新教材高考英語全程一輪復(fù)習(xí)第五講構(gòu)詞法課件

第五講構(gòu)詞法答案與解析：marriage考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。根據(jù)句意可知，此處要用名詞marriage作ceremony的定語，表示“結(jié)婚儀式，結(jié)婚典禮”。故填marriage。3．[2020·北京卷]Becauseoftheconfidencesheinspiredinme,I'vecarvedouta________(success)professionasajournalist.4．[2020·北京卷]Oliversaysifyou're________(luck)enoughtohavesomeoneclosetoyouwhoenjoyscooking,askthemif/whetheryoucanjoininwhenit'spossible.答案與解析：successful考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換(名詞變形容詞)。profession為名詞，

意為“職業(yè)”，故應(yīng)用形容詞來修飾。故填successful。答案與解析：lucky考查形容詞。句意：奧利弗說，如果你足夠幸運，身邊有一個喜歡烹飪的人?？涨坝衎e動詞，所以空處填形容詞做表語。故填lucky?！窨键c研析多維講練

●考點一

名詞的構(gòu)詞規(guī)律★★★★★1.動詞變名詞的后綴(1)-al表示人、物、行為、狀態(tài)(特殊：去e＋-al)approve贊成→approval贊成survive幸存→survival幸存arrive到達(dá)→arrival到達(dá)；到達(dá)者；到來物refuse拒絕→refusal拒絕propose提議→proposal提議；建議(2)-ance/-ence表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)或行為appear出現(xiàn)→appearance出現(xiàn)；外貌perform表演→performance表演exist存在→existence存在prefer較喜歡→preference偏愛refer參考；查閱→reference參考；查閱depend依靠→dependence依賴；依靠guide指引→guidance引導(dǎo)；指導(dǎo)(4)-s(s)ion表示行為或狀態(tài)discuss討論→discussion討論admit承認(rèn)→admission承認(rèn)；準(zhǔn)許加入decide決定→decision決定(5)-ing具有……(特征)的hear聽→hearing聽力；聽覺listen聽→listening聽；聽力begin開始→beginning開始部分(6)-ment表示行為、結(jié)果等achieve達(dá)到；完成→achievement成就develop發(fā)展→development發(fā)展(去e)argue爭論→argument爭論；論據(jù)(7)-ure/-ture表示行為或狀態(tài)fail失敗→failure失敗press壓；擠→pressure壓力mix混合→mixture混合物expose暴露→exposure面臨；暴露(8)-y表示……的動作(或過程)recover恢復(fù)→recovery恢復(fù)；痊愈discover發(fā)現(xiàn)→discovery發(fā)現(xiàn)(9)其他常見變化：choose選擇→choice選擇vary相異→variety多樣化；品種tend傾向→tendency趨向；趨勢grow生長→growth生長marry結(jié)婚→marriage婚姻carry搬→carriage客車廂；運輸pack收拾(行李)→package包；盒post郵寄→postage郵資；郵費store貯存→storage貯存2．形容詞變名詞的后綴(1)-cy表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)fluent流利→fluency流利；流暢accurate準(zhǔn)確的→accuracy準(zhǔn)確(性)private私有的→privacy隱私efficient效率高的→efficiency效率(2)-dom表示地位、狀況等free自由的→freedom自由wise明智的→wisdom智慧(3)-ness表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)dark黑的→darkness黑暗weak虛弱的→weakness虛弱kind友好的→kindness善良cold寒冷的→coldness冷淡；冷漠a(chǎn)ware知道的；意識到的→awareness知道；意識(4)-th表示結(jié)果、過程、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)warm溫暖的→warmth溫暖true真的→truth真相deep深的→depth深(度)strong強(qiáng)壯的→strength力量long長的→length長度wide寬的→width寬度(5)-y/-ity表示性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)difficult困難的→difficulty困難honest誠實的→honesty誠實safe安全的→safety安全cruel殘忍的→cruelty殘忍responsible負(fù)責(zé)的→responsibility責(zé)任(6)-ent變?yōu)?ence，-ant變?yōu)?ance,-nd變?yōu)?nsedifferent不同的→difference不同(之處)silent沉默的；不說話的→silence寂靜respond回應(yīng)→response響應(yīng)patient有耐心的→patience耐心absent缺席的→absence缺席present出席的→presence出席confident自信的→confidence信心convenient方便的→convenience便利important重要的→importance重要(性)defend防御；保衛(wèi)→defense/defence防御；保護(hù)◎即學(xué)即練(單句語法填空)1．[2022·山東省泰安市模擬]IntheeyesoftheYipeople,fireisthesymboloflight,whichisbelievedtohavetheabilitytodriveawayinsectsandpestsandprotectthe________(grow)ofcrops.答案與解析：growth句意：火在彝族人眼中是光的象征，火被認(rèn)為有驅(qū)除害蟲和保護(hù)農(nóng)作物生長的能力?？仗幾髻e語，表示“生長”應(yīng)用名詞growth，表抽象概念，不可數(shù)。3．[2022·銀川市考前適應(yīng)性訓(xùn)練]“Thenewroboticarmscostnomorethan1，000yuan，”saidChenXiaoping,________(direct)oftheRoboticsLaboratoryatUSTC,addingthatthisgivesthemanadvantageformuchwiderapplication.答案與解析：director此處用direct的名詞形式director作ChenXiaoping的同位語，意為“主管，負(fù)責(zé)人”。答案與解析：impression句意：中國人對他們的菜感到自豪。然而，當(dāng)像英國人這樣的外國人想到中國菜時，他們對中國菜的印象與你想的可能不同。在形容詞性物主代詞their后應(yīng)用名詞作主語，名詞impression意為“印象”，符合語境，根據(jù)is可知用其單數(shù)形式。

考點二

形容詞和副詞的詞形轉(zhuǎn)換★★★★★1.形容詞的構(gòu)詞規(guī)律類別例詞詞尾加-ycloud→cloudy,luck→lucky,health→healthy,sleep→sleepy詞尾加-(e)dgift→gifted,talent→talented,advance→advanced,excite→excited詞尾加-ingsurprise→surprising,convince→convincing,frighten→frightening類別例詞詞尾加-ful/-lessmeaning→meaningful/meaningless,care→careful/careless,help→helpful/helpless,harm→harmful/harmless,home→homeless,colour→colourful/colourless,use→useful/useless,thank→thankful/thankless,peace→peaceful/peaceless詞尾加-ablecomfort→comfortable,knowledge→knowledgeable,accept→acceptable,respect→respectable類別例詞詞尾加-ousdanger→dangerous,courage→courageous,humour→humorous詞尾的-ce變?yōu)?tconfidence→confident,difference→different詞尾加-almusic→musical,person→personal,nation→national,education→educational,

tradition→traditional詞尾加-lyfriend→friendly,week→weekly,love→lovely詞尾加-enwood→wooden,wool→woolen類別例詞其他常見變化energy→energetic,fool→foolish,pleasure→pleasant/pleased,science→scientific以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的名詞變成形容詞時，要雙寫該輔音字母再加-y(如sun→sunny,fun→funny等)，以e結(jié)尾的名詞要去掉e再加-y(如noise→noisy,ice→icy,taste→tasty等)動詞詞尾加-ive/-ativeattract→attractive,talk→talkative,prevent→preventive,protect→protective提示如何區(qū)分-ed形容詞與-ing形容詞解決此類問題有兩個切入點：第一，看語境表示的是“令人……”(-ing)，還是“感到……”(-ed)；第二，看語境說明的是性質(zhì)特征(-ing)，還是感受(-ed)。具體如下：(1)-ing型形容詞主要用于修飾物或事，表示事物的性質(zhì)特征，常譯為“令人……的”。(2)-ed型形容詞通常用于說明人的感受，常譯為“感到……的”，強(qiáng)調(diào)人自身的情感波動；修飾事物時，則多修飾smile(微笑),feeling(感覺),appearance(外貌),cry(哭),face(面部表情),voice(聲音),mood(情緒),look(表情)等表示人的情緒狀況的名詞。2．副詞的構(gòu)詞規(guī)律類別例詞形容詞＋后綴-lyclear→clearly,great→greatly,loud→loudly,sudden→suddenly,sincere→sincerely以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾的形容詞，把y變成i再加-lyhappy→happily,heavy→heavily,angry→angrily,lucky→luckily,noisy→noisily*shy→shyly(y的發(fā)音為/a?/，直接加-ly)類別例詞詞尾為-ble/-le的形容詞，去掉e，再加-yterrible→terribly,possible→possibly,gentle→gently,probable→probably,comfortable→comfortably,responsible→responsibly,suitable→suitably(例外：whole→wholly)詞尾為-ue的形容詞，去掉e再加-lytrue→truly(高中階段僅此一例)詞尾為-ll的形容詞，直接加-yfull→fully,dull→dully詞尾為-ic的形容詞，加-allybasic→basically,scientific→scientifically,specific→specifically,automatic→automatically◎即學(xué)即練(單句語法填空)1．[2021·浙江卷1月]But30yearslater,theBMIdifferencesbetweenurbanandruralpeopleinmanycountrieshadnarrowed________(sharp).2．[2020·新高考卷Ⅰ]Inthe18thand19thcenturies，________(wealth)peopletravelledandcollectedplants,historicalobjectsandworksofart.答案與解析：sharply考查副詞。空格處修飾動詞narrowed。故用副詞sharply“急劇地，大幅度地”。答案與解析：wealthy考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。根據(jù)空格后的名詞people可知，這里應(yīng)用形容詞wealthy作定語。3．[江蘇高考]Stevemovedtothepianoandsatatthebench,handstremblingashe________(gentle)placedhisfingersonthekeys.4．[2022·昆明三診一模]DavidKatzwasupsetbyalltheplasticgoingintotheocean.Tohelpsolvetheproblem，hehada________(create)idea—totreatplasticlikemoney.答案與解析：gently考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。根據(jù)空格后的動詞placed可知，這里應(yīng)用副詞gently作狀語。答案與解析：creative考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換(動詞變形容詞)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處修飾名詞idea，應(yīng)用形容詞形式。故填creative?？键c三

動詞的構(gòu)詞規(guī)律★★★★★前/后綴例詞前綴en-able→enable使能夠

large→enlarge擴(kuò)大rich→enrich使充實；使豐富

danger→endanger危及courage→encourage鼓勵

sure→ensure保證后綴-en

broad→broaden使變寬ripe→ripen使成熟sharp→sharpen使尖銳wide→widen加寬short→shorten變短deep→deepen加深dark→darken使變暗hard→harden使變硬-ifyclass→classify把……分類

justjustify證明……正確pure→purify凈化simple→simplify簡化beauty→beautify美化-izeapology→apologize道歉

emphasis→emphasize強(qiáng)調(diào)memory→memorize記住real→realize認(rèn)識到；實現(xiàn)◎即學(xué)即練(單句語法填空)1．Youcan________(large)yourvocabularyinmanywayssuchasreadingbooksandlisteningtotheradio.2．Inorderto________(rich)ourcampuslife,ourschoolorganizeda5kmcross-countryrunningracelastSunday.3．[2020·全國卷Ⅰ]WhileQueenslandRailmakeseveryeffortto________(sure)trainsrunasscheduled,therecanbenoguaranteeofconnectionsbetweentrainsorbetweentrainservicesandbusservices.4．[2022·T8八校高三聯(lián)考]Thiscan________(deep)theirknowledgeaboutthehistoryofthemoonandthesolarsystem.enlargeenrichensuredeepen名師指津轉(zhuǎn)化法是由一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)化為一種或幾種詞類的構(gòu)詞法。這種構(gòu)詞法詞形沒有改變，轉(zhuǎn)化后的單詞在意義上通常與原單詞有密切聯(lián)系。轉(zhuǎn)化規(guī)則例詞名詞→動詞face

(n.臉→v.面對)shoulder(n.肩→v.肩負(fù))water(n.水→v.澆水)back(n.背→v.支持)name(n.名字→v.命名)動詞→名詞look

(v.→n.)看try(v.→n.)嘗試dream(v.→n.)夢想chat(v.→n.)聊天名師指津

high、deep、wide用作副詞時表示具體概念，而highly、deeply、widely表示抽象概念。轉(zhuǎn)化規(guī)則例詞形容詞→動詞empty

(adj.空的→v.倒空)slow(adj.慢的→v.減慢)dirty(adj.臟的→v.弄臟)warm(adj.暖的→v.使變暖)形容詞→副詞hard

(adj.難的→adv.努力)high(adj.高的→adv.高)deep(adj.深的→adv.深)wide(adj.寬的→adv.寬)1．答案與解析：isfilled考查時態(tài)和語態(tài)。文章的主體時態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時。mind和fill是被動關(guān)系，這里用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)。故填isfilled。2．答案與解析：that考查定語從句?？胀庖龑?dǎo)定語從句，關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語，指的是物，先行詞被thefirst修飾。故關(guān)系詞用that。“Kungfu，inmyeyes，isamirrorofChineseculture，”Brahmsaid.“Thetradi