法學(xué)專業(yè)英語(山東建筑大學(xué))

536英語考試時(shí)間6月20日周四上午7.30BW5051.BillofRights（C）{C}【B】a.Domesticfederallegislation.b.Legalprotectionagainstinterferenceofrightsbyprivateindividuals.c.ApopularnamegiventothefirsttenamendmentstotheU.S.Constitution.d.Thefederalconstitutionalprovisionwhichgrantsrightstostategovernments.2.Consideration（C）{C}【C】a.Processofjudicialdeliberationbeforerenderingadecisioninacontestedcase.b.Thelengthyrecitalsof“boilerplate”languageappearinginmanycontracts.c.Theinducementtoenteracontract,andanecessaryelementtoprovethevalidityofacontract.d.Thedetrimentalrelianceofanofferee.3.PunitiveDamages（B）{B}【B】a.Damagestocompensateforinjury.b.Civildamagesmeanttopunishthewrongdoerforcausinginjury.c.“Nominal”orminimaldamages.d.Non-monetarydamages,suchasaninjunction(injunctiverelief)or”specificinjunction(injunctiverelief)or“specificperformance”ofacontractobligation.4.Venue（D）{D}【A】a.Thestreetoravenuewhereacourthousecanoftenbefound.b.Diversityofcitizenship.c.Thedatesofatrial.d.Thelocationofatrial.5.Generallyspeaking,alimitedpartnershipmaybedissolvedbywhichofthefollowingeventsoroccurrences?（D）{D}【D】a.Bythefilingofacertificateoflimitedpartnership.b.Byarelocationofthepartnership.c.Bythemarriageofalimitedpartner.d.Bythebankruptcyofageneralpartner.6.Acorporationisalegalentity:（D）{B}【B】a.createdbythelocalgovernment.b.createdandrecognizedbyanentrepreneurialagency.c.managedinternallybythefederalgovernment.d.createdandrecognizedbystatelawinmostcases.7.Jurisdiction（D）{D}【D】a.Ageographicarea,usedprimarilyfordeterminingeligibilitytovote.b.Thepresenceofadefendantinastatewhereheorshecanbeservedwithasummonsorasubpoena.c.Thepoweroftheexecutivebranchtoenforcethejudgmentsofthecourts.d.Thepowerandauthorityofacourtorotherbodytorenderjudgmentinacase.8.Paralegal（B）{B}【B】a.Asecondarysourceoflaw.b.Alawyer’sassistant.c.Onewhoholdsanadvancedlawdegree.d.Alawstudent.注：英語定稿說明（答案一）{答案二}【答案三】1

536英語考試時(shí)間6月20日周四上午7.30BW5059.Indisputesoverwhetherapartnershipexists,whichofthefollowingisNOTconsideredtobeanessentialelement?（C）{A}【C】a.Anequalrightinthemanagementofthebusiness.b.Thesharingofprofitsorlosses.c.Theconsultationonbusinessstrategy.d.Jointownershipinthebusiness.10.ClydeCooch,aprominentjudge,livednextdoortoLesterBiggs．RecentlyJudgeCoochhadsentencedLesterBiggs'son,Dopey,tosixmonthsinprisononanarcoticscharge．OneafternoonwhilejudgeCoochwasmowinghislawn，Lesterdecidedtoavengehisson'sconviction．Lestersetuphiswatersprinklerbehindsomeshrubberyseparatingtheiradjoiningproperties．Asthejudgewasmowinghislawnandcamewithinreachofthewatersprinkler,Lesterturnedonthesprinklingdevice，anddousedthejudgewithwater．JudgeCoochwouldbeabletorecoveragainstLesterforwhichofthefollowingtort(s)：（C）{C}【D】a.negligenceb.batteryc.assaultandbatteryd.batteryandtrespassPleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese（30分)二、1.Thelossofgoodsthroughfire,theftorothermeanscanoccuratanytime:priortodelivery,duringtransitorinspection,orafterdelivery.Thepartiestoacontractmustknowwhentheyareresponsiblefordamageorlosstogoodsandwhentheyarenot.Clearly,thesellerisresponsibleifthegoodsaredestroyedbyfireduringproductionatthesellersplant.Likewise,ifthegoodsaredestroyedaftertheyhavebeenmovedintothebuyer'swarehouse,thenthebuyerisresponsible.Butwhendoestheriskpassfromonepartytotheother?Insomecountries,includingtheUnitedKingdom,thepartieswhobearstheriskoflossisthepartywhohas“title”tothegoods—thepartywhoownsthematthatmoment.However,sincethedocumentoftitledoesnotmovethenthebuyerisresponsible.Butwhendoestheriskpassfromonepartytotheother?Insomecountries,includingtheUnitedKingdom,thepartieswhobearstheriskoflossisthepartywhohas“title”tothegoods—thepartywhoownsthematthatmoment.However,sincethedocumentoftitledoesnotmovephysicallywiththegoods,adetermenationofwhoownedthegoodsattheexacttimeoftheirdestructionisoftendiffidult.（20分)（答案一）：貨物因火災(zāi)，盜竊或其他方式發(fā)生損失，可能發(fā)生在任何時(shí)間：交貨前，在運(yùn)輸或檢驗(yàn)過程中，或交貨后。合同雙方必須知道什么情況下他們需要負(fù)責(zé)貨物的損害或損失，什么情況下他們不用負(fù)責(zé)。顯然，如果貨物在賣方工廠被火燒毀，賣方應(yīng)對損失負(fù)責(zé)。同樣，如果貨物在被轉(zhuǎn)移到買方倉庫后被毀，買方應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)。但是，當(dāng)貨物從一方當(dāng)事人向另一方轉(zhuǎn)移過程中，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)由誰負(fù)擔(dān)呢？在一些國家，包括英國，雙方誰承擔(dān)損失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，是依據(jù)貨物貨即物發(fā)生損失時(shí)屬于誰所有。不管怎樣，如果所有權(quán)憑證不移動的話，候風(fēng)險(xiǎn)從一方當(dāng)事人轉(zhuǎn)移到另一方？在一些國家，國，雙方誰是依據(jù)貨物所有權(quán)屬于誰所有而定貨即損發(fā)生時(shí)貨物屬于誰所有。然這就導(dǎo)致決定在貨損發(fā)生的精確時(shí)間貨物在誰名下而定的，買方負(fù)責(zé)。但是什么時(shí)包括英承擔(dān)損失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，的，而，貨物的所有權(quán)憑證并不是與貨物同步轉(zhuǎn)移的，屬于哪方所有通常是很困難的。注：英語定稿說明（答案一）{答案二}【答案三】2

536英語考試時(shí)間6月20日周四上午7.30BW505{答案二}：通過火災(zāi)、盜竊或其他方式造成的貨物滅失隨時(shí)都會發(fā)生：交貨之前、運(yùn)輸或檢查過程中或者交貨之后。簽約人必須清楚他們什么時(shí)候?qū)ω浳锏膿p毀和遺失負(fù)責(zé)，什么時(shí)候不負(fù)責(zé)。很明顯，如果貨物是在賣方車間被大火毀壞的，那么賣方要對此負(fù)責(zé)。同樣的，如果貨物是在被運(yùn)到買方倉庫后被損毀的，那么買方要對此負(fù)責(zé)。但是什么時(shí)候風(fēng)險(xiǎn)由一方當(dāng)事人轉(zhuǎn)移到另一方呢？在很多國家，包括英國，承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的當(dāng)事人是對商品有權(quán)利的一方，有擁商品的一方。然而，由于物權(quán)憑證不隨商品而移動，所以要決定在它們被毀壞的確切時(shí)間里誰擁有它們是很困難的?！敬鸢溉浚和ㄟ^火災(zāi)、盜竊或者其他方式致使貨物受損在任何時(shí)間都會發(fā)生：交貨前，運(yùn)輸檢驗(yàn)途中，或交付完成之后。合同當(dāng)事人必須明確他們應(yīng)該何時(shí)對貨物的損壞或損失負(fù)責(zé)，何時(shí)不應(yīng)該負(fù)責(zé)。顯然，當(dāng)貨物因?yàn)榛馂?zāi)在賣方工廠毀壞時(shí)賣方應(yīng)該負(fù)責(zé)。同樣，如果貨物是在被運(yùn)到買房倉庫之后摧毀的那么此時(shí)買房應(yīng)該負(fù)責(zé)。但是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)什么時(shí)候從一方轉(zhuǎn)移到另一方呢？在一些國家，包括英國，承擔(dān)損失風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的一方有擁貨物的“冠名權(quán)”——即在那個(gè)時(shí)刻對貨物有擁所有權(quán)的一方。然而，由于買方承擔(dān)責(zé)任時(shí)單據(jù)并不會隨貨物發(fā)生實(shí)質(zhì)上的轉(zhuǎn)移，此時(shí)明確的確定誰擁有貨物的所有權(quán)并且對貨物致?lián)p承擔(dān)責(zé)任是相當(dāng)困難的。2.Specificperformanceisusedwhenacourtrequiresapartytothecontracttoperforme,orcarryoutitspartofthebargain.Theusualremedyincivillawcountriesisthatofspecificperformance,whiletheusuallegalremedyincontractcasesincommonlawcountriesisanawardformoneydamages.Therefore,courtsintheUnitedStatesandothercommonlawcountrieshesitatetorequirepartiestospecificallyperform.Itisconsideredaharshremedytobeusedonlywheremoneydamagescannotbecalculatedorareinadequate,whichmayoccurwhenthesubjectmatterofthecontractisunique.（10分)（答案一）：具體履行是當(dāng)法院要求合同的一方履行或執(zhí)行其在交易中的義務(wù)。在大陸法系國家通常的補(bǔ)救方法是具體履行，而在英美法系國家合同案件通常的法律救濟(jì)是金錢賠償裁決。因此，在美國和其他英美法系國家法院猶豫是否要求當(dāng)事人具體履行。具體履行被認(rèn)為是在金錢賠償不能計(jì)算或不足以賠償損失，且合同的標(biāo)的物是獨(dú)特物時(shí)所采用的一種嚴(yán)厲的救濟(jì)方式。{答案二}強(qiáng)制履行是在法院要求一方當(dāng)事人履行合同或執(zhí)行部分契約時(shí)使用。在實(shí)行公民法的國家里，普通的賠償都是強(qiáng)制履行；然而在實(shí)行習(xí)慣法的國家里，合同案例中的普通法律補(bǔ)償是對金錢損失的獎勵。因此，在美國和其他實(shí)行習(xí)慣法的國家中的法院對要求當(dāng)事人具體執(zhí)行時(shí)是很猶豫的。只在金錢損失不能計(jì)算或計(jì)算不充分的情況下執(zhí)行被認(rèn)為是一種嚴(yán)厲的賠償，這種情況可能會在合同的主體是唯一的時(shí)候發(fā)生?！敬鸢溉糠ㄔ阂蠛贤环铰男谢蛘邔?shí)施協(xié)議的一部分時(shí)，使用強(qiáng)制履行。大陸法系國家的常用賠償是強(qiáng)制性的賠償，而普通法系國家合同案件的常用賠償是損失補(bǔ)償金。因此，美國和其他普通法系國家法院在要求合同一方強(qiáng)制履行時(shí)存在疑慮。合同的標(biāo)的物是獨(dú)一無二時(shí)，當(dāng)標(biāo)的物受損并且無法計(jì)算資金受損或者資金不足時(shí)，它被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)合時(shí)宜的補(bǔ)救。注：英語定稿說明（答案一）{答案二}【答案三】3

536英語考試時(shí)間6月20日周四上午7.30BW505三、PleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish（20分）契約法的內(nèi)容包括締約能力、形式、要約與承諾、約因(consideration)、欺詐與錯(cuò)誤、合法與否、解釋與推定、履行及其條件、契約目的無法達(dá)到(frustration)和契約無法履行、免責(zé)(discharge)、受讓人及受益的第三人之權(quán)利以及契約的補(bǔ)救方法。契約在很大范圍內(nèi)保持著統(tǒng)一性而按照協(xié)議之內(nèi)容或當(dāng)事人之性質(zhì)排斥了不同種類契約的基本區(qū)別。因此，除若干例外情況外，契約法的基本原則適用于諸如雇傭、商品或土地之買賣和保險(xiǎn)等內(nèi)容不同的種種協(xié)議，并適用于諸如個(gè)人、企業(yè)和政府實(shí)體等不同的當(dāng)事人。（答案一）Contractlawincludesthecontractingcapacity,form,offerandacceptance,consideration(consideration),fraudanderror,legalornot,interpretationandconstruction,performanceandtheconditionsofcontract,thepurposecannotbereached(frustration)andcontractcannotbeperformed,exemption(discharge),therightsofassigneeandthirdpartybeneficiaries,andthemethodofremedyingthecontract.Thecontractkeepsunityinalargerange,accordingtothecontentoftheagreementandthepropertiesofthepartiesthatexcludingthebasicdifferencebetweendifferentclassesofcontracts.Therefore,withsomeexceptions,thebasicprincipleofcontractlawsapplicabletovariousprotocols,suchasemployment,goodsorlandsale,andinsurancewithdifferentcontents,andisapplicabletosuchasindividual,enterpriseandgovernmententitiessuchasdifferentparties..{答案二}：LawofContractcontainscapacitytoconcludetreaties,form,offerandacceptance,consideration,cheatandfault,whetherlegal,explainandpresumption,performanditsconditions,thefrustrationofthecontract’sobjectiveandtheimpossibilityofperformanceofthecontract,discharge,assigneeandthethirdbenefitparty’sright,andthemeansofredressofthecontract.Thecontractkeepsunitywithinalargelimit,butrepelsthebasicdifferenceofdifferentkindofcontractsaccordingtothecontentsofthecontractsorthecharactersoftheparties.Therefore,exceptsomeexceptions,thebasicprincipleofthecontractappliestoavarietydifferentcontents’treaty,suchasemploy,thebusinessandinsureofgoodsorland.Also,it