大學英語教案-Unit45

Unit5SectionAI.BackgroundKnowledgeHenryDavidThoreauHenryDavidThoreau:U.S.thinker,essayist,andnaturalist(1817—1862).BorninConcord,Mass.,ThoreaugraduatedfromHarvardUniversityandtaughtschoolforseveralyearsbeforedecidingtobecomeapoetofnature.BackinConcord,hecameundertheinfluenceofR.W.EmersonandbegantopublishpiecesintheTranscendentalistmagazineTheDial.Intheyears1845—1847,todemonstratehowsatisfyingasimplelifecouldbe,helivedinahutbesideConcord'sWaldenPond;essaysrecordinghisdailylifewereassembledforhismasterpiece,Walden(1854).HisAWeekontheConcordandMerrimackRivers(1849)wastheonlyotherbookhepublishedinhislifetime.HereflectedonanighthespentinjailprotestingtheMexican-AmericanWarintheessayCivilDisobedience(1849),whichwouldlaterinfluencesuchfiguresasM.GandhiandM.L.King.InlateryearshisinterestinTranscendentalismwanedandhebecameadedicatedabolitionist.HismanynaturewritingsandrecordsofhiswanderingsinCanada,JohnMiltonJohnMilton:Englishpoet(1608—1674).MiltonattendedCambridgeUniversity(1625—1632),wherehewrotepoemsinLatin,Italian,andEnglish;theseincludedL'AllegroandIlPenseroso,bothpublishedlaterinPoems(1645).During1632—1638heengagedinprivatestudy—writingthemasqueComus(1637)andtheextraordinaryelegyLycidas(1638)—andtouredItaly.ConcernedwiththePuritancauseinEngland,hespentmuchof1641—1660pamphleteeringforcivilandreligiouslibertyandservinginOliverCromwell'sgovernment.Hisbest-knownproseisinthepamphletsAreopagitica(1644),onfreedomofthepress,andOfEducation(1644).Helosthissightintheyearof1651,andthereafterdictatedhisworks.Hisdisastrousfirstmarriageendedwithhiswife'sdeathin1652;twolatermarriagesweremoresuccessful.AftertheRestorationhewasarrestedasanoteddefenderoftheCommonwealth,butwassoonreleased.InParadiseLost(1667),hisepicmasterpieceontheFallofManwritteninblankverse,heuseshissublime“grandstyle”withsuperbpower;hischaracterizationofSatanisasupremeachievement.HefurtherexpressedhispurifiedfaithinGodandtheregenerativestrengthoftheindividualsoulinParadiseRegained(1671),anepicinwhichChristovercomesSatanthetempter,andSamsonAgonistes(1671),atragedyinwhichtheOldTestamentfigureconquersself-pityanddespairtobecomeGod'schampion.ConsideredsecondonlytoW.ShakespeareinthehistoryofEnglish-languagepoetry,Miltonhadanimmenseinfluenceonlaterliterature;thoughattackedearlyinthe20thcentury,hehadregainedhisplaceintheWesterncanonbymid-century.WilliamWordsworthWilliamWordsworth:Englishpoet(1770—1850).Orphanedat13,WordsworthattendedCambridgeWordsworth'scontributionsinclude“TinternAbbey”andmanylyricscontroversialfortheircommon,everydaylanguage.Around1798hebeganwritingtheepicautobiographicalpoemthatwouldabsorbhimintermittentlyforthenext40years,ThePrelude(1850).Hissecondversecollection,Poems,inTwoVolumes(1807),includesmanyoftherestofhisfinestworks,includingOde:IntimationsofImmortality.Hispoetryisperhapsmostoriginalinitsvisionofthealmostdivinepowerofthecreativeimaginationreforgingthelinksbetweenmanandman,betweenhumankindandthenaturalworld.Themostmemorablepoemsofhismiddleandlateyearswereoftencastinelegiacmode;fewmatchthebestofhisearlierworks.Bythetimehebecamewidelyappreciatedbythecriticsandthepublic,hispoetryhadlostmostofitsforceandhisradicalpoliticshadyieldedtoconservatism.In1843hebecameEngland'spoetlaureate.HeisregardedasthecentralfigureintheinitiationofEnglishRomanticism.II.TextAnalysisMainideaandStructureWhatisthetextmainlyabout?AsasortofUSnationaldisease,lotsofpeoplearelivingalone,somedivorced,somewidowedandsomeneveryetcommitted.ButtobealoneonpurposeisofAmericanhero.Solitudeislikedbypoetsandphilosophersforinspiration,andimprovedbybeingvoluntary.Althoughthoselivingwithothersmayenjoytemporarysolitude,thoselivinginsolitudemaysufferfromtheneedtotalk,thusbehavingstrangelyandtalkingatlengthtothemselvesortotheirpets.Thebestcureforthisistostayrational,settledownandfindgraceandpleasureinone'sowncondition.Howisthetextorganized?Thepassagefallsintofourparts.TheauthorbeginswiththebriefdescriptionofbeingaloneinUSA.Next,twodifferentviewsonsolitudearepresented.Then,threeexamplesaregiventoillustratewhyandhowsomepersonageschoosetoliveinsolitude.Finally,theauthorgivescommentsandadviceonlivinginsolitude.Part1(Para.1)Asasocialtrend,lotsofpeoplearelivingalone.Part2(Para.2)Loneliness:asortofsocialdiseasebutacharacteristicofanAmericanhero.Part3(Paras.3-10)Poets&philosopherspreferlivingalone.Part4(Paras.11-16)Theauthor'scomments&adviceonlivinginsolitudeIII.LanguagePointsbycount:bycalculatingthenumberofunitsinagroup

Byourcountthat'sthefifthcakeyou'veeaten.我們數(shù)了一下，這是你吃的第五塊蛋糕。

Bymycountthereare270peoplepresent.我統(tǒng)計了一下，有270人出席。

Compare:atthelastcount

Thenumberofstudentswas665atthelastcount.最后一次點數(shù)時，學生的人數(shù)為665人。

Wehad450membersatthelastcount.上次點人數(shù)時我們有450個成員。counton:依靠，依賴/對……有信心，期待Youcancountonmyhelp.你可以依賴我的幫助。countedongettingaraise.期待獲得加薪countdown:倒數(shù)計時alone:a.&ad.withoutotherpeople

Helikesbeingaloneinthehouse.他喜歡獨自待在家中。

Shedecidedtoclimbthemountainalone.她決定獨自去爬山。

Compare:lonely:a.unhappybecauseofbeingaloneorwithoutfriends

Thestreetsarelonelieratnight.這些街道晚上更冷清。castout:(literary)getridof;driveoutoraway;expel趕出，驅逐

Thepoorfellowwascastoutbythelandladywhenhislastpennyhadgone.那可憐的窮人花掉最后一個便士之后，就被房東太太趕了出去。

Hewascastoutofhishomeattheageoffourteen.他在14歲時被家里趕了出來。solitarya.alone;lonely;withoutcompanions獨自的，孤獨的

Theyoungmanisrathersolitarybynature.這年輕人生性相當孤僻。

Hewasoftenalonebutneversolitary.他時常一人獨處，但從不感到孤寂。ventureout:riskgoingsomewherethatmightbedangerous冒險出去

I'drathernotventureoutinpouringrainifIdon'thaveto!如果不是非出去不可，我可不愿冒著傾盆大雨出去。

Today'sthefirsttimeI'veventuredoutofdoorssincemyillness.今天是我病后第一次冒險出門。turnone'sback:turnsothatoneisfacingtheoppositedirection轉身

Heturnedhisbackandwalkedaway.他轉身走開了。

I'mgoingtogetdressednow—pleaseturnyourback.我要換衣服請你轉過身。befor:support;favor—beagainst

I'mforthechairman'splan.我贊成主席的計劃。speakhighlyof:expressorhaveahighopinionof對……給予高度評價，贊揚

Shespeakshighlyofthenewteacher.她對這位新教師評價很高。

Thestudentsspeakhighlyoftheirhistoryteacher.學生高度評價他們的歷史老師。

Compare:speakill/wellof:expressabad/goodopinionof

Don'tspeakillofthedead.別說死者的壞話。seekout:find(sth.orsb.)bylookinghard找出，搜尋出

Howcanweseekoutapersonforthejob?我們如何才能找到適合這項工作的人？

IttookmeseveralweekstoseekouttheinformationthatIwanted.我花了好幾個星期才找到我要的資料。setforth:1)(lit.)startajourney啟程，動身

Theysetforthontheirhikeimmediatelyafterbreakfast.他們早飯后馬上啟程開始徒步旅行。

Hesetforthonathree-monthtriparoundtheworld.他啟程開始為期三個月的周游世界的旅行。2)(fml.)presentsth.ormakeitknown闡明,提出,陳列

ThePresidentsetforthhisviewsinatelevisionbroadcast.總統(tǒng)在電視中闡明了自己的觀點。creepaway:leaverathercarefullyinordertoavoidbeingnoticed偷偷離開

Theycreptawayinordernottowakethebaby.為了不弄醒嬰兒，他們躡手躡腳地走開了。dictate:v.1)saywordsaloudforsb.elsetowritedown聽寫，口授

Hedictatedalettertohissecretary.他向秘書口授信件。

Theteacherdictatedapassagetotheclass.老師聽寫學生一篇文章.

2)tellsb.whattodo,esp.inanannoyingway命令；要求

Conquerorsdictatedtermsofsurrender.征服者強制規(guī)定投降條件。highpriest:Ifyoucallamanthehighpriestofaparticularthing,youaresaying(inaslightlymockingway)thatheisconsideredbypeopletobeexpertinthatthing.主教,大祭司/(學術領域等的)大師，領導者

Heiswidelyregardedasthehighpriestofcontemporarydance.他被人們廣泛譽為當代舞蹈的代表人物。

Peoplerefertohimasthehighpriestofcheapperiodicalfiction.人們稱他為廉價雜志小說的專家。ego:n.one'sideaoropinionofoneself自我，自負，自尊心

Issuccessgoodforego?成功對一個人的自尊有好處嗎？

Hiscriticisminjuredmyego.他的批評傷了我的自尊心。stretchout:1)makewiderorlonger,lengthen(sth.)bypulling拉長，伸長

Therubberbandcanbestretchedouttotwiceitslength.這條橡皮筋可被拉長兩倍。

Someofthememberstriedtostretchthemeetingout.一些會員想延長會議時間。2)liedown,usu.inordertorelaxorsleep伸出

Hestretchedhimselfoutonthesofaandfellasleep.他伸展著身子躺在沙發(fā)上睡著了。fillup:becomecompletelyfull;makesth.completelyfull裝滿，占滿

Researchworkandlecturesfilleduphistime.

研究工作以及演講占滿了他的時間。

Shefilledupallthebucketsshecouldlayherhandson.她把所有能找到的提桶都裝滿了。stayuplate:remainlateoutofbed,asatnight熬夜

WestayeduplatetowatchTV.我們看電視看到很晚才睡。atonesitting:aperiodoftimethatapersonspendssittinganddoinganactivity

Ireadthebookatonesitting.

我坐著一口氣把書讀完了。atone'sownpace:atthespeedthatsb.doessth.asfastasorasslowashecan

Weencouragestudentstoworkattheirownpace.

我們鼓勵學生按自己進度學習.backup:1)blockup（使）積壓，（使）擁塞

Theheavyrainfallbackedupthesewers.

大雨把陰溝堵塞了。

Thecarsbackedupformiles.

汽車擁塞，首尾相接長達數(shù)英里。

2)supportsb.orsth.;saythatwhatsb.says,etc.istrue支持

Hedoesn'tbackuphisargumentswithfacts.

他沒有用事實來支持自己的論點。

Hebackedmeupwhole-heartedlyashealwaysdid.

就像他一貫所做的那樣，他全心全意地支持我。atlength:1)takingalongtime;ingreatdetail;fully長久地，詳盡地

Hewentonatgreatlengthabouthisvariousillnesses.他嘮嘮叨叨地講述了他得的各種疾病。

Hewillfirstgiveyouasummaryofthesituationandthendiscussitatlength.他將先給你們扼要談談形勢，然后再進行詳細的討論。2)afteralongtime;eventually

"I'mstillnotsure,"hesaidatlength.“我還是不肯定”他終于說了。inline:inarowofpeoplestandingonebehindtheother（排）成一行，一隊

Youarenotinlinewiththeothers.你沒有和別人排成一行。

Thechildrenstoodinline.孩子們排成一隊。befondof:haveagreatlikingfor(sb.orsth.)喜愛，喜歡

Didyoueverseeanyonesofondofdancing?你見過有誰這么愛跳舞嗎？powdered:a.粉狀的

powderedsugar糖粉

Sheusedthepowderedmilktofeedherbaby.

她用奶粉來喂孩子。

Compare:powder:n./v.putadrymassofverysmallfinepiecesonsth.

Shepowderedherfaceandputonherlipstick.她往臉上撲上粉，嘴唇上抹上口紅。

Thegroundwaslightlypowderedwithsnow.

地上覆蓋著一層薄薄的白雪。settledown:becomequietandcalm安靜下來，安下心來，適應（或習慣于）新環(huán)境

Hesettleddowntodohishomework.他安下心來做家庭作業(yè)。

I'msurethechildwillsoonsettledowninhisnewschool.

我確信這孩子很快就會對新學校習慣起來。sealup:closeacontainertightlysothatair,liquidcannotgetinorout密封住

Makesuretheparcelofexaminationscriptsisproperlysealedup.確保裝考卷的袋子密封好了。

Hesealedupadrawersothatitcannotbeopened.他封住抽屜使它不能被打開。forthetimebeing:justforthepresent;notforlong暫時，眼下

Theywilltakenoactionforthetimebeing.他們暫時還不準備采取任何行動。

Iamstayingathomeforthetimebeing.我目前呆在家里。might/mayaswelldosth.:Ifyousayyoumight/mayaswelldosth.,youmeanyouwilldoitthoughyoumayfeelslightlyreluctantaboutit.最好做某事，不妨做某事

Anyway,you'rehere;youmightaswellstay.不管怎樣，你已經來了，就不妨呆在這兒吧。

There'snobodyinterestingtotalkto.Wemayaswellgohome.沒有有趣的人可交談，我們不妨回家吧。IV.WritingHowtoBe…inLife/Future1.生活中/將來人們都想······2.要想實現(xiàn)這一愿望，你應

具備什么素質？（知識性說明文）寫作模式寫作模式（知識性說明文）1)Whetheryouareclimbingthecareerladderorjustendeavoringtogetthroughcollegiatecourses,Ibetyoudesireto…inlife/future.2)Forexample,sb.iseagerto…whereassb.elselongsto…3)Toachievethis,however,youneedtodevelopthequalitiesthattheachieverssharewithoneanother.4)Firstofall,youneedto…5)Themore…,themore…(進一步說明)6)Secondly,youneedto…7)Such…canofferyoumorechancesto…,thus…(進一步說明)8)Thirdly,youneedto…9)Thequalityof…enablesyouto…(進一步說明)10)Last,certainlynottheleast,youneedto…11)Underlyingthisissth.elsethat…(進一步說明)12)Tosumup,thequalitiesof…,asmentionedabove,willplaceyouonthewayto…（劃線部分可替換）參考范文HowtoBeLikableinSocialLife1)在社交生活中人人都渴望被人喜歡。2）要想叫人喜歡，你必須具備什么素質？1)Whetheryouareclimbingthecareerladderorjustendeavoringtogetthroughcollegiatecourses,Ibetyoudesiretobelikableinsociallife.2)Forexample,apoliticianiseagertobecomethefocusofthepublicworshipwhereasastudentlongstobethecenterofothers’admiration.3)Toachievethis,however,youneedtodevelopthequalitiesthatthelikablepeoplesharewithoneanother.4)Firstofall,youneedtomakeastrongconnectiontoyour“bestself”.5)Thestrongerconnectionyouhavetoyourbestselfnow,thegreaterattractionyouwillholdtoothers.6)Secondly,youneedtofindinyourselfasmuchgraceandvirtueincommonwithothersaspossible.7)Suchcommongroundcanofferyoumorechancestoshareyourexpertiseandtalentswithothers,thusleavingmoreofyourmarkonthem.8)Thirdly,youneedtobreedoptimism.9)Thequalityofbeingoptimisticenablesyoutoseekopportunityforthosestuckinstraits10)Last,certainlynottheleast,youneedtocultivatetheabilitytomakeotherscomfortable.11)Underlyingthisabilityisthesenseofhumorthatfillsupothers’worldwithhappiness.12)Tosumup,thequalitiesofbeingatyourbest,sharingcommongroundwithothers,beingoptimistic,andkeepingotherscomfortable,asmentionedabove,willplaceyouonthewaytobeingthekindofpersonothersenjoybeingaround.SectionBI.ReadingSkillsRecognizingParagraphPatterns(II)RecognizingParagraphPatternsisahigh-levelreadingskillwithsomedifficultiesbutthestudentsusingNewHorizonCollegeEnglishwillfeelquitecomfortablewhendealingwiththisparticularreadingskill.FromUnit1,Book1uptonow,wehavemadeananalysisof35passagesdealingwiththestructureofthetext.Inthelastunitwesawthatparagraphinformationoftenappearsinpatternsthatcanberecognizedoranalyzed.Paragraphideasandinformationareputtogethersothatwecanseethemrelatedtoeachotherincertainpatterns.Thiskindofskillsisimportantforustogetabetterunderstandingofthepassagewereadbutitisalsocrucialforustomakesensibleorreasonablepredictionsastowhatistofollownext.Inthisunitwewillhavemorepracticeinrecognizingandanalyzingparagraphpatterns,especiallythepatternsthatwedidnotcoverinourlastunit.

HerearesomeexamplesfrompassageAofUnit5.Example1:

Lonelinessmaybeasortofnationaldiseasehere,andit’smoreembarrassingforustoadmitthananyothersin.Ontheotherhand,tobealoneonpurpose,havingrejectedcompanyratherthanbeencastoutbyit,isonecharacteristicofanAmericanhero.Thesolitaryhunterorexplorerneedsnooneastheyventureoutamongthedeerandwolvestotamethegreatwildareas.Thoreau,aloneinhiscabinonthepond,hisbackdeliberatelyturnedtothetown.Now,that’scharacterforyou.(Para.2,PassageA,Unit5)Intheaboveparagraph,wecanclearlyseeastructureofcomparisonagain.TheauthoristryingtomakeacomparisonandcontrastbetweensolitudebeingtakenasanationaldiseaseandasacharacteristicofanAmericanhero.Ontheonehand,theauthorstatesclearlythatlonelinessmaybeasortofnationaldisease.Buttheauthorquicklymovestotheothersideofthepicture.Ontheotherhand,theauthorcontinuestostatethatlonelinessisonecharacteristicofanAmericanherowithsupportingexamples.Example2:

ReadthefirstsentenceinParagraph11,PassageA,Unit5andmakeapredictionaboutwhatwillcomenext.

Ifyoulivewithotherpeople,theirtemporaryabsencecanberefreshing.(Para.11,PassageA,Unit5)

Possiblepredictions:theadvantagesoflivingwithotherpeople;theadvantagesoflivingwithotherpeopleespeciallyduringtheirtemporaryabsence;theadvantagesoflivingaloneNowtomaketherightprediction,wehavetoreadon:

SolitudewillendonThursday.IftodayIuseasingularpersonalpronountorefertomyself,nextweekIwillusethepluralform.Whiletheothersareabsentyoucanstretchoutyoursouluntilitfillsupthewholeroom,anduseyourfreedom,comingandgoingasyoupleasewithoutapology,stayinguplatetoread,soakinginthebath,eatingawholepintoficecreamatonesitting,movingatyourownpace.Thoseabsentwillbeback.Theirwaterproofwintercoatsareintheclosetandthedogkeepswatchingforthematthewindow.(Para.11,PassageA,Unit5)

Thenyouwouldfindthattherightpredictionwas:theadvantagesoflivingwithotherpeopleduringtheirtemporaryabsence.Thoseabsentwillbeback.Theirwaterproofwintercoatsareintheclosetandthedogkeepswatchingforthematthewindow.(Para.11,PassageA,Unit5)

Thenyouwouldfindthattherightpredictionwas:theadvantagesoflivingwithotherpeopleduringtheirtemporaryabsence.Intheparagraphwefindsomeimportanttipsforunderstandingcomparisonandcontrast:ontheotherhand.

Inastructureofcomparisonandcontrastweoftenfindoutsomeimportantwordsthathelpusidentifytheparagraphpattern.

Wordsthatpointtoideasorthingsthatdifferare:but,ontheotherhand,still,although,incontrast,inspiteof,however,yet,evenso,nevertheless,conversely,nonetheless,etc.Wordsthatpointtosimilarorlikeideasorthingsare:similarly,inaddition,inthesameway,also,further,likewise,etc.

OfcoursethereareanumberofkeywordsthatwecanlookforwhenwecomeacrossbasicstructuresofatextsuchasCauseandEffect,TimeSequence,aSetofSequentialActions,aGeneralPointSupportedbyDetails/Examples/aListofThings,aProblem-solutionPattern,etc.ThePracticeofreadingkills:1.Sarah’sabilitytosolveherdilemmabyroomingwithheridenticaltwinisunusual,buttheconflictshefacedisnot.Despiteextensiveeffortsbymanyschoolstomakegoodroommatematches,unsatisfactoryoutcomesarecommon.Oneroommateisalwayscold,whiletheotherneverwantstoturnupthefurnace,eventhoughthethermometersaysit’sminusfiveoutside.(tobecontinued)Onepersonlikesquiet,whiletheotherpersonspendstwohoursadaypracticingthetrumpet,orturnsuphissoundsystemtothepointwherethewholeroomvibrates.Oneeatsonlyorganicallyproducedvegetablesandbelievesalllivingthingsareholy,evenantsandmosquitoes,whiletheotherlikeswearingfurandenjoyscuttingupfrogsinbiologyclass.A.Whatdoyouthinktheparagraphisabout?A)Sarah’sabilitytosolveherdilemma.B)Sarah’smovingintoheridenticaltwin’sroom.C)TheconflictthatSarahfaced.D)Theconflictissharingroomsamongroommates.Key:Theauthormakesalotofcomparisonsbetweendifferentneeds,differenthobbiesanddifferentbeliefstobringoutthemainideathattheconflictsamongroommatesarenotuncommon.B.Howdoestheauthorsupportthemainidea?Key:Itisageneralstatementsupportedbycomparisonsandcontrasts.Thewordis“while”,whichappearedthreetimes.C.Whatisthestructureoftheparagraph?Whichwordgivesthehintaboutthepatternyourecognized?2.Inextremecases,roommateconflictcanleadtoseriousviolence,asitdidatHarvardlastspring:Onestudentkilledherroommatebeforecommittingsuicide.Manyschoolshavestartedconflictresolutionprogramstocalmtensionsthatotherwisecanbuilduplikeavolcanopreparingtoexplode,ultimatelyresultinginphysicalviolence.Somecollegeshaveresortedto“roommatecontracts”thatallnewstudentsfilloutandsignafterattendingaseminaronroommaterelations.(tobecontinued)Studentsdetailbehavioralguidelinesfortheirroom,includingacceptablehoursforstudyandsleep,apolicyforuseofeachother’spossessionsandhowmessageswillbehandled.Althoughthecontractsarenotbindingandwillnevergotoajury,copiesaregiventothefloor’sresidentialadviserincaseconflictslaterarise.“Thecontractgivesuspermissiontotalkaboutissueswhichstudentsforgetorareafraidtotalkabout,”saysthedirectorofresidentialprograms.A.Whatdoyouthinktheparagraphisabout?A)Roommateconflictcanleadtoseriousviolence.B)Onestudentkilledherroommatebeforecommittingsuicide.C)Roommateconflictislikeavolcanopreparingtoexplode,ultimatelyresultinginphysicalviolence.D)Manyschoolshavestartedconflictresolutionprogramstodealwithroommateconflicts.Key:Thewriterstartswithidentifyingtheproblem:roommateconflictcanleadtoseriousviolencewithanexamplepresented.Thenheofferssomesolutions:conflictresolutionprogramstocalmtensionswithdetailsspecified.Andatlastheevaluatestheconflictresolutionprograms:Thoughroommatecontractsorbehavioralguidelinesarenotlegaldocuments,thesewouldatleastgivetheschoolpermissiontotalkabouttheissueswiththestudents.B.Howdoesthewriterorganizehisideas?Key:Ageneralstatementsupportedbyaproblem-solution-evaluationpattern.C.Whatisthestructureoftheparagraph?II.TextAnalysisThepassagerelatestheroomconflictswithparadigmaticmethods,thebadeffectsandwhathasbeendonebytheschoolinordertosolveit.Paras1-3RoomconflictstheidenticaltwinsKatieandSarahMonahanmetintheschool.Paras4-7Reasonsandbadeffectsofroomconflicts.Paras8-9Themeasurestakenbytheschoolinordertosolveit.III.LanguagePoints1. strikeout:startbeingindependent獨立闖新路，獨立開創(chuàng)IknewitwastimeIstruckoutonmyown.我知道是自己獨立的時候了。2. warover:argueorfightaboutsth.因……打仗，因……而爭吵Theyoftenwarredoverwhoshouldfetchthewater.他們經常就誰該去打水而爭吵。Thenativeshavebeenwarringoverthissmallpieceofland.當?shù)厝艘恢痹跒檫@一小塊地爭斗。3. rangefrom…to:在從……到……范圍或幅度內變動或變化Dresssizesrangefrompetitetoextralarge.服裝尺碼從特小號到特大號不等。Pricesrangefromafewdollarstoathousanddollars.價格從幾美元到1,000美元不等。4. giveupon:stophopingthatsb.willdowhatyouwant對……表示絕望I'vebeenwaitinghalf-an-hour-I'dalmostgivenuponyou.我已經等了半小時，幾乎都要以為你不來了。5. minus:a.belowzero負的，零下的TheaveragetemperatureatnightinthisareainJanuaryisaboutminustwodegrees.這個地區(qū)1月份的晚間平均氣溫大約是零下2度。prep.reducedby(thestatednumber)減Whatis57minus39?57減39是多少？Sixminustwoisfour.6減2等于4。6. cutup:1)dividesth.intosmallpieceswithaknife,etc.切碎，割碎Hecutupthemeatonhisplate.他把盤子上的肉切成小塊。Theycutdownthetreeandcutitupforfirewood.他們把樹木砍倒，并把它劈碎作木柴。2)(usu.passive)upsetsb.emotionallyShewasprettycutupaboutthemleaving.他們的離去使她很傷心。Hewasverycutupwhenheheardthathisfriendhadbeensacked.聽說朋友被辭退，他感到很難過。7. stale:a.1)nolongerinterestingorexciting沒有新意的，過時的stalecliches陳詞濫調stalenews過時的新聞Theirmarriagehadgonestale.他們的婚姻已沒有新鮮感了。2)(ofaperson)withoutinterest,liveliness,ornewideas,esp.asaresultofdoingthesamethingfortoolongYouneedabreak,achange.You'regettingstalehere.你需要休息，要換換環(huán)境。留在這里你會覺得越來越乏味。Ifshepracticesthepianoformorethantwohoursaday,shewillgrowstale.如果她一天練兩個小時以上的鋼琴，她會覺得沒勁的。3)(offood)nolongerfresh（食品）不新鮮的,走味的Theseoldpeanutstastestale.這些陳花生變味了。stalecigarettesmoke香煙臭味stalesweat汗臭Openthewindowsandgetridofthestaleair.打開窗戶趕走渾濁的空氣。8. undergraduate:n.astudentwhoisstudyingforthefirstdegreeatcollegeHeisaCambridgeundergraduate.他是劍橋大學本科生。Compare:graduate,(usu.BrE)postgraduateHewasadmittedintothegraduateschoolofHeisagraduate/postgraduatestudentinthephilosophydepartment.他是哲學系的研究生。9. endup:findoneselfinaplacethatonedidnotintendtobein結束，告終Ifhecarriesondrivinglikethat,he'llendupdead.如果他像那樣開車的話，最后會送命的。Ifyoucontinuetosteal,you'llendupinprison.你如果繼續(xù)偷竊就會進監(jiān)獄的。10. springfrom:(written)becausedby;startfrom源于，從……產生出來Hisdesiretostudyartsprangpurelyfromhisloveofart.他想學藝術純粹出于對藝術的熱愛。Thequarrelsprangfromacasualremark.爭吵源于一句隨口說出的話。11. tearapart:1)使……分裂Racialstrifeistearingthecountryapart.種族沖突使這個國家紛爭不斷。Differentintereststorethecoupleapart.不同興趣愛好導致了夫妻不和。2)makesb.feelveryunhappyorworriedHisdistresstoremeapart.他的痛苦使我很擔憂。Thebadnewswaslikeaboltfromthebluethattorehimapart.壞消息像晴天霹靂，讓他憂心忡忡。12. resortto:makeuseofsth.asameansofachievingsth.憑借，求助，訴諸Theyfeltobligedtoresorttoforce.他們覺得只有訴諸武力了。Heresortedtostealingwheninpoverty.他在窮困中靠行竊度日。13. incase:ifithappensthat;lest以防萬一I'lltakeanumbrellaincaseitrains.我?guī)б话褌?，以防下雨?4. headoff:takeactioninordertopreventsth.fromhappening阻止，攔住Iknewhewouldtrytoheadoffawkwardquestionsabouthispast.我知道他會努力回避關于他過去的尷尬問題。Sheheadedacoldoffbytakingtabletsandhotlemondrinks.她通過吃藥和喝熱檸檬飲料來防止感冒。15. moreof:toagreaterextentHeismoreofapoetthanamusician.與其說他是個音樂家還不如說他是個詩人。16. slaparound/about:(infml.)hitsb.regularlyoroften;treatrudelyandharshlyHerex-husbandusedtoslapheraround.她前夫過去常打她。Criticsreallyslappedtheplayaround.評論家們對那出戲大加撻伐。odds:n.(pl.)(usu.the~)thedegreetowhichsth.islikelytohappenTheoddsareverymuchinourfavour.我們很可能會成功。Theoddsareheavilyagainsthim.他不太可能成功。Theoddsarethatshe'llwin.她可能會贏。againstall(the)odds:inspiteofsth.thatmakesitseemimpossibletodo盡管有極大的困難，出乎意料地Theywonagainstalltheodds.他們沖破重重困難獲得了勝利。Againstall(the)odds,hefinishedhisworkwellbeforethetimethathewantedtoleave.盡管非常困難，在他打算要離開之前，他還是早早地完成了工作。PassageA有意選擇獨處

事實如此，我們孤獨無伴地生活著。據(jù)最近的統(tǒng)計，共有2,200萬人獨自生活在自己的屋里。其中有些人喜歡這種生活，有些卻不是。有些離了婚，有些鰥寡無伴，也有些從未結過婚。

孤獨或許是這里的一種民族弊病，它比起其他任何過錯更加令人難以啟齒。而另一方面，故意選擇獨處，拒絕別人的陪伴而非為同伴所拋棄，這正美國式英雄的一個特點。孤獨的獵人，孤獨的探險者，在鹿群和狼群中間冒險，去征服廣袤的荒野，這時他們并不需要有人陪伴。梭羅獨居在湖畔的小屋，有意拋棄了城市生活?，F(xiàn)在，這成了你的個性。

獨處的靈感是詩人和哲學家最有用的東西。他們都贊成獨處，都因能夠獨處而自視甚高，至少在他們匆匆忙忙趕回家喝茶之前的一兩個小時之內是如此。

就拿多蘿西·華茲華斯來說吧，她幫她兄弟威廉穿上外衣，為他找到筆記本和鉛筆，向他揮手告別，目送著他走進早春的陽光去獨自對花沉思。他寫道："獨處多么優(yōu)閑,美妙。"

毫無疑問，如果自愿獨處，則感覺要好得多。

瞧瞧彌爾頓的女兒們：她們?yōu)樗麥蕚浜脡|子和毯子，然后躡手躡腳地走開，以便他能創(chuàng)作詩歌。然而他并不自己費神將詩歌寫下來，而是喚回女兒們，向她們口述，由她們寫下來。

也許你已經注意到，這些藝術家類型的人，大多是到戶外獨處，而家里則自有親人們備好了熱茶，等著他們回家。

美國的獨處高士是梭羅。我們欽佩他，并非因為他倡導自力更生精神，而是因為他孤身一人在瓦爾登湖畔生活，這是他自己想要這么做的。他獨居