高考英語 【備課精講精研】 狀語從句的運用與翻譯研究課件

ImplicitandExplicitofLogicalRelationshipamongSentencesContentsTypesofSentencesintermsof

Structure1ImplicitandExplicitofLogicalRelationshipamongSentences2Adverbialclause3Conclusion4DefinitionsofsentenceEnglishDefinitionsAgrammaticalunitthatcanstandaloneandexpressacompleteidea.Thebasiclinguisticunitofconnecteddiscoursethatcanstandbyitselfandperformacommunicativefunction漢語中分句的定義語法上指復(fù)合句里劃分出來的相當(dāng)于單句的部分，是語言運用的基本單位，能表達一個完整的意思。英文定義選自秦裕祥教授語法課對分句的定義漢語定義選自百度百科EnglishTypesofSentenceintermsofStructure

TypesCompound

SentenceComplexSentenceSerialcoordination（順序并列）ParallelCoordination（平行并列）SimpleSentenceCompound-ComplexSentenceRelativeClauseAdverbialClauseNominal

ClausefocusFigureoutthetypeofeachsentence.1.Thestudentshavemadebettergradesinthepastfewweeks.2.Whathesaidisnottrue.3.

Icouldhearyouwhispering;but

Iknowyouweretalkingaboutme.4.Theywatchedtelevisionandenjoyedthemselvesimmensely,butwecouldn’tseetheprogrambecauseourtelevisionwasbroke.SimpleSentenceComplexSentenceCompoundSentenceCompound-ComplexSentenceAlltheaboveexamplesarefromANewEnglishGrammarCoursebookeditedbyZhangZhenbang)Compound

Sentence

1.Histelescopeandhisexperimentswerealwaysbringinghimnewsurprises,andhemadenotesofhisworkeveryday.2.Mostof

us

were

in

the

hall,thedoorhasbeenclosed,andthelatecomershadtowaitoutside.3.Hehasmanygoodfriends,forheisanhonestman.4.Nowyoucanhavearestoryoucangotothecinema.英文中的并列句我們常采用四種方式來連接：1.并列連詞and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,aswellas等；2.選擇連詞or,otherwise,either…or…；3.轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but,yet,however,while；4.表原因的連詞for，so等Alicelikestea,

andher

brotherlikescoffee.(from)我喜歡咖啡，愛麗絲喜歡茶。Someofyouranswerswerecorrect,butIdon’trememberwhich.(from)

你的答案有些是對的，但我記不得是哪些了。Thathatdoesnotfit;youmaytryanother.(fromANewEnglishGrammarCoursebookeditedbyZhangZhenbang)

那頂帽子不合適，你可以換另一頂。平行并列句（ParallelCoordination）：通常表示同時發(fā)生的動作或同時存在的情況,前后分句在結(jié)構(gòu)和含義上都很對稱,可以彼此互換位置而不影響整句的意義或結(jié)構(gòu)平衡。用于這類并列句中的連接詞主要是and,有時用逗號或分號,表示反向意義則用but或neither,nor等，翻譯時，一般無需譯出邏輯詞，可用語序表明兩句間的邏輯關(guān)系，但如果有but表轉(zhuǎn)折時，需根據(jù)具體情況加減連詞。ParallelCoordination1.Serialactionsandconditions.Thepupilsfinishedtheirlessonsandtheywentouttoplay.學(xué)生們上完課出去玩去了。Bynow,arocketwillhavesetoffonits35millionmiletriptoMarsandscientistsmustbewaitinganxiouslyfortheresult.

到現(xiàn)在，火箭將完成圍繞火星運行3500萬英里的旅程，科學(xué)家們都焦急

的等待著。SerialCoordination以上各例皆選自黃任于1980年發(fā)表于《外國語》（第5期）的《英語并列句的兩種基本類型》P32-P342.FurtherexplanationTheseal

provided

meats

formanymeals,anditwillprovideskinandoilaswell.

這頭海豹的肉夠我們吃很多頓了，還能從中獲取海豹皮和海豹油。Onthewaytothepasturetherewasabridge,itcrossedasmallstream.

去往牧場的路上有座橋，橋跨過了一條小溪。SerialCoordination3.Commentsor

RemarksHewasmyfirstteacher—andIamproudofit.他是我的啟蒙老師，讓我引以為傲。Heisworkinghard,oratleastheappearstobeworkinghard.

他工作努力，至少看起來很努力。4.Cause-ResultrelationshipWemuststartearly,forwehavealongwaytogo.我們有很長一段路要趕，必須得早點開始。

Theoldgardenerwateredtheseedregularly,andtheygrewfasterthanexpected.

老園丁按時給種子澆水，種子比預(yù)想的長得快些。SerialCoordination以上各例皆選自黃任于1980年發(fā)表于《外國語》（第5期）的《英語并列句的兩種基本類型》P32-P34順序并列句邏輯詞翻譯總結(jié)順序并列句（ParallelCoordination）：這類并列句中分句的前后次序比較固定,一般不能象平行并列中的分句那樣可以互換位置。當(dāng)翻譯順序并列句的邏輯詞時，一般無需譯出邏輯詞，可適當(dāng)調(diào)整語序，用語序表明兩句間的邏輯關(guān)系。若不能調(diào)整語序，則可恰當(dāng)添加邏輯詞。ComplexSentence:Acomplexsentencehasanindependentclauseandatleastonedependentclause.Nominalclause:nominalclauseisa

linguistic

termthatreferstoanonverbalsentence.(需要修改)Relativeclause:A

relativeclause

isadependentclausethatmodifiesa

noun

ornounphraseintheindependentclause.Inotherwords,therelativeclausefunctionssimilartoanadjective.Adverbialclause:An

adverbialclause

is

adependentclausethatfunctionsasan

adverb;thatis,theentireclausemodifiesaverb,anadjective,oranotheradverb.

ImplicitandExplicitofLogicalRelationshipamongSentencesConjunctionsImplicitAdverbialclauseExplicitTheDefinitionofAdverbialClauseAdverbialclausesaredividedintoseveralgroupsaccordingtotheactionsorsensesoftheirconjunctions.狀語從句是指句子用作狀語時，起副詞作用的句子。它可以修飾謂語、非謂語動詞、定語、狀語或整個句子。英文中的狀語從句與漢語的主從復(fù)句功能相似，但翻譯時要注意語序問題和連詞的省譯問題。狀語從句的語序問題英語重形合，連接手段和形態(tài)手段豐富，所以狀語從句的位置靈活。漢語重意合，連接手段缺乏或使用不多，一般嚴(yán)格按時間或邏輯順序組句。英文中狀語從句的翻譯，一般采用前置手段，按漢語行文習(xí)慣恰當(dāng)調(diào)整語序。表原因和條件的連詞常常省譯。Becauseher

job

had

been

the

pivot,retirementwasverydifficult.

工作向來是她生命的支柱，所以退休后她感覺生活很不自在。Weareallverybusybecauseit’stheharvesttime.現(xiàn)在是收獲的時節(jié)，我們都很忙。狀語從句的語序問題英文歐化的影響，部分漢語復(fù)句有時也可后置，對前文內(nèi)容進行解釋、補充、說明。英譯漢時，若從句語氣較弱，或者根據(jù)上下文表意需要，可以按英文原文語序構(gòu)句。Themeetingmaybeprolongedintotheeveningbecausesomanyproblemshavetobesolved.

會議可能要延長到晚上，要解決的問題還有一大堆。Wemadeastrategicwithdraw,sothatwecouldbuildupourforcesforrenewedattack.

我們實施了戰(zhàn)略撤退，以便重整旗鼓，發(fā)起新的攻擊。Itwasn’ttheloansthatsavedus,althoughweneededthembadly.

救活我們的并不是貸款，雖然我們急需貸款。時間順序0102AdverbialClauseofTimeAdverbialclause03060504AdverbialClauseofCause

AdverbialClauseofConcessionAdverbialClauseofPlaceAdverbialClauseofPurposeAdverbialClauseofCondition07Adverbial

ClauseofResult1.AdverbialClauseofTimeiscommonlyfrontedbyas,when,while,before,after,since,et.Manycenturieshadpassedbeforemanlearnedtomakefun.(fromtextbook)

幾個世紀(jì)過去了，人們才學(xué)會取火。Whentheboardwasspinningslowly,youcanseeallthedifferentcolor.(fromtextbook)紙板慢慢旋轉(zhuǎn)，你就能看到各種不同的色彩。Theykept

on

working

until

it

became

completely

dark.

他們不停地工作，直到天完全黑了下來。AdverbialClauseofTimeThe

AdverbialClauseofTimearefrontedby“before”I’ddiebeforeI’dgiveup.(fromtextbook)

我死也不會放棄他的。Manypeoplewillcomedownwiththedisease,andtheywilldiebeforevaccinecanbedistributed.(fromtextbook)

很多人都染上了這種病，還沒等疫苗發(fā)下來，他們可能就先病死了。Manycenturieshadpassedbeforemanlearnedtomakefire.(fromtextbook)

幾個世紀(jì)過去了，人們才學(xué)會取火。before一般被譯成“在···之前”但大多數(shù)情況下，這樣表達會顯得單調(diào)、別扭，我們可以換成“···后···、···才···、剛···就···、還沒···就/先···、以免、先···再/后···、寧愿···絕不···?！钡?，有時還可根據(jù)情況省譯。The

AdverbialClauseofTimearefrontedby“when”Whenyoustarttheengine,besurethecarisinneutral.(fromtextbook)

發(fā)動引擎時，務(wù)必讓汽車處于空檔。Severalofourplansgottheaxewhenthenewgovernmentcamein.(fromtextbook)

新政府一上臺，我們就有好幾個計劃被砍掉了。IthrewthelifebuoytohimwhenIsawhimstruggling.(fromtextbook)

看到他在掙扎，我就把一個救生圈扔給了他。

“when”一般譯成“當(dāng)···時候”，但兩者間不完全對等。When既可以表示時間段，也可表示時間點，即可表示時間關(guān)系還可表示因果關(guān)系或其他邏輯關(guān)系。因而when可以譯為“···時···、···這時···、一···就···、···后···、···因為···”，或者可以根據(jù)具體情況隱去。The

AdverbialClauseofTimearefrontedby“until”Theykept

on

working

until

it

became

completely

dark.(fromtextbook)

他們不停地工作，直到天完全黑了下來。Don’tfireuntilyouhavetakenagoodaim.(fromtextbook)

瞄準(zhǔn)了再開槍。ItwasnotuntilyesterdaythatIgotthenews.(fromtextbook)

我昨天才聽到這個消息?！皍ntil”引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句時，如果主句謂語為持續(xù)動詞，譯成“直到···為止、直到···”；如果主句謂語是瞬間動詞，且主句為否定句時，一般譯為“···之前、還沒/不···、直到···才···、···再···”。2.AdverbialclauseofPlaceiscommonlyfrontedbywhereand

wherever.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者，事竟成。Whereverhehappenstobe,Johncanmakehimselfathome.

約翰無論在哪，都能讓自己賓至如歸。Wheretheancientknewnothing,weknowalittle.

古人一無所知之處，我們也知之甚少。AdverbialclauseofPlaceAlltheaboveexamplesarefromANewEnglishGrammarCoursebookeditedbyZhangZhenbang)地點狀語邏輯詞實指時，我們一般要譯，有時也可省譯；地點狀語的邏輯詞虛指時，我們可以根據(jù)具體情況補充或者省略邏輯詞。3.AdverbialClauseofCauseiscommonlyfrontedsince,because,as,et.HedeclinedtoamplifyonthePresident’sstatement,sincehehasnotreadthetext.(fromtextbook)

他沒有讀到文字稿，不愿對總統(tǒng)的言論做出解釋。Thisboatisapttooverturnbecauseitisunreasonableshaped.(fromtextbook)

這只船容易顛覆，因為它造型不合理。（

這只船造型不合理，很容易顛覆。）AdverbialClauseofCause4.AdverbialclauseofResultiscommonlyfrontedbysothat,that,withtheresultthat,et.Hehadoverslept,sothathewaslateforthework.

他睡過頭了，上班遲到了。WhathaveIdonethatyoushouldbesoangrywithme?

我做了什么惹你這樣生氣？AdverbialClauseofResultAlltheaboveexamplesarefromANewEnglishGrammarCoursebookeditedbyZhangZhenbang)原因狀語和結(jié)果狀語從句漢譯時，我們一般會省略期間的邏輯詞，恰當(dāng)調(diào)整語序，使句間邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密即可，但有時為了強調(diào)其中的邏輯關(guān)系，也可添加相應(yīng)的邏輯詞。5.AdverbialClauseofConditioniscommonlyfrontedbyasif,unless,et.Manypeoplepredicatedthatshewouldnotbeeasytodealwithifsheevergotmarriedandthatherhusbandwasnotamantobeenvied.(fromtextbook)

好多人都說她這人不好對付。如后若是結(jié)了婚，她丈夫的日子不會好過的。Abodydoesjustthesameinadreamashe’ddoifheisawake.(fromtextbook)

夢里有所思，醒來見行動。AdverbialClauseofCondition6.AdverbialClauseofConcessioniscommonlyfrontedbythough,although,evenif/though,

et.Iusedtoreadalot

althoughIdon'tgetmuchtimeforbooksnow.(fromwikipedia)

過去我讀了很多書，現(xiàn)在卻沒太多讀書時間了。Hepassedbytheexaminationalthoughhehadpreventedbyillnessfromstudying.

雖然疾病擾得他不能學(xué)習(xí)，他還是通過了考試。Richasheis,MrJohnsonisbynomeansahappyman.約翰遜很富有，卻并不快樂。AdverbialClauseofConcessionThelasttwoexamplesarefromANewEnglishGrammarCoursebookeditedbyZhangZhenbang)7.AdverbialClauseofPurposeiscommonlyfrontedbysothat,inorderthat,et.Theteachermustspeakclearlysothathisstudentsca