構(gòu)詞法精講精練

構(gòu)詞法精講精練安徽崔懷金英語的構(gòu)詞法主要有三種：合成法，派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。一、合成法兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上獨(dú)立的詞合成一個(gè)新詞叫合成詞。常見的有合成形容詞，合成名詞，合成動(dòng)詞。合成名詞名詞+名詞：spaceship宇宙飛船；airplane飛機(jī)；football足球；bedroom臥室；chairman主席；firewood柴火;girlfriend女友;housewife家庭主婦；hometown家鄉(xiāng)；moon-cake月餅；southeast東南方；sunlight陽光；shopkeeper店主；seafood海鮮；fireman消防隊(duì)員。名詞+介詞+名詞：son-in-law女婿；mother-in-law婆母/岳母；stander-by旁觀者。名詞+動(dòng)名詞：handwriting手寫；machine-building機(jī)械制造；sun-bathing陽光浴。動(dòng)名詞+名詞：waiting-room候車/診室；reading-room閱覽室；sleeping-pill安眠藥。形容詞+名詞：highway公路；blackboard黑板；blueprint藍(lán)圖；double-talk含糊其詞；best-seller暢銷書；gentleman紳士；shortwave短波；wildlife野生動(dòng)物。動(dòng)詞+名詞：washroom廁所；crybaby愛哭訴的人；watchdog看門狗。名詞+動(dòng)詞：daybreak黎明/拂曉；sunrise日出；sunset日落；haircut理發(fā)；waterfall瀑布；rainfall降雨/降雨量；handshake握手；home-produce國產(chǎn)的；headache頭疼。動(dòng)詞+副詞：get-together聚會(huì)；break-through突破；turn-off斷開。副詞+動(dòng)詞：outbreak爆發(fā)；output輸出；input輸入。介詞/副詞+名詞：afternoon下午；by-product副產(chǎn)品。合成形容詞名詞/形容詞/副詞+形容詞：grass-green草綠的；colour-blind色盲的；duty-free免稅的；light-blue淺藍(lán)的；grey-green灰綠色。名詞/形容詞/副詞+過去分詞：這類詞合成形容詞，與所修飾的名詞之間構(gòu)成了被動(dòng)關(guān)系，如awell-knownwriter即awriterwhoiswellknown，故動(dòng)詞用過去分詞形式表被動(dòng)。而與人體部位或性情有關(guān)的名詞，往往加上ed后與前面的形容詞一起構(gòu)成合成形容詞。如：man-made人造的；snow-covered白雪覆蓋的；state-run國營的；ready-made現(xiàn)成的；low-priced價(jià)格低的；new-born新生的；widespread分布廣的；quick-frozen速凍的；dry-cleaned十洗的；sunburnt曬黑的；so-called所謂的；absent-minded心不在焉的；blue-eyed藍(lán)眼睛的；white-haire白發(fā)蒼蒼的；good-tempered脾氣好的；three-legged三條腿的；middle-aged中年的。名詞/形容詞/副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞：這類詞所修飾的名詞都與合成詞中的動(dòng)詞有主謂關(guān)系，peace-lovingpeople即peoplewholovepeace，所以動(dòng)詞只能用-ing形式表示這種主動(dòng)關(guān)系。如:body-building健身；sightseeing觀光；English-speaking講英語的；flesh-eating食肉的；paper-making造紙的；good-looking好看的；hardworking勤勞的；far-reaching深遠(yuǎn)的，伸至遠(yuǎn)處的；breathtaking使人吃驚的。其它由介詞、數(shù)詞合成的形容詞：face-to-face面對面的；heart-to-hear坦誠的；shoulder-by-shoulder肩并肩的；five-year-old五歲的；five-hundred-word五百字的；two-thirds三分之二的。合成動(dòng)詞名詞/形容詞/副詞+動(dòng)詞：mass-produce大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)；safe-guard保衛(wèi)；ill-treat虐待合成副詞代詞/副詞+副詞：anywhere任何地方；however然而。形容詞/副詞+名詞：anyway無論如何；downstairs在樓下。合成代詞some，any，no可以與-thing，-one，-body構(gòu)成合成詞。如：anybody任何人；something某事；nobody沒有人；someone某人。二、 轉(zhuǎn)化法轉(zhuǎn)化是指詞由一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種，而詞形不變。動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞desire愿望；love愛；smell氣味；attempt企圖；fall下落；hit擊中；answer回答；catch捕捉物；find發(fā)現(xiàn)物；cheat騙子；coach教練；cover封面；walk行走；throw拋棄；swim游泳形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞daily日報(bào)；weekly周報(bào)；final期終考試；right正確；wrong錯(cuò)誤。名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞map繪制地圖；bottle裝瓶；carpet鋪地毯；butter涂黃油；coat給穿上上衣;oil上油；hand交付；nurse護(hù)理；cash兌換現(xiàn)金；group分類；mail郵寄；bicycle騎自行車；boat裝入船內(nèi)。形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞fool愚弄；calm使平靜；dirty弄臟；lower降下；empty變空；narrow變窄；slow減慢；back支持。三、 派生法在一個(gè)單詞的前面或后面加上一個(gè)詞綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)新詞的方法稱為派生詞。加在前面的詞綴成為前綴，加在后面的詞綴成為后綴。常見的前后綴主要有：前綴1）表示否定意義的前綴dis-,un-,in-,im-,il-,ir-等用在動(dòng)詞、形容詞或名詞前。如：disappear消失；dislike不喜歡；discourage泄氣；discover發(fā)現(xiàn)；disobey不遵從；disbelieve不相信；dishonest不誠實(shí)的；disadvantage不利條件，缺點(diǎn)；unlock開鎖；uncover揭開；unable不能的；unhealthy不健康的；unsuccessful不成功的；uncommon不普通的；unpleasant令人不快的；unfortunate不幸的；indirect間接的；incorrect不正確的；inactive不活動(dòng)的；impossible不可能的；illegal非法的；invisible看不見的；irregular不規(guī)則的。re-表示“重新，再”，用在動(dòng)詞前。如：return返回，歸還；rebuild重新建造；recycle再循環(huán)；reconsider重新考慮；review復(fù)習(xí)；remarry再婚。en-“使能夠”，用在動(dòng)詞前。如：encourage鼓勵(lì)（使有勇氣）；enable使能夠。二、后綴名詞后綴1） 表示人的后綴：-er,-or"……者”-ese“……地方的人”-ian“精通……的人； 地方的人”；-ist“專業(yè)人員”。如：speaker演講者；passenger旅客；owner所有者；competitor競爭者；editor編輯；operator接線員；Japanese日本人；musician音樂家；Russian俄國人chemist化學(xué)家；journalist記者；typist打字員；scientist科學(xué)家；artist藝術(shù)家。2） 其它的名詞后綴，多表示“性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、動(dòng)作、過程、結(jié)果”等，如-ment，-ness，-ence（ance），-tion，-ty等：kindness仁慈；happiness快樂；business商業(yè)；darkness黑暗；weakness虛弱；agreement同意；disappointment失望；treatment療法；employment雇傭；encouragement鼓勵(lì)；honesty誠實(shí)；difficulty困難；ability能力；poverty貧窮；importance重要性；performance表演；silence沉默；difference不同。形容詞后綴形容詞后綴多表示“具有 性質(zhì)；與 有關(guān)”，常見的有：-able"可以 的；顯示，性質(zhì)……”；-ful“充滿……的”；-less"沒有……的”；-y,-ly,-ous,-ish,-ic,-ical,-ive,-al等“具有 性質(zhì)的"。如：respectable可敬的；eatable可吃的；comfortable舒服的；valuable有價(jià)值的；fashionable時(shí)髦的；loveable可愛的；beautiful漂亮的；successful成功的；wonderful精彩的；mouthful滿嘴的;shameful可恥的；hopeful充滿希望的；jobless無業(yè)的；cordless無線的；homeless無家可歸的；helpless無助的；funny滑稽的；sunny陽光明媚的；cloudy多云的；wealthy富有的；friendly友好；fatherly父親般的；manly有男子氣概的；nervous緊張的；famous著名的；dangerous危險(xiǎn)的；poisonous有毒的；mountainous山區(qū)的；humorous幽默的；foolish愚蠢的；basic基礎(chǔ)的；scientific科學(xué)的；medical醫(yī)藥的；expensive昂貴的；selfish自私的；personal個(gè)人的；educational教育的；political政治的。動(dòng)詞后綴動(dòng)詞后綴多表示使動(dòng)意義：-fy“使成為，使……進(jìn)入狀態(tài)”；-is（z）e“使成為，使化”;-en表示“使”等。如：beautify美化；simplify簡化；horrify使恐怖；purify凈化；memorize記??；apologize道歉；realize實(shí)；modernize使 現(xiàn)代化；industrialize使工業(yè)化；nationalize使國有化；widen拓寬；blacken染黑；fasten扣緊；shorten使變短，縮短。副詞性后綴：-ly" 地"；-ward/-wards"朝向"等。如：completely完全地；really真正地；nervously緊張地；noisily吵鬧地；finally最后；quietly安靜地；backward向后；upward向上11、高考回顧從A、B、C、D中選出可以填入空白處的最佳答案。Mybrotherisreally.Heoftenworksinhisofficefarintothenight.（2008天津卷）A.open-minded B.hard-workingC.self-confidentD.warm-heartedMakesureyou’vegotthepassportsandticketsandbeforeyouleave.（2008山東卷）A.something B.anything C.everything D.nothing Hi,Mark.Howwasthemusicalevening? Excellent!AlesandAndyperformedandtheywonthefirsprize.（2008安徽卷）TOC\o"1-5"\h\zA.skillfully B.commonly C.willingly D.nervouslyRunningacompanyisnotamatterofhiringpeople—theyalsoneedtobetrained.（2008浙江卷）A.simply B.partly C.seriously D.equallyAsheworksinaremotearea,hevisitshisparentsonly.（2008湖北卷）A.occasionally B.anxiously C.practically D.urgentlySpeakingofallthesongshehaswritten,Ithinkthisisprobablyhisone.（2007全國卷II）A.better-known B.well-known C.best-knownD.most-known7.Thefinalscoreofthebasketballmatchwas93-94.Wewereonly— beaten.（2007天津卷）A.nearlyB.slightlyC.narrowlyD.lightly8.Youcanseethestarsonaclearnight,butinthedaytimetheyare.（2006上海卷）A.unavoidableB.invisibleC.inaccessibleD.unavailablem、實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練從A、B、C、D中選出可以填入空白處的最佳答案。Hefoundalotofwere.A.passers-by;grown-upsB.passer-bys;growns-upC.passer-bys;grown-upsD.passers-by;growns-upIfyouwanttostudyinancountry,youshouldfirstimproveyourEnglish.A.English-speaking,spoken B.English-spoken,spokenC.English-speaking,speaking D.English-spoken,speakingTheirdaughterisagirl.A.ten-years-old;good-looked B.ten-year-old;good-lookedC.ten-years-old;good-looking D.ten-year-old;good-lookingAsyousee,thepandausedtobeakindofanimal,butnowtheyliveonlyonbamboo.A.meat-eatenB.meat-ateC.meat-eatingD.meat-eatMysisterhastwobeautiful.A.tooth-brushesB.tooth-brushC.teeth-brushesD.teeth-brushIhavetowritecompositionthisevening.A.a800-word B.a800-words C.an800-wordD.an800-wordsThemanistheonlyofthecaraccident.A.survivalB.surviveC.survivingD.survivorFatherChristmasissothathepresentstoeverychildapresentonChristmasDay.A.kind-heart B.kind-hearting C.kind-hearted D.kindly-heartHeisanexpertatchemistry.Weallcallhima.A.chemistryB.chemical C.chemist D.physicianHetreatsallhisclassmates.A.manly B.friendlyC.warmlyD.brotherly高考回顧答案1-5BCAAA6-8CCBB?？疾楹铣尚稳菰~含義的區(qū)別：open-minded"無偏見的;虛心的”；hard-working“勤勞的”;self-confident"自信的”；warm-hearted"熱心的"。C?？疾楹铣纱~的用法。A?？疾榕缮~的含義區(qū)別：skillfully“靈巧地，嫻熟地”；commonly“常見的;共同的”；willingly"自動(dòng)地；欣然地”；nervously"緊張的”。A?？疾榕缮痹~的含義區(qū)別。A。occasionally"偶爾；偶然"；anxiously“急切地”；practically"幾乎；實(shí)際上”；urgently"緊急地”。C?？?/p>