介紹蘇格蘭蘇格蘭歷史ABriefIntroductionofScotland

Scotland鐘文清、馬彥云、王睿中124Geographical

locationHistory3

Culture

and

customs5

IndependenceNatural

conditions

and

TourismIndexGeographical

locationScotlandis

part

of

the

United

Kingdom

and

coverthe

northern

third

of

the

island

of

GreBritain.It

shares

a

border

with

Englanto

the

south,and

is

otherwisesurrounded

by

the

Atlantic

Ocean,withthe

North

Sea

to

the

east

and

the

NorthChannel

and

Irish

Sea

to

the

south-west屬于英國(guó)領(lǐng)土，位于歐洲西部、不列顛島北部，南接英格蘭，東瀕北海，東北與西北分別與挪威、丹麥、冰島隔海相望，西臨大西洋。HistoryThe

5th

century,

the

northern

Irish

Gaelic

(Celtic

one)

to

immigrate

to

Scotland,in

Argyll

and

the

bit

where

Ada

County

area

to

establish

the

Kingdom

of

Darfur.Since

then

eastward

expansion

into

Arthur

Ersen

Lin

and

Erne

Valley,

north

toexpand

into

the

Elgin

area.

843

Ada,

dar

li

Macalpin

concurrently

Pickett

King

ofthe

Kingdom

of

the

King,

the

establishment

of

Alba

(Alba)

kingdom,

KingKenneth

I,

No.

(King

Kenneth

I

MacAlpin).

Since

then,

the

Kingdom

of

Scotlandafter

Dunkeld,

Canmore

dynasty

Barriol

Dynasty,

England

occupation,

BruceStuart

dynasty,

and

ruled

until

1707

with

the

Kingdom

of

England

ceased

toexist

after

the

merger

of

the

United

Kingdom.History史前時(shí)代與羅馬帝國(guó)蘇格蘭王國(guó)建立英格蘭影響第一次獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)第二次獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)斯圖亞特王朝瑪麗一世與英格蘭王國(guó)的合并大英帝國(guó)時(shí)期二十世紀(jì)二十一世紀(jì)Prehistory

and

the

Roman

EmpireKingdom

of

ScotlandEstablishEngland

InfluenceFirst

War

of

Independenceindependencesecond

war

ofStuartMary

I2.7

merged

with

the

Kingdom

of

Englandof

the

British

Empireof

the

twentieth

centurytwenty-first

centuryCulture

and

customs蓋爾語(yǔ)加拿大蘇格蘭蓋爾語(yǔ)，也被稱(chēng)作布雷頓角語(yǔ)的一種方言，加拿大蘇格蘭蓋爾語(yǔ)已經(jīng)在遠(yuǎn)離大陸的新斯科舍省的布雷頓角島上存在了超越200年。除了新斯科舍，在加拿大的新不倫瑞克，愛(ài)德華王子島上也有少量社區(qū)使用。同時(shí)在安大略多倫多的蓋爾移民社區(qū)也有少量人口講這種語(yǔ)言。19世紀(jì)中期，加拿大蓋爾語(yǔ)達(dá)到巔峰。這種語(yǔ)言連同它的近親——愛(ài)爾蘭蓋爾語(yǔ)——一起成為加拿大的第三大語(yǔ)言，僅排在英語(yǔ)和法語(yǔ)之后。之后蘇格蘭蓋爾語(yǔ)迅速衰落，近年來(lái)已經(jīng)近乎絕跡。Scottish

Gaelic,

sometimes

alsoreferred

to

as

Gaelic

(Gàidhlig[ka

lik]島蓋爾語(yǔ)，（當(dāng)?shù)厝藢⒅?jiǎn)稱(chēng)為蓋爾語(yǔ)(listen)),is

a

Celtic

language

native

to

（Gaelic或者The

Gaelic）。作為蘇格蘭蓋爾Scotland.

A

member

of

the

Goidelicbranch

of

the

Celtic

languages,Scottish

Gaelic,

like

Modern

Irish

andManx,

developed

out

of

Middle

Irish,and

thus

is

ultimately

descended

fromOld

Irish.Culture

and

customs蘇格蘭風(fēng)笛Scottish

BagpipeThe

bagpipe

is

the

national

instrument

of

Scotland

and

is

bestrepresented

in

the

music

of

the

Scottish

Highlands.

Highland

piperson

the

other

hand,

appearto

have

been

more

strongly

influencedby

their

Celtic

background

and

occupied

a

high

and

honouredposition.風(fēng)笛是蘇格蘭的民族樂(lè)器，并最能代表蘇格蘭高地風(fēng)俗。另一方面，風(fēng)笛似乎受到凱爾特人背景的強(qiáng)烈影響，并有舉足輕重的地位。Culture

and

customs威士忌Whisky

is

in

its

most

basic

sense,

a

spirit

that

is

distilled

from

grain.

Itis

aged

for

long

periods

of

time

in

wooden

barrels

.

This

barrel-agingsmoothes

the

rough

palate

of

the

raw

spirit

and

adds

aromatic

,

all

of

which

set

whiskies

apart

from

white

grain

spirits

,

which

are

distilledcloser

to

neutrality

in

taste

and

then

generally

not

aged

in

wood.The

basis

of

Scotch

whisky

is

the

heather-flavored

ales

made

frombarley

malt

that

the

Picts

and

their

prehistoric

ancestors

brewed.Archeologists

have

found

evidence

of

such

brewing

dating

back

to

atleast

2000

B.C.

This

ale

(which

is

still

produced

today

by

at

least

oneScottish

microbrewer)

was

low

in

alcohol

and

not

very

stable.The

local

Picts

found

that

they

could

create

a

stable

alcoholic

beverageby

distilling

theirheather

ale.

Simple

stills

came

to

be

found

in

mostrural

homesteads,

and

homemade

whisky

became

an

integral

part

of

Gaelic

culture.Culture

and

customs威士忌從最基本的意義上說(shuō)，是谷物在木桶中長(zhǎng)時(shí)間發(fā)酵而得的精神與靈魂。這種桶，老化、平滑的原始精神粗糙了口感，并增加了芳香。蘇格蘭威士忌的基礎(chǔ)是從皮克特和他們的史前祖先釀造的大麥麥芽制成的石南味的啤酒?？脊艑W(xué)家已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了這種啤酒這樣醞釀的歷史要追溯到公元前2000年左右。（這種方式沿用至今）這種酒酒精濃度低、并且不太穩(wěn)定。當(dāng)?shù)氐钠た颂厝税l(fā)現(xiàn)他們可以通過(guò)發(fā)酵他們自己種植的一種谷物來(lái)創(chuàng)造一種穩(wěn)定的酒精飲料。大多數(shù)農(nóng)村宅基地的人都發(fā)現(xiàn)了這種材料，而自制的威士忌成為蓋爾文化的一個(gè)組成部分。Natural

conditions

and

TourismEdinburgh

is

the

capital

city

of

Scotland,

located

in

Lothian

onthe

southern

shore

of

the

Firth

of

Forth.1EdinburghEdinburghEdinburghEdinburghNatural

conditions

and

TourismGlasgow

is

the

largest

city

in

Scotland,

and

the

third

largest

in

theUnited

Kingdom.

It

is

situated

on

the

River

Clyde

in

the

country"s

West

CentralLowlands.

Inhabitants

of

the

city

are

referred

to

as

Glaswegians.2GlasgowGlasgowGlasgowNatural

conditions

and

TourismScottish

Highlands

The

Scottish

Gaelic

name

of

A"

Ghàidhealtacliterally

means

"the

place

of

the

Gaels"

and

traditionally.3Scottish

HighlandScottish

HighlandScottish

HighlandIndependenceScottishIndependenceReferendumIndependence

referendumIn

March

21,

2013,

the

Britishgovernment

of

Scotland

chiefminister

Salmond

announced,Scotland

will

hold

areferendum

on

independencein

September

18,

2014,

todecide

whether

Scotland"sindependence

from

Britain.2013年3月21日，英國(guó)蘇格蘭政府首席部長(zhǎng)薩蒙德宣布，蘇格蘭將于2014年9月18日舉行獨(dú)立公投，以決定蘇格蘭是否脫離英國(guó)獨(dú)立.Independence

referendumThe

BBC

website

announced

the

final

result

of

the

referendum

at06:24

on

19

September

2014,

whereby

the

“No”

vote

prevailed

with(2,001,926)

of

the

votes

.

At

the

same

time,

th