèi)被攻破，而做到這點，對 GRE考生的意義 理解力，提高對文章整體的把握能力；第四，可以增們的自信心，產(chǎn)生一種閱讀中的順暢的愉，使 在學習GRE中不再沉浸在一種煩躁的情緒之中，真正的與文章的內(nèi)容GRE難句的由來：知道，GRE文章都摘自的科學或?qū)W術(shù)。曾經(jīng)到ETS改編和壓縮之后，GRE句子變得句子冗長、結(jié)構(gòu)復雜、信息量大，讀者的；因此GRE的難句完GRE難句與文章內(nèi)容的對應關(guān)系： 經(jīng)過長期觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)，GRE的各種文章中，句子的文學評論性文章比較害怕的下一番功夫攻克GRE難句，就顯得更為重要了。；2 Themethodsth ommunitydevisestoperpetuateitselfcomeintobeingtopreserveaspectsoftheculturallegacythatthatcommunityperceivesasessential.讀法：初級：讀出主謂賓來。分析：主語：Themethodscomintobeingto 稱之為“打岔” Moreover，Icanfeelstrongemotionsinresponsetoobjectsofartthatareinterpretationsratherthanrepresentations，of讀法：初級：跳過語；高級：直接讀；查查能力：大腦容量+能 ratiowillbefavoredwhi aximizesthenumberofdescendantsanindividualwillhaveandhencethenumberofgenecopiestransmitted. ratiowhiaximizesthenumberofdescendantsthatanindividualwillhaveandhence ratiowhiaximizethenumberofgenecopiestransmittedwillbefavered。難。如上例原句中的省略，在第二個thenumberof前省略了"rationwhiaximizes".1ab2作：bringtoBA例：YetWaltzer’sargumenthoweverdeficientdoespointtooneofthemostseriousweaknessesofcapitalism-namely,thatitbringstopredominantpositionsinasocietypeoplewho,nomatterhowlegitimaytheyhaveearnedtheirmaterialrewards,oftenlackthoseotherqualitiesthatevokeaffectionoradmiration.類似的情況：throwoverinsertintoimportintoinferfrom,establishforadvocateas例：makepossible單詞或者句子)3althoughwhich（that如：qualities(suchasthecapacityforhardworkessentialinproducing4suchas,sothattootomorethanfromAtoBbetweenAandB5Despitethesevaguecategories,oneshouldnotclaimunequivocallythathostilitybetweenrecognizableclassescannotbelegitima yobserved.GRE難句訓練法GRE文章，凡有讀一兩遍不懂的句子，摘下或輸入電腦：每天花204種難句的結(jié)構(gòu)，因此可以預判和自絕無之感。GRE難句，就是要達到上面所談的這種高級讀法的境界，直接讀下來（3行以上的語就知道句子的意思當然這種讀法必須以反復的針對難句的訓練為前提而如果訓練成功ETS所你的種種大腦的能力也就通通無效了GRE學習的大秘訣就在于把考場上你的難點和需要你花大量時間思考的東西兌換成考場下你的時間和努力。句子就像是應該這樣寫、如果是你來寫這些句子，你也要寫一樣。特別提一下，經(jīng)過調(diào)速度都得到了大幅度的提高，興奮地來找告訴再沒有完全讀不懂的文章了。而大多數(shù)GREGRE學習才算真正入了門。為了節(jié)省寶貴的學習時間，在校長之鼓勵下，將GRENO4-No921套題84篇文章及GRE國內(nèi)題（90-94）1456篇文章中的所有難句進行了摘錄和分類，盡列于此。由于絕大多數(shù)同學對需要留下10套?？?，其句子沒有收錄，且由于題閱讀Tofel100難句，此天意也？Thatratiowillbefavored（有利的）whiaximizesthenumberofdescendantsanindividualwillhaveandhencethenumberofgenecopiestransmitted.（5，下同）willBEfavored那種比例能在最大程度上增加一個所能擁有的后代數(shù)量并因此能在最大程度上增（Thisis）Adesiretothrowoverrealityalightthatneverwasmightgiveawayabruptlytothedesireonthepartofwhatwemightconsideranovelist-scientisttorecordexactlyandconcreythestructureandtextureofaflower.(5++)復雜+倒裝+省略;（這是一種）的此從來就不會的取代后面的那種后者是可以將其部分的解為一個兼任小說加和科學家的人想要去準確并具體的記錄下一朵花的結(jié)構(gòu)和文理的那種意義上的。Hardy’sweaknessderivedfromhisapparentinabilitytocontrolthecomingsandgoingsofthesedivergentimpulsesandfromhisunwillingnesstocultivateandsustaintheenergeticandriskyones.（3）n沖動（突然的心愿或?qū)е?考慮的行動和感受的缺陷一方面緣起于他的某種明顯的無法控制好那結(jié)不盡相同的創(chuàng)作沖動的穿梭往來；另一方面緣起于他不愿意去培養(yǎng)和維持那些富于生機和風險性強的創(chuàng)作沖動。VirginiaWoolf’sprovocativestatementaboutherintentionsinwritingMrs.Dallowayhasregularlybeenignoredbythecritics，seithighlightsanaspectofherliryinterestsverydifferentfromthetraditionalpictureofthe"poetic"novelistconcernedwithexaminingstatesofreverieandvisionandwithfollowingtheintricatepathwaysofindividualconsciousness.（5）reverien幻想；（一種抽象狀態(tài) adj錯綜復雜的＝elaborate致力于追尋意識的通幽曲徑。AssheputitinTheCommonReader,“ItissafetosaythatnotasinglelawhasbeenframedoronestonesetuponanotherbecauseofanythingChaucersaidorwrote;andyet,aswereadhim,weareabsorbingmoralityateverypore.”（5-）andyetassheputitinthecommonreader,”itissafetosaythat的weareabsorbingsthateverypore就像她在《致普通讀者》一書中所表達的那樣“盡管可以的說，沒有任何法律被指定出來，也沒有任何高樓被建立起來是因為說了什么或者寫了什么；然而，當 Withtheconclusionofaburstactivity,thelacticacidlevelishighinthebodyfluids,leavingthelargeanimalvulnerabletoattackuntiltheacidisreconvertedviaoxidativemetabolism新陳代謝bytheliverintoglucose,whichisthensent(inpart)backtothemusclesforglycogenresynthesis.burst突然破裂,爆發(fā),脈沖n葡萄糖（一種單糖，廣見于大多數(shù)動植物組織，是血液中基本的循環(huán)糖和等主要糖"（4+）隨著爆發(fā)出來的的結(jié)束，再體液中乳酸含量會變得很高，使得大型動物處于容易受到的狀態(tài)，直到乳酸通過有氧新陳代謝，被肝臟轉(zhuǎn)化成（convertinto）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下來又會（部分）傳送回肌肉中重新合成糖原。AlthoughGutmanadmits dseparationbysalefrequent，heshowsthattheslaves’preference，revealedmostclearlyonntationswheresalewasinfrequent，wasveryforstablemonogamy.雖然古承認由于而造成的離散甚為頻繁但他還是證明的愛——在那些并不頻繁的種植園上被最為顯著地揭示出來——在很大程度上側(cè)重于穩(wěn)定的一夫一妻制（monogmyGutmanarguesconvinglythatthestabilityoftheBlackfamilyencouragedthetransmissionof-andsowascrucialinsustaining-theBlackheritageoffolklore，music，andreligiousexpressionfromonegenerationtoanother，aheritagethatwerecontinuallyfashioningoutoftheirAfricanandAmericanexperiences.（4）Thispreferenceforexogamy，Gutmansuggests，mayhavederivedfromWestAfricanruleserningmarriage，which，thoughtheydifferedfromonetribalgrouptoanother，allinvolvedsomekindofprohibitionunionswithclosekin.withclosekin）的。HisthesisworksrelativelywellwhenappliedtodiscriminationBlacksintheUnitedStates，buthisdefinitionofracialprejudiceas"racially-basednegativeprejudgmentsagroupgenerallyacceptedasaraceinanygivenregionofethniccompetition，"canbeinterpretedasalsoludinghostilitytowardsuchethnicgroupsasthe inCaliforniaandtheJewsinmedievalEurope.（4+）針對該社會學家題當被應用于針對的時，相對而言尚能適用，但他對種族利福尼亞州的以及中世紀的猶太人這樣一些種族群體的態(tài)度。Suchvariationsinsize，shape，chemistry，conductionspeed，excitationthreshold，andthelikeashadbeendemonstratedinnervecellsremainednegligibleinsignificanceforanypossiblecorrelationwiththemanifolddimensionsofmentalnegligibleItwaspossibletodemonstratebyothermethodsrefinedstructuraldifferencesamongneurontypes;however,proofwaslackingthatthequalityoftheimpulseoritsconditionwasinfluencedbythesedifferences,whichseemedinsteadtoinfluencethedevelopmentalpatterningoftheneuralcircuits.(5)Althoughqualitativevarianceamongnerveenergieswasneverrigidlydisproved，thedoctrinewasgenerallyabandonedinfavoroftheopposingview，namely，thatnerveimpulsesareessentiallyhomogeneousinqualityandaretransmittedas"commoncurrency"throughoutthenervoussystem.（4）盡管在神經(jīng)能量上存在著質(zhì)的不同，這一點從來都沒有在嚴格Otherexperimentsrevealedslightvariationsinthesize，number，arrangement，andobvioussimilaritiesofthesesensoryfieldstoeachotherseemedmuoreremarkablethananyoftheminutedifferences.（4）Althoughsomeexperimentsshowthat，asanobjectbecomesfamiliar，itsrepresentationbecomesmoreholisticandtherecognitionprocesscorrespondinglymoreparallel，theweightofevidenceseemstosupporttheserialhypothesis，atleastforobjectsthatarenotnotablysimpleandfamiliar.（4+）hypothesisInlargepartasaconsequenceofthefeministmovement，historianshavefocusedagreatdealofattentioninrecentyearsondeterminingmoreaccuraythestatusofwomeninvariousperiods.（3+）在很大程度上，由于女權(quán)主義（feministmovement）的緣故，史學家近年來匯聚大量的注意力，來更為準確地確定婦女在各個時期的地位。FocusAonIfonebeginsbyexaminingwhyancientsrefertoAmazons,itbecomesclearthatancientGreekdescriptionsofsuchsocietiesweremeantnotsomuchtorepresentobservedhistoricalfact–realAmazoniansocieties–butrathertooffer“morallessons”onthesupposedoutcomeofwomen’sruleintheirownsociety.(4)如果先研究一下為什么古人會提到亞馬遜達觀察的事實——真正的亞麻遜社會的——而是為了對于婦女在其社會中的的預期提供一種“道德教導。Thus，forinstance，itmaycomeasashocktomathematicianstolearnthattheequationforthehydrogenatomisnotali llycorrectdescriptionofthisatom，butonlyanapproximationtoasomewhatmorecorrectequationtakingaccountofspin，maicdipole，andrelativisticeffects；andthatthiscorrected equationisitselfonlyanimperfectapproximationtoaninfinitesetof quantumfield-theoreticalequations.（5）因此，舉例來說，對數(shù)學家而言，了解到下述情形可能會令其驚愕不已，即（Schrodige考慮在內(nèi)的方程式；而這個得以糾正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一個不完美的近似值，趨近于無窮無盡的一整套量子場論方程式。Thephysicistrightlydreadspreciseargument，seanargumentthatisconvingonlyifitispreciselosesallitsiftheassumptionsonwhichitisbasedareslightlychanged，whereasanargumentthatisconvingthoughimprecisemaywellbestableundersmallperturbationsofitsunderlyingassumptions.（5+）與此相反，一個盡管并不精確無誤但卻令人置信的論據(jù)，在其基本假設(shè)However，astheygainedcohesion，theBluestockingscametoregardthemselvesasawomen’sgroupandtopossessasenseoffemalesolidaritylackinginthesalonnieres，whoremainedisolatedfromoneanotherbytheprimacyeachheldinherownsalon.（4-）Asmyownstudieshaveadvanced，Ihavebeenreasinglyimpressedwiththefunctionalsimilaritiesbetweeninsectandvertebratesocietiesandlesssowiththestructuraldifferencesthatseem，atfirstglance，toconstitutesuchanimmensegulfbetweenthem.（5）隨 研究不斷深入 對昆蟲和脊椎動物群落之間的功能類似性印象愈來愈深刻Althoughfictionassuredlyspringsfrompoliticalcircumstances，itsauthorsreacttothosecircumstancesinwaysotherthanideological，andtalkingaboutnovelsandstoriesprimarilyasinstrumentsofideologycircumventsmuchofthefictionalenterprise.（4）雖然小說無疑于情狀，但其作者則是以非的方式對這些情狀作出反應的，而將小說和故事主要地當作的工具來探討，會在相當程度上小說Isthisadefect，oraretheauthorsworkingoutof，ortryingtoforge，adifferentkindofaesthetic？（3）Inaddition,thestyleofsomeBlacknovels,likenToomer’sCane,vergesonexpressionismorsurrealism;doesthistechniqueprovideacounterpointtotheprevalentthemethatportraysthefatewhichBlackheroesarepitted,athemeusuallyconveyedbymorenaturalisticmodesofexpression?（5）不僅如此，有些小說（比如JT的甘蔗）的風格接近與表現(xiàn)主義和超現(xiàn)實主義；種技巧是否為流行的提供了一個和諧的對應呢？這種刻畫了注意與之相抗爭運，這是一個通常用更為自然主義的表現(xiàn)手法所表達的。BlackFictionsurveysawidevarietyofnovels，bringingtoourattentionintheprocesssomefascinatingandlittle-knownworkslikeJamesWeldonJohnson’sAutobiographyofanEx-ColoredMan.（4）注意：bringAtoB——〉bringtoBA 注意到了某些引人入（AutobiographyofanEx-ColoredManAlthoughthesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengths，wheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcentrated，topassthrough，theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelength，infraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurface，radiationthatwouldotherwisebetransmittedbackintospace.(4)雖然這些分子允見波長（visiblewavelength）的輻射——陽光的絕大部分能量就匯wavelengthemission，Therolethoseanthropologistsascribetoevolutionisnotofdictatingthedetailsofhumanbehaviorbutoneofimposingconstraints—waysoffeeling，thinking，andactingthat"comenaturally"inarchetypalsituationsinanyculture.（4）Whichofthefollowingmostprobablyprovidesanappropriateogyfromhumanmorphologyforthe“details”versus“constraints”disttionmadeinthepassageinrelationtohumanbehavior?（5）Alownumberofalgalcellsinthepresenceofahighnumberofgrazerssuggested，butdidnotprove，thatthegrazershadremovedmostofthealgae.（3+）在存在大量食草動物的同時卻量的水藻花粉囊，這暗示出——但沒能證明——食Perhapsthefactmanyofthesefirststudiesconsideredonlyalgaeofasizethatcouldbecollectedinphytonkton),apracticethatoverlookedthesmallerphytonkton(nannonkton)thatwenowknowgrazersaremostlikelytofeedon,ledtoade-emphasisoftheroleofgrazersinsubsequentresearch.（5） StudiesbyHargraveandGeenestimatednaturalcommunitygrazingratesbymeasuringfeedingratesofindividualzoonktonspeciesinthelaboratoryandthencomputingcommunitygrazingratesforfieldconditionsusingtheknownpopulationdensityofgrazers.（5）由哈（Hargrave）和Geen）所進行的研究，對自然條件下的群落捕食速Intheperiods ofpeakzoonktonabundance，thatis，inthelatespringandinthesummer，Haneyrecordedumdailycommunitygrazingrates，fornutrient-poor lakesandboglakes，respectively，of6.6percentand114percentofdailyphytonktonproduction.（3+）在浮游動物數(shù)量激增的期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼記錄了最大程度上的每6.6%114%.Thehydrologiccycle，amajortopicinthisscience，isthecompletecycleofphenomenathroughwhichwaterpasses，beginningasatmosphericwatervapor，passingintoliquidandsolidformasprecipitation，thencealongandintothegroundsurface，andfinallyagainreturningtotheformofatmosphericwatervaporbymeansofevaporationandtranspiration.cycleOnlywhenasystempossessesnaturalorartificialboundariesthatassociatethewaterwithinitthehydrologiccyclemaytheentiresystemproperlybetermedhydrogeologic.（4）ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890’sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelosteadilyintheUnitedStatesseabout1870hadbeenprecipitatedbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontier——thatis，thedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.（4）史學家.杰.FrederickJ.Turner）于十九世紀九十年代著述道，約18世紀70年代以來一直在持續(xù)不斷發(fā)展的農(nóng)民不滿，由于國內(nèi)邊遠地區(qū)（internalIntheearly1950’s，historianswhostudiedpreindustrialEurope（whichwemaydefinehereasEuropeintheperiodfromroughly1300to1800）began，forthefirsttimeinlarge investigatemoreofthepreindustrialEuropeanpopulationthanthe2or3percentwhocomprisedthepolitical bishops，andlocal magnateswhohadhithertousuallyfilledhistorybooks.（4）二十世紀五十年代早期，研究前工業(yè)化時代歐洲（此處可將其界定為約自1300年至1800年這一時期的歐洲）的史學家，首次以眾多的人數(shù)（的書中：第一次以大量的數(shù)據(jù)，開始前工業(yè)化時代歐洲人口中的大多數(shù)，而非那些構(gòu)成了與社會HistorianssuchasLeRoyLaduriehaveusedthestoextractcasehistories，whichhaveilluminatedtheattitudesofdifferentsocialgroups（theseattitudeslude，butarenotconfinedto，attitudestowardcrimeandthelaw）andhaverevealedhowtheadministeredjustice.（3+）。象勒羅伊（LeRoyLadurie）一類的史學家利用這些文獻史料從中挖掘出某些個案史（casehistory）來，闡明了不同社會群體的態(tài)度（這些態(tài)度包括，但并非局限于，對和法律的態(tài)度并揭示出是如何執(zhí)行審判的。。ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatahistorianwhowishedtocomparecrimeratesperthousandinaEuropeancityinonedecadeofthefifteenthcenturywithcrimeratesinanotherdecadeofthatcenturywouldprobablybemostaidedbybetterinformationaboutwhichofthefollowing?（5）人的率與另外一個十年中的率的學家將會被以下那種信息的提高所最好Mypointisthatitscentralconsciousness—itsprofoundunderstandingofclassandgenderasshainfluencesonpeople’slives—owesmuchtothatearlierliryheritage，aheritagethat，ingeneral，hasnotbeensufficientlyvaluedbymostcontemporarylirycritics.（4）論點是，其作品的意識——它將和作為人們生活的決定性影響而作Eventherequirementthatbiomaterialsprocessedfromthesematerialsbenontoxictotissuecanbemetbytechniquesderivedfromstudyingthereactionsoftissueculturestobiomaterialsorfromshort-termimnts.（5）Butachievingnecessarymatchesinphysicalpropertiesacrossinterfacesbetweenlivingandnonlivingmatterrequiresknowledgeofwhioleculescontrolthebondingofcellstoeachother—anareathatwehavenotyetexploredthoroughly.（4） clawisaphenomenonsodifferentfromallotherformsoflaw—notwithstanding，ofcourse，aconsiderableandinevitablenumberofcoidenceswithoneortheotherofthemasfarassubjectmatterandpositiveenactmentsareconcerned—thatitsstudyisindispensableinordertoappreciateadequaythefullrangeofpossiblelegal?（BothJewishlawandcanonlawaremoreuniformthan claw.）ThoughhistoricallythereisadiscerniblebreakbetweenJewishlawofthesovereignstateofancientIsraelandoftheDiaspora（thedispersionofJewishpeopleaftertheconquestofIsrael，thespiritofthelegalmatterinlaterpartsoftheOldTestamentisveryclosetothatoftheTalmud，oneoftheprimarycodificationsofJewishlawintheDiaspora.（5）盡管從角度來看，在古代以色列作為獨立主權(quán)國家的猶太教法與大流散時Islam，ontheotherhand，representedaradicalbreakawayfromtheArabpaganismthatprecededit；clawistheresultofanexamination,fromareligiousangle，(examination)oflegalsubjectmatterthatwasfarfromuniform，comprisingasitdidthevariouscomponentsofthelawsofpre-cArabiaandnumerouslegalelementstakenoverfromthenon-Arabpeoplesoftheconqueredterritories.（4）所致的結(jié)果，而這些法律內(nèi)容實際上是由前國家（Pre-cArabia）法律的不盡相同的組成部分以及由從被征服的土地上非民族借鑒過來的無數(shù)法律因素所構(gòu)成。(asitdid)實際上是一句語。Onesuchnovelideais that(idea)ofinsertingintothechromosomesofntsdiscretegenesthatarenotapartofthents’naturalconstitution：specifically，theideaofinsertingintononleguminousntsthegenes，iftheycanbeidentifiedandisolated，thatfittheleguminousntstobehostsfornitrogen-fixingbacteria.Hence，(thereis)theintensifiedresearchonlegumes.（，此句最能夠熟讀，更好的是背誦下來（雜修飾++省略+倒裝）這其中的一個新穎思想就是在植物的（chroosoe內(nèi)注入并非是該植物自然些倘若這些可被辨識出來并被分離開來而這些業(yè)已使豆科植物宜于充當那些具備固氮作用的細菌的寄主。由此，對豆科植物的研究日趨深入。Itisoneofnature’sgreatironiesthattheavailabilityofnitrogeninthesoilfrequentlysetsanupperlimitonntgrowtheventhoughthents’leavesarebathedinaseaofnitrogengas.（3+）下述情形真可謂是自然界的一個諷刺：土壤中所能獲得的氮肥量往往對Unlesstheysucceed，theyieldgainsoftheGreenRevolutionwillbelargelylostevenifgenesinlegumesthatequipthosentstoenterintoasymbiosiswithnitrogenfixersareidentifiedandisolated，andevenifthetransferofthosegenecomplexes，oncetheyarefound，becomespossible.（4）豆科植物中使這些植物有條件進入到與固氮細菌共生關(guān)系的可被辨識出來和分離complexItssubject（touseMaynardMack’scategories）is"life-as-spectacle，"forreaders，divertedbyitsvarious Iliad，however，presents"life-aperience"：readersareaskedtoidentifywiththemindofAchilles，whosemotivationsrenderhimanotparticularlylikablehero.（5）其〔若借鑒。（MaynardMack的兩個分類范疇的話〕是“人生作為外部景象”，因為讀者的注意力被作品那形形的所分散，主要是從外部來觀察其主人公斯（Odys）的；然而，富于悲劇色彩的《》所表現(xiàn)的則是“人生作為內(nèi)心體驗”：讀者被要求與（Achills）的心靈產(chǎn)生共鳴，而其行為動機（注：hero:人公；withot:外部；ikble:有的Moststrikingamongthemanyasymmetriesevidentinanadultflatfishiseyecement：beforematurityoneeyemigrates，sothatinanadultflatfishbotheyesareonthesamesideofthehead.（3+）AcritiqueofHandlin’sinterpretationofwhylegaldidnotappearuntilthe1660’ssuggeststhatassumptionsabouttherelationbetweenandracialprejudiceshouldbereexamined,andthatexnationsforthedifferenttreatmentofBlackslavesinNorthandSouthAmericashouldbeexpanded.（4）一個對于H的關(guān)于為何法律上的制沒有在17世紀60年代以前出現(xiàn)的所作解于在和南美之間的對黑怒的不同處理的解釋應當被擴展。Thebestevidenceforthelayered-mantlethesisisthewell-establishedfactthatvolcanicrocksfoundonoceanicislands，islandsbelievedtoresultfrommantleplumesarisingfromthelowermantle，arecomposedofmaterialfundamentallydifferentfromthatofthemid-oceanridgesystem，whosesource，mostgeologistscontend，istheuppermantle.（5-）些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來的地幔柱狀溶巖流（mantleplume）——上發(fā)現(xiàn)的Somegeologists，however，onthebasisofobservationsconcerningmantlexenoliths，arguethatthemantleisnotlayered，butthatheterogeneityiscreatedbyfluidsrichin"ompatibleelements"（elementstendingtowardliquidratherthansolidstatepercolatingupwardandtransformingportionsoftheuppermantleirregularly，accordingtothevagariesofthefluids’pathways.（4+）FalloisproposedthatProusthadtriedtobeginanovelin1908,abandoneditforwhatwastobealongdemonstrationofSaint-Beuve’sblindnesstotherealnatureofgreatwriting,foundtheessaygivingriseto almemoriesandfictionaldevelopments,andallowedthesetotakeoveritasteadilydevelonovel.（5-）F認為，P在1908年試圖開始寫一部小說，又為了寫一部S-B的作品的真本質(zhì)的的長篇的證明而放棄了這部小說，其后又發(fā)現(xiàn)這一又勾起了其個人Theveryrichnessandcomplexityofthemeaningfulrelationshipsthatkeptpresentingandrearrangingthemselvesonalllevels，from inligencetoprofounddreamyfeelings，madeitdifficultforProusttosetthemoutcoherently.（5）Butthoseofwhohoped,withKolb,thatKolb’snewlypublishedcompleteeditionofProust’scorrespondencefor1909wouldtheprocessingreaterdetailaredisappointed.(4) NowwemustalsoexaminethecultureasweMexicanAmericanshaveexperiencedit,passingfromasovereignpeopletocompatriotswithnewlyarrivingsettlersto,finally，aconqueredpeople–acharterminorityonourownland.（5-）現(xiàn)在須也按 墨西哥裔的人的經(jīng)歷來審視這個文化 的經(jīng)歷是從Itispossibletomakespecificcomplementarys（cs）thatcanserveasmolecularRNs（mRNsofmakingthehormones，thecellswillcontaintheseMrna’S.Iftheproductsthebraellsmakeresemblethehormonesbutarenotidenticaltothem，thenthecsshouldstillbindtothesemRNA’s，butshouldnotbindastightlyastheywouldtomRNA’sforthetruehormones.probeRNs（mRNs就會含有這些信使RNA’s.假若細胞所制造的產(chǎn)品類似于肽激素但并非與這些肽激素全Themolecularapproachtodetectingpeptidehormonesusingcprobesshouldalsobemuchfasterthantheimmunologicalmethodbecauseitcantakeyearsoftediouspurificationstoisolatepeptidehormonesandthendeveloperumstothem.（4）采用 探子來測定肽激素的這一分子生物學方法同時也應該比免疫學的方法速出來，然后再培養(yǎng)出針對它們的抗。Nevertheless,researchersofthePleistoceneepochhavedevelopedallsortsofmoreorlessfancifulmodelschemesofhowtheywouldhavearrangedtheIceAgehadtheybeenhargeofevents.（3+）來顯示如果由他們來決定地質(zhì)的話他們將會如何安排冰川紀Thissuccessionwasbasedprimarilyonaseriesofdepositsandeventsnotdirectlyrelatedtoglacialandinterglacialperiods，ratherthanonthemoreusualmodernmethodofstudyingbiologicalremainsfoundininterglacialbedsthemselvesinterstratifiedwithinglacialdeposits.地質(zhì)沉積物和地質(zhì)，而不是依據(jù)更為普遍的現(xiàn)代方法，去研究間冰層（interglacialbed）中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的生物殘留物，而這些間冰層本身又在冰川沉積物發(fā)生間層化（inerstaifiedTherehavebeenattemptstoexinthesetaboosintermsofinappropriatesocialrelationshipseitherbetweenthosewhoareinvolvedandthosewhoarenotsimultaneouslyinvolvedinthesatisfactionofabodilyneed，orbetweenthosealreadysatiatedandthosewhoappeartobeshamelesslygorging.（5）ManycriticsofFamilyBronte’snovelWutheringHeightsseeitssecondpartasacounterpointthatcommentson，ifitdoesnotreverse，thefirstpart，wherea"romantic"readingreceivesmoreconfirmation.（5）研究。（EmilyBronte）小說《呼嘯山莊（WutheringHeights）的許多GrantedthatthepresenceoftheseelementsneednotargueanauthorialawarenessofnovelisticconstructioncomparabletothatofHenryJames，theirpresencedoes（15）encourageattemptstounifythenovel’sheterogeneousparts.（4+）誠然，這些因素的存在并不能證明作者對小說架構(gòu)的意識可與James）的那種意識相比擬；然則，任何力圖將小說所有形形的因素統(tǒng)一起來的做Grantedthat:=admitted,ofThisisnotbecausesuchaninterpretationnecessarilystiffensintoathesis（althoughrigidityinanyinterpretationofthisorofanynovelisalwaysadanger，butbecauseWutheringHeightshasrecalcitranementsofundeniablepowerthat，ultimay，resistlusioninanall-encompassinginterpretation.(5)解釋中，死板總是一種，而是因為《呼嘯山莊》擁有一些極難駕御的因素，以其無可辯駁的，最終被囿于一個囊括無遺的解釋中。Theisotopiccompositionofleadoftenvariesfromonesourceofcommoncopperoretoanother，withvariationceedingthemeasurementerror；andpreliminarystudiesindicatevirtuallyuniformistopiccompositionoftheleadfromasinglecopper-oresource.(4)Moreprobableisbirdtransport，eitherexternally，byaccidentalatta entoftheseedstofeathers，orinternally，bytheswallowingoffruitand excretionofthe通過方式，即由于鳥類吞食果子并隨后將種籽排泄出來。Along-heldviewofthehistoryofEnglishcoloniesthatbecametheUnitedStateshasbeenthatEngland’stowardthesecoloniesbefore1763wasdictatedbycommercialinterestsandthhangetoamoreimperial,dominatedbyexpansionistmilitaristobjectives,generatedthetensionsthatultimayledtotheAmericanRevolution.（4+）一個對于后來成了的英國殖民地的的長久以來的觀點，認為英國在1763年策上的轉(zhuǎn)變——為擴張主義的目標所左右——產(chǎn)生了最終導致的緊張氣Itisnotknownhowrarethisresemblanceis，orwhetheritismostoftenseeninlusionsofsilicatessuchasga，whosecrystallographyisgenerallysomewhatsimilartothatofdiamond；butwhenpresent，theresemblanceisregardedascompellingevidencethatthediamondsandlusionsaretrulycogic.（4）旦存在，這種類似就被視作極有說服力的，證明石與內(nèi)含物確是同源的。Eventhe"radical"critiquesofthismainstreamresearchmodel，suchasthecritiquedevelopedinDividedSociety，attachtheissueofethnicassimilationtoomechanicallytofactorsofeconomicandsocialmobilityandarethusunabletoilluminatetheculturalsubordinationofPuertoRicansasacolonialminority.（4+）即使是對這一主流研究模型的“激進”批評，諸如《的社會（DividedSociety）一書中所那種，亦將少數(shù)民族同化問題過分機構(gòu)地與經(jīng)濟和社會移動性的因素聯(lián)Theyarecalledvirtualparticlesinordertodistinguishthemfromrealparticles，whoselifetimesarenotconstrained inthesameway，andwhichcanbedetected.（3）particleOpenacknowledgementoftheexistenceofwomen’soppressionwastooradicalfortheUnitedStatedinthefifties,andBeauvoir’sconclusion,thatchangeinwomen’seconomiccondition,thoughinsufficientbyitself,“remainsthebasicfactor”inimprovingwomen’ssituation,wasparticularlyunacceptable.（4+）公開對婦女的存在的承認對于50年代的而言有些過分激進，而且B的結(jié)論OthertheoristsproposethattheMoonwasrippedoutoftheEarth’srockymantlebytheEarth’scollisionwithanotherlargecelestialbodyaftermuchoftheEarth’sironfelltoitscore.（4）其他的理論家提出，在地球的大部分鐵沉入到地核，由于地球與另一個However,recentscholarshiphasstronglysuggestedthatthoseaspectsofearlyNewEnglandculturethatseemtohavebeenmostdisttlyPuritan,suchasthestrongreligiousorientationandthecommunalimpulse,werenoteventypicalofNewEnglandasawhole,butwerelargelyconfinedtothetwocoloniesofMassachusettsandConnecticut.（4）是在很大程度上只局限與諸賽和兩個州。Thus，whatontrasttothePuritancoloniesappearstoDavistobepeculiarlySouthern—acquisitiveness，astronginterestinpoliticsandthelaw，andatendencytocultivatemetropolitanculturalmodels—wasnotonlymoretypicallyEnglishthantheculturalpatternsexhibitedbyPuritanMassachusettsandConnecticut，butalsoalmostcertainlycharacteristicofmostotherearlymodernBritishcoloniesfromBarbadosnorthtoRhodeIslandandNewHampshire.（4）殊南方色彩的特征——對和法律的濃厚以及培養(yǎng)大都市文化模式的傾向——不僅僅要比清教的諸塞州和康乃涅克州所展現(xiàn)出來的文化模式更具有典型的英國色彩，并且?guī)缀醯貥?gòu)成了絕大多數(shù)其它早期近代英國殖民地的特征，從巴巴多斯北至和新罕布什爾州。PortrayalsofthefolkofMecklenburgCounty,NorthCarolina,whomheremembersfromearlychildhood,ofthejazzmusiciansandtenementroofsofhisHarlemdays,ofPittsburghsteelworkers,andhisreconstructionofclassicalGreekmythsintheguiseoftheancientBlackkingdomofBenin,attesttothis.（5）MH話得寵俗，都表現(xiàn)了這一點。Intheguiseof:”假借、在…的幌子下，假裝”。Averyspecializedfeedingadaptationinzoonktonisthatofthetadpolelikeappendicularianwholivesinawalnut-sized（orsmaller）balloonofmucusequippedwithfiltersthatcaptureandconcentratephytonkton.（4）Thesehistorians，however，haveyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod.但是，這些史學家還不曾充分地分析同一時期中那些具體的女權(quán)和活動的發(fā)Apparentlymostmassivestarsmanagetolosesufficientmaterialthattheirmassesdropbelowthecriticalvalueof1.4Mbeforetheyexhausttheirnuclearfuel.(5)1.4M以下。難在：sufficient…that…=somuch(many)…that…Thisissoeventhougharmedsoperateinanethosofinstitutionalchangeorientedtowardoccupationalequalityandunderthefederalsanctionofequalpayforequalwork.（5）即使是是在一種趨向職業(yè)的制度變遷的風氣中運作的時候，而且即使Whenthecoreofagiantstarwhosemasssurpasses1.4timesthepresentmassofour（M⊙）exhaustsitsnuclearfuel，itisunabletosupportitsownweightandcollapsesintoatinyneutronstar.（4） 無法支撐自身的重量，并收縮成為一顆小型中子星（neutronstarAnimpact(ontheMars)capableofejectingafragmentoftheMartiansurfaceintoanEarth-intersectingorbitis