重慶大學(xué)考博英語真題2016

2016年重慶大學(xué)博上研究生入學(xué)考試《英語》試卷及參考答案詞匯Itwasverydifficulttofindthepartsneededtodothejobbecauseofthmwaythestoreorganized.AlogicalBhaphazardCorderLyI)tidyMississippialsouploldstheSouth'swel1-deservedreputationforWann,hospitablepeople;balmyyear-roundweather;andtruly^cuisine.AdestTucBhorribleCamiableDdelectableIfsheisstupid,shefsleasanttolookAatanyrateBbychanceCatalossDbythewayThemotherwas_withgriefwhensheheardthatherchildwasdead.AfantasticBfrankCfranticDfrenzyInyourteens,pecr-groupfriendshipsmay..__fromparentsasth?majorinfluenceonyou.AtakecontrolBtakeplaceCtakeupDtakeoverParentsoftenfacedthebetweendoingwhattheyfeltwasgoodforthedevelopmentofthechildandwhattheycouldstandbyrayofundisciplinednoiseanddestruetiveness.AparadoxBjunctionCpremiseDdi1emmaTherehavebeendemonstrationsonthestreets^..therecentterroristattack.AinthewakeofBinthecourseofCinthecontextofDinthelightofThousandsofMedicarepatientswithchronicoiedicdlconditionshavebeenwronglyaccesstonecessarycare.AgrudgedBdeniedCnegatedDinvalidatedIthasbeenproposedbymanylinguiststhathumanlanguage,ourbiologicallyprogrammedabi1ithtouselanguage,isstillnotwelldefinedandunderstood.ApotentialityBperceptionCfacultyDacquisitionWesternmedicine,scienceandpractic^dbypeoplewithacademicinternational1yacceptedmedicaldegrees,isonlyoneofmanysystemsofhealing.ArootedinBoriginatedfromCtrappedinDindulgedinWhenIaskedifablackpoliticiancouldwininFrance,however?horesponded:??No?conditionsaredifferenthere.”AambiguouslyBimplicitlyCunhesitatinglyDoptimisticallyThedevelopmentofstaffcohesionandasenseofteameffortintheworkplacecanbeeffectivelybytheuseofhumor*AacquaintedBinstalledCregulatedI)facilitatedInbothAmericaandEurope,itistotipthewaiterorwaitressanywherefrom10%to20%.AelementairyBtemporaryCvolunt&ry1)customarySuchanapproachforcesmcinagcrstoconimunicatewithoneanothertmdhelpsrigiddepartmentalborndaries.ApassoverBstandforCbreakdownDsetoffAsateenager,IwasbyablindpassionforaslimstarIwouldneverniEEtinmylife.ApursuedBseducedCconsumedDguaranteedHisoriginalityasacomposeris_byth^followinggroupofsongs.AexemplifiedBcreatedCperformedDrealizedTheyaregoingtoLondon,buttheir.__destinationisRome.AultimateBprimeCnextDcardinalThepooroldmanwaswithdiabetesandwithoutpropertreatmenthewouldlosehiseyesightandbecomecripp1edverysoon,AsufferedBafflictedCinducedDinfectedIhebribeandthebridegroomwereoverwhelmedinhappines呂whentheirfamilyofferedtotakethemtoRometothemarriage.AterminateBinitiateCconsummateDseparateJoinsaidthattherichercountriesoftheworldshouldmakea…efforttohelpthepoorercountrieE.AfutileBglitteringCfranticDconcentratedTheproblemisinherentand.…inanydemocracy}butithasbeenmoresevereinoursduringthepastquartmr—centurybecauseofthenearuniversaldenigrationcfgcvernment,politicsandpoliticians,AperishableBperiodicalCperverse1)perennial22Asisknowntoall,coirunoditwilldefinitelydoharmtoourlifesoonerorlater.AcountcrfcitBfakeCimitativeDfraudulent23Itwouldbetothinkthatthiscouldsolveallthearea^sproblemsstraightaway*AsubtleBfeebleCnastyDnaive2411issurprisingthatsuchaninnocent—lookingmanshouldhavesuchacrime.AconfirmedBclarifiedCcommittedDconveryedllumniansare?whichenablesthemtorndkcdicisicnsevenwhentheycan?tjustifywhy.ArationalBreasonableChesitantDintuitiveMorethan100.catsthatusedtorotimthe呂treetsinaChineseprovincehavenowbeencollectedandorganizedintoatramtofightrodentsthataredestroy!ngcrops.A1ooseBtamedCwi1dDstaryTosaythat,hisresignationwasashockwouldbeanitcausedpanie.

AexcuseBindulgenceCexaggerationDunderstatementHeretheburdenofhistboughtisth狂tthephilosopher,aimingattruth,mustnottheseducticnoftryingtowritebeautifully.AsubjecttoBcarryonCyieldto1)aimatIfoundthesubjectverydifficult,andatonetimethoughtIshouldhavetogiveitup,butyoudirectionsaresoclearandthat.1havesucceededingettingapictureweallthinkpretty,thoughwantinginthetendergraceofyours.AonthepointBoffthepointCtothepointDuptoapaintTheybothweitchedasthEcrimescenetechnicianstooksamplesofvariousfibersandbaggedthem,dustedforfingerprint呂,tookpictuTESandtriedto_whatcouldhavehappened.ArehearseBreiterateCreinforceDreenact閱讀:ATn1896ageorgiacouplesuingfordamagesintheaccidentaldeathoftheirtwoyearold^astoldthatsincethechildhadmadenorealeconomiccontributiontothefamily,therewasnoliabilityfordamages*incontrast,lessthanacenturyLater,in1979,thEparentsofathreeyearoldsuedinNewYorkforaccidentai—de包thdamagesandwon

anawardof$750,000.thetransforma.tioninsocialvaluesimplicitinjuxta-posingthesetwoincidentsisthesubjectofvivianaze1izer?sexcellentbook,<i>pricingthepricelesschild</i>.duringtheninetEEiithcentury,sheargues,theconceptofthe"useful"childwhocontributedtothefamilyeconomygavewaygradutillytothepresentdiiynotionofthe"useless^childwho,thoughproducingnoincomefor,andindeedextremelycostlyto，itsparents,isyetconsideredemotionally'"priceless.wellEstablishedamongsegmentsofthEmiddleandupperclassesbythemid-1800?s,thisnewviewofchildhoodspreadthrough-outsocietyintheiate-nineteenthandearly-twentiethcenturiesasreformersintreducedchild-laborregulationsandcompulsoryeducatioiilawspredicainpartontheassumptionthatachild”eemotionalvaluemadechild1abortaboo,forzelizertheoriginsofthistransformationwereiDcinyandcomplex,thegradualerosionofchildren"sproductivevalueinamaturingindustrialeconomy,thedeclineinbirthanddeathrates,especiallyinchildmortality,andthedevelopmentofthecompanionatefami1y(afami1yinwhichmemberswereunitedbyexplicitbondsofloveratherthanduty)wereallfactorscriticalinchangingtheassessmentofchildren'sworth.yet^expulsionofchildrenfromthm'cashnexus,'?**althoughclearlyshapedbyprofoundchangesintheeconomic,occupational,andfamilystructures,

zelizermaint&ins*"wasalsopartofa.culturalprocess'ofsacralizationsofchildren'tectingchildrenfromthecrassbusinessworldbec(iiiicenormouslyimportantforldte^ninetecnth-centurymiddle-classAmericans,shesuggests;thissacralizationwasawayofresistingwhattheyperceivedastherelent!esscorruptionofhumanvaluesbythemarketplace,instressingthecu1turaldeterminantsofachild*sworth.zelizertakesissuewithprttctitionorsofthenew''sociologicaleconomics,"whohaveanalyzedsuchtr&ditionnllysociologicaltopicsascrime,marriage,education,andhealthsolelyintermsoftheireconomicdeterminantsallowingonlyasmallroleforculturalforcesintheformofindividual^preferences,"thesesociologiststendtoviewallhumanbehaviorasdirectedprimari1ybytheprincipleofmaximizingeconomicgain*zelizerishighlycriticalofthisapproach,andemphasizesinsteadtheoppositephenomenon:thmpowerofsocialvaluestotransformprice?aschildrenbecamemorevaluableinemotionalterms,sheargues,their"exchange^or"surrender^valueonthemarket,thatis,theconversionoftheirintangiblewrthintocashterms,becamemuchgreatEr.itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethataccidenta1eathdamageawardsinAmericaduringthenineteenthcenturytendedtobebasedprincipally

ontheearningsofthepersonattimeofdeathwealthofthepartycausingthedeathdegreeofculpabi1ityofthepartycausingthedeathamountofmoneythatheldbeenspentonthepersonkilleditcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheearly1800'schildrenweregenerallyregardedbytheirfciinilicsasindividual倉whofleededenormousamountsofsecurityandaffectionrequiredconstantsupervisionwhileworkingwereimportanttotheeconomicwell-beingofafamilywereunsuitedtospendinglonghoursinschoolwhichofthefollowingeilternativeexplanationsofthechangeinthecashvalueofchildrenwouldbemostlikelytobeputforwardbysociologicaleconomistsasthey<iredescribedinthepassage?thecashvalueofchildrenroseduringthenineteenthcentuiybecauseparentsbegantoincreasetheiremotionalinvestmentintheupbringingoftheirchildren*thecashvalueofchildrenroseduringthenineteenthcenturybecausetheirexpectedearningsoverthecourseofa1ifetimeincreasedgreatly.thecashvalueofchildrenroseduringthenineteenthcentury

becausethespreadofhumanitarianidealsresultedinawholesalereappraisaloftheworthofanindividualthectishvalueofchildrenroseduringthenineteenthcenturybecausecompulsoryeducationlawsreducedthesupply,andthusraisedthecosts,ofavailablechildlabor?thEprimarypurposeofthepassageistoreviewtheliteratureinanewciccidcinicsubfieldpfEsentthecenthesisofarecentbookcontrasttwoapproachestoanalyzinghistoricalchangerefuteatraditionslexplanationofasocialphenomenonzelizerreferstoallofthefollowingasimportantinfluencesinchangingtheassessmentofchildrenTsworthexceptchangesinthemortalityratethenatureofindustrythEnatureofthefamilyattitudestowardreformtnovenjcnlsBAstoutoldladywaswalkingwithherbasketdownthemiddleofastreetinPetrogradtothegreatconfusionofthetrafficandwithnosmal1peri1toherself.Itwaspointedouttoherth且tthepavementwastheplaceforpedestriansthutshereplied:"I'mgoing

towalkwhereIlike?We?vegottynow.1Itdidnotoccurtothmdearoldladythatiflibertyentitledthepedestriantowalkdownthemiddleoftheroad,thentheendofsuch1ibertywouldbeuniversalchaos?EverybodywouldbegettingineverybodyelseJswayandnobodywouldgetanywhere?Indi^idtuillibertywouldhavebccotnesocialanarchy.TherEisadangeroftheworldgEttingliberty-drunkintheseddysliketheoldladywiththebasket,anditisjustaswelltoifEmindourselvesofnrhattheruleoftheroadmeans.Itmeansthatinorderthatthelibertiesofallmaybepreserved,thelibertiesofeverjrbodymustbecurtailed.Whenthepoliceman,say?at卩icceidillyCircusstepsintothEmiddleoftheroadandputsouthishand,heisthesymbolnotoftyranny,butofliberty.Youmaynotthinkso.Youmay,beinginahurry,andseeingyourcarpulledupbythisinsolenceofoffice,feelthatyourlibertyhasbeenoutraged.Howdarethisfellowinterferewithyourfreeuseofthepublichighway?Then,ifyouareareasonableperson,youwillreflectthatifhedidnotinterferewithyou*hewouldinterferewithnoone,andtheresuItwou1dbethatPiccadillyCircuswouldbeamaelstromthatyouwouldnevercrossatall.Youhavesubmittedtoacurtstilnientofprivate1ibertyinorderthatyoumayenjoyasocialorderwhichmakesyourlibertyareality.Libertyi呂notapersonalaffaironly,butasocialcontrart.Iti呂anaccommodationofinterests.Inmatterswhichdonottouchanybodyelse*sliberty,ofcourse,ImaybeasfreeasIlike.IfIchoosetogodownthmroadinadressing-gownwhoshallsaymenay?Youhavelibertytolaughatme,butIhavelibertytobeindifferenttoyou.AndifIhaveafancyfordyeingmyhair，orwaxingmymoustache(whichheavenforbid),orwearingtmovercoatandsandals,orgoingtobedlateorgettingupearly,Ishallfol1owmyfancyandasknoman'spermission,Tshal1notinquireofyouwhether1mayeatmustardwithmymutton.AndyouwillnotaskmewhetheryoumayfoIlowthisreligionorthat,whetheryoumaypreferEllaWheelerWilcoxtoWordsworth,orchampagnetoshandy.InalltheseandathousandotherdetailsyouandIpleaseourselvesandasknoone"sleave?W電haveawholekingdominwhichwerulealone,cando^hatwechoose,bewiseorridiculous,harshoreasy?conventionalorodd.Butdirectlywestepoutofthatkingdoni,ourpersonallibertyofactionbecomesqualifiedbyotherpeople^sliberty.Tmightliketopracticeonthetrombonefrommidnighttillthreeinthemorning.IfIwentoiltothmtopofEveresttodoit,Icouldpleasemyself,butifIdoitinmybedroommyfamilywillobject,andifTdoitoutinthE航reetstheneighborswi11remindmethatmylibertytoblowthetrombonemustnotinterfereAviththeirlibertytosleepinquiet.TheiEarealotofpeopleintheworld,andIhavetoaccominodatemylibertytotheirliberties.Weareallliabletoforgetthis,andunfortunatelywearemuchmoreconsciousoftheimperfectionsofothersinthisrespectthanofourown.AreasonableconsidernLionfortherightsorfeelingsofothersisthefoundationofsocialconduct.Itisinthesmallmattersofconduct,intheobservanceoftheruleoftheroad,thatwepassjudgmentuponourselves,anddeclarethatwearecivi1izedoruncivilized.Thegreatmomentsofheroismandsacrificearerare.ItisthelittlehabitsofconmionplaceiritercoursethatmakeupthegreatsumoflifeandsweetEiiormakebitterthejourney.Theauthormighthavestatedhis^ulcofth&road'asA.donotwalkinthemiddleoftheroadB>followtheordersofpolicemendonotbehaveinconsideratelyinpublicdowhatyoulikeinprivateTheauthorJsattitudetotheoldladyinparagraphoneisA?condescendingB.intolerantC?objectiveDsupportiveAsituationanalogoustoth電iinsolenceofoffice"describedinparagraph2wou1dbeA.ateachercorrectinggrammarerrorsEkaneditoishortuningthetextofan已iticleataxinspectordemandingtoseesomeonesaccountsanarmyofficegivingorderstoasoldierTheauthorassumesthathemaybeasfreeashelikesinallmattersofdress亂ndfoodB>any￡itu8tionwhichdoesnotinterferewiththelibertyofothersC*anythingthatisnotagainstthelawD.hisownhomeInthesentence'WeareallHable.*theauthorisA.pointingoutageneralweaknessB>emphasizinghismainpointcountEfingageneralmisconceptionsuggestingaremedyCThenameofFlorenceNightingalelivesinthememoryoftheworldbyvirtueoftheheroicadventurgoftheCrimea.Hadshedied-asshenearlydid-uponherreturntoEngland,herreputa/tionwou1dhardlyhavebeendifferent;herlegendwould5havecomedowntousalmostasweknowittoday-thatgentlevisionoffemalevirtuewhichfirsttookshapebeforetheadoringeyesofthesicksoldiersatScutari,Yet,asamatteroffact,shelivedformorethanhalfacenturyaftETtheCrimeanWar;andduringthegreaterpartofthatlongperiodalltheenergyanda11the10devotio門ofherextraordinarynaturewereworkinga±theirhighestpitch.Whatsheaccomplishedinthoseyearsofunknownlaborcould,indeed,hardlyhavebeenmoregloriousthanherCrimeantriumphs;butitwascertainlymoreimportent.Thetruehistorywasfarstrangereventhanthemyth.InMissNightingale"s15owneyestheadventureoftheCrimeawasamereincident一scarcelymorethana.usefulstepping~stoneinhercareer.Itwasthefulcrum更ithwhichshehopedtomovetheworld;butitw且呂onlythefulcrum.Formorethanagenerationshewastositinsecret,workingherlever:andherreallifebeganatthevery20momentwhen,inpopularimagination,ithadended.ShearrivedinEnglandinashatteredstateofhe且1th.Thehardshipsandtheceaselesseffortsofthelasttwoyearshadunderminedhernervoussystem;herhetirtwasaffected;shesufferedconstantlyfromfainting-fitsandterribleattacksofutter25physicalprostration.Thedoctor呂declaredthatonethingalonewouldsaveher-acompleteandprolongedrest.ButthatwasalsothEonethingwithwhichsheTOuldhavenothingtodo.Shehadneverbeeninthehabitofresting;whyshouldshebeginnow?Now,^honheropportunityhadcomeatlast;now,whentheiron30washot,anditwastimetostrike?No;shehadworktodo;and,comewhatmight,shewoulddoit.Thedoctorsprotestedinvain:invainherfamilylamentedandentreatEtl,invainherfriendspointedouttoherthemadnessofsuchacourse.Madness?Mad-possessed一perhapsshewas?Afrenzyhadseizeduponher.As35she1ayuponhersofafgasping,shedevouredblue-books,dictatedletters,and,intheintervalsofherpalpitations,crackedjokes.Formonthsatastretchsheneverleftherbed.Butshewouldnotrest.Atthisrate,thedoctorsassuredher,evenifshedidnotdie,shewouldbecome亂ninvalidforlife.Shecouldnothelpthat;there40wasworktobedone;and?asforrest,verylikelyshemightrest...whenshehaddoneit.Wherevershewent,toLondonorinthecountry,inthehillsofDerbyshire,oramongtherhododendronsatEmbley,shewashauntmdbyaghost.TtwasthespecterofScutari-thehideous45visionoftheorganizationofamilitaryhospitaLShewouldlaythatphantom,orshewouldperish.ThewholesystemoftheArmyMedicalDepartuiEiit，theeducationoftheMedic且1Officer,thmregulationsofhospitalprocedure■…rest?Howcouldsherestwhilethesethingswereastheywere,while,ifthelikenecessity50weretoariseagain,thElikeresuItswouldfollow?And,eveninpeaceandathome,whatwasthesanitaryconditionoftheArmy?Themortalityinthebarracks,was,shefound,nearlydoublethemortalityincivillife,1Youmightaswelltake1,100meneveryy^aroutuponSalisburyPlainandshootthem,?shesaid.After55inspectingthehospitalsatChathfim*shesmi1edgrimly*JYes,thisisonemoresymptomofthesystemwhich,intheCrimea,puttodeath16,000men*JScutarihadgivenherknowledge;andithadgivenherpowertoo:herenormousreputationwasaitherback一anincalculableforce.Otherwork,otherduties,mightliebefore60her;butthemosturgent,themostobvious,ofallwastolooktothEhea1thoftheArmy.LAccordingtothe已uthor?theworkdoneduringthelastfiftyyearsofFlorenceNightingaleJslifewas,whencomparedwithherworkintheCrimea,allofthefollowingexceptA*lessdramaticB+lessdemanding1esswell-knowntothepublicmoreimportant卩aragrapht?「opaintsapictureofawomanwhoisment總llyshatteredEkstubbornandquerulousC*physicallyweakbutmental1yindomitableDpurposefultiresome.Theprimarypurposeofparagraph3isto1A*accountforconditionsinthearmyshowtheneedforhospitalreformC*explainMissNightingale'smainconcernsD.arguethatpeacetimeconditionswereworsethanwartimeconditionsTheauthorJsattitudetohismaterialisA*disinterestedreportingofbiographicaldetailsB.over-inflationofareputationC*debunkingamythD.interpretationaswelldsnarrationInherstatement(lines53-54)MissNightingaleintendedto'A*criticizetheconditionsinhospitalsB+high1ighttheunhealthyconditionsunderwhichordinarysoldiers

werelivingprovethatconditionsinthebarrackswereasbadasthoseinamilitaryhospitalridiculethedangersofarmylifeDHowmanyreallysufferasaresuItoflabormarketproblems?Thisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions*Tnmanyways,oursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930a€nswhenmostoftheunomployedwereprimarybreadwinners,whenincometindearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistence,andwhentherewerenocountervailingsocitilprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket*Increasingaffluence,theriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearner,thegrowingpredomirmneeofsecondarycornersamongtheunemployed,andimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooversta/tEthedimensionsofhardship.AmongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowthEminimumwagelevel,theoverwhelmingmajorityarefrommultiple一eeltfi電relativelyaffluentfamilies?Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforce,sothe

povertyistatistic呂arebynomeansanaccurateindicatorofIabormarketpathologies.Yettherearealsomdnywaysoursocieilsltitistic名underestimatethedegreeoflabor-market—relatmdhardship.Theunemploynientcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapacityforself^support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonth,thosewhosufferasaresuItofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemployment,eventhoughonlyaniinorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffer.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttai1ies,thereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfull-timework,orelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finally,incometransfersinourconntzr*havealwaysfocusedontheelderly,disabled^anddependent,neglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoor,sothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandin一kindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthe1abormarketareadequately卩rotected.Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidence,itisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresuItoflabormarketproblemsnumberinthehundredsofthousandsorthetensofmillions,and,hence,whetherhigh

levelsofjoblessnesscanbeto1電iht^dormustbecountw匸wdbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus*ThereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebateaC??thattheexistingpoverty,cniplayment,andearningsstatistixareinadequateforonetheirprimaryappliestiore,measuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems,Whichofthefollowingistheprincipciltopicofthepassage?WhatcauseslabormarketpathologiesthattesuitinsufferingWyincomemeasuresareimpreciseinmeasuringdegreesofpovertyWhEiEtheareasofagreementareamongpoverty,employnientjandearningsfiguresHowsocialst^ti妣icsgiveanunclearpictureofthedegreeofhardshipcausedbylowwagesandinsufficientemploy田電ntopportunitiesTheeiuthoruseslabormarketproblemsinlinesH2torefertowhichofthefollowing?Theoverttl1causesofpovertyDeficienciesinthetrainingoftheworkforceTraderelationshipsamongproducersofgoodsShort&gesofjobsprovidingadequateincomeWhichofthEfollowingproposalsbestrespondstothEissuesraisedbytheauthor?Innovativeprogramsusingmultipleapproachesshouldbesetuptoreducelevelofunemployment.Acompramiseshouldbefoundbetweenthepositionsofthosewhoviewjoblessnessasdnevilgreaterthaneconomiccontrolandthosewhoholdtheoppositeview.Newstatisticalindicesshouldbedevelopedtomeasurethedegreetowhichunemploymentandinadequatelypaidemploymentcausesuffering.Considerationshouldbogiventothewaysinwhichstatisticsctineictaspartialcausesofthephenomenatheittheypurporttomeasure.Theauthorstatesthatthemitigatin宵effectofsocialprogramsinvolvingincometransfersontheincomeleveloflow-incomepeopleisoftennotfeltbytheemployedpoordependentchildreninsingle~earnerfamiliesworkerswhobecomedisabledTEtiredworkersAccordingtothepassage,onefactorthat