英國概況之政府

Thegovernmentofthe

UnitedKingdomThesystemofgovernment:constitutionalmonarchyTheUnitedKingdomisaconstitutionalmonarchy,theheadofstateisaKingoraQueen.TheUnitedKingdomisgoverned,inthenameoftheSovereignbyHisorHerMajesty’sGovernment.

聯(lián)合王國是君主立憲制國家,國家的首腦是國王或女王。聯(lián)合王國以君的名義,由國王或女王陛下政府治理。Thesystemofparliamentarygovernmentisnotbasedonawrittenconstitution.TheBritishconstitutionisnotsetoutinanysingledocument.Itismadeupofstatutelaw,commonlawandconventions.TheJudiciarydeterminescommonlawandinterpretsstatutes.英國的議會制度并不是基于成文憲法,英國憲法不由單一文件構(gòu)成,而由成文法,習(xí)慣法和慣例組成。司法部門裁定習(xí)慣法或解釋成文法。Theformationofgovernment

theU.Kisdividedinto659geographicalareas(constituencies)選區(qū)----eachonehasitsownMP(MemberofParliament)intheparliament.thepartythatholdsthemajorityoftheseatsinparliamentformsthegovernmentandthepartyleaderasthePrimeMinister.termofservice---Eachgovernmentcanbeinpowerfor5yearsthenithastoresignandholda“generalelection”.TheConstitution--BritainhasnowrittenConstitution.ThefoundationsoftheBritishStatearelaidoutinstatutelaw(成文法),whicharelawspassedbyParliamentthecommonlaws(普通法,判例法),whicharelawsestablishedthroughcommonpracticeinthecourtsconventions(習(xí)慣法),whicharerulesandpracticesnotexistinglegally,butregardedasvitaltotheworkingsofgovernment.TheMonarchy（君主制）---theoldestinstitutionofgovernment(hereditary)divinerightofkings(君權(quán)神授)---TheancientdoctrineheldthatthesovereignderivedhisauthorityfromGod,notfromhissubjects.Thiswasusedbythekingsasanexcuseforabusingpower.Andthedisputeoverthepowerofthekingandtheparliamentledtothecivilwar.MagnaCarta---amedievalLatinnamemeaning“GreatCharter”.In1215,KingJohnwasforcedbyagroupoffeudalbaronsandtheChurchtograntthemacharteroflibertyandpoliticalrights.MagnaCartaplacedsomelimitsontheking’sabilitytoabusehisroyalpower.ThisisstillregardedasBritain’skeyexpressionoftherightsofcitizensagainsttheCrown.TheParliamentTheDisputeoverthePowerofKingVSParliament1).JamesI/CharlesI/CharlesII/JamesIItriedtogovernwithouttheconsentofparliament2)Thesettlementofthedispute-----intheGloriousRevolutionMaryandWilliamofOrange(fromHolland)replacedJamesII(hetriedtorestoreCatholicsbetheChurchofEngland)in1688.3)ParliamentpassedtheBillofRightsin1689,whichensuredthattheKingwouldneverbeabletoignoreParliament.functions:passeslawsvotingfortaxationscrutinizegovernmentpolicy,administrationandexpenditureandtodebatethemajorissuesoftheday.power

(ParliamentissupremeintheBritishState)ItalonehasthepowertochangethetermsoftheConstitution.TherearenolegalrestraintsuponParliament.Itcanmakeorchangelaws,changeoroverturnestablishedconventionsorevenprolongitsownlifewithoutconsultingtheelectorate.(修改或推翻已成定規(guī)的習(xí)慣法,甚至可以不用征得選民同意而推遲選舉日期)threeinstitutions

---theQueen,theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommonstheHouseofLords---theLordsSpiritual(上議院的神職議員),whoaretheArchbishopsandmostprominentbishopsoftheChurchofEngland;andtheLordsTemporal(上議院的世俗議員),whichreferstothoselordswhoeitherhaveinheritedtheseatfromtheirforefathers(calledhereditarypeers)ortheyhavebeenappointed(bythesovereign,atthesuggestionofthePrimeMinisterandwerecalledlifepeers(終身貴族).TherolesoftheHouseofLords.Receivingnosalary

ArenotelectedfewattendingtheparliamentsittingsRepresentingtheirowninteresttheHouseofCommonsParliament(MPs)elected---therealcenterofBritishpoliticallifewhichconsistsofabout650Membersofbythepeopletorepresentthem.TheseMPsareelectedintheGeneralElectionsandshouldmakeanddebatepolicyintheinterestsofthepeoplewhovoteforthem.The