汽車專業(yè)英語 1 automotive basics

汽車專業(yè)英語

SpecialtyEnglishforAutomobile劉永剛E-mail:andyliuyg@TelodyBrakingEngineSuspensionSteeringPowertrainElectricalsystemChassisChapter1AutomotiveBasicsWhat’sthemainpartsofanautomobile?Today’saveragecarcontainsmorethan15,000separate,individualpartsthatmustworktogether.Thesepartscanbegroupedintofourmajorcategories:body,engine,chassisandelectricalsystem?，F(xiàn)在的車輛一般都由15000多個(gè)分散、獨(dú)立且相互配合的零部件組成。這些零部件主要分為四類：車身、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、底盤和電氣系統(tǒng)。Chassis：thebaseframeofamotorvehicle,carriage,orotherwheeledconveyanceEngine：amachinewithmovingpartsthatconvertspowerintomotion1.1BodyAnautomobilebodyisasheetmetalshellwithwindows,doors,ahoodandatrunkdeckbuiltintoit.Itprovidesaprotectivecoveringfortheengine,passengersandcargo.汽車車身是一個(gè)包含窗子、車門、一個(gè)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)罩、一個(gè)行李箱蓋的金屬薄殼。汽車車身為發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、乘員和貨物提供了保護(hù)。Hood：發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)罩bonnet軟帽Trunkdeck：行李箱蓋

Trunk/boot：行李箱靴子Baggage：行李luggageCargo：貨物goodsThebodyisdesignedtokeeppassengerssafeandcomfortable.Thebodystylingprovidesanattractive,colorful,modernsappearanceforthevehicle.汽車車身的設(shè)計(jì)還應(yīng)該保證乘員的安全舒適。車身的造型（款式）使得汽車看起來漂亮迷人、色彩斑斕、時(shí)尚前衛(wèi)。ThreepointsseatbeltinacarFivepointsharnessinaracingcar鎧甲甲胄AirbagAsedanhasanenclosedbodywithamaximumof4doorstoallowaccesstothepassengercompartment.Thedesignalsoallowsforstorageofluggageorothergoods.Asedancanalsobereferredtoasasaloonandtraditionallyhasafixedroof.Therearesoft-topversionsofthesamebodydesignexceptforhaving2doors,andthesearecommonlyreferredtoasconvertibles.轎車車身為封閉式，轎車最多有4個(gè)車門，乘員通過車門進(jìn)出。另外車身的設(shè)計(jì)還應(yīng)考慮行李和貨物的存放。傳統(tǒng)的轎車都是硬頂車身。活頂乘用車（敞篷車）的車頂是軟頂，車身設(shè)計(jì)與普通轎車類似，但只有兩個(gè)車門。行李箱行李==？發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)//發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)罩Trunk/bootLuggage/baggageEngine//hook/bonnetTheutilityorpick-upcarriesgoods.Usuallyithasstrongerchassiscomponentsandsuspensionthanasedantosupportgreatergrossvehiclemass.皮卡一般用來運(yùn)載貨物。為能承載更大的總質(zhì)量，皮卡的底盤部件和懸架比轎車更結(jié)實(shí)。utility/pick-up:

皮卡Grossvehiclemass：車輛總質(zhì)量Curbweight汽車整備重量Lightvehiclevanscanbebasedoncommonsedandesignsorredesignssothatmaximumcargospaceisavailable.輕型貨車一般是基于普通轎車設(shè)計(jì)的，或是重新設(shè)計(jì)使可用載貨空間最大化。Avanisakindofvehicleusedfortransportinggoodsorgroupsofpeople.Itisusuallyabox-shapedvehicleonfourwheels,aboutthesamewidthandlengthasalargeautomobile,buttallerandusuallyhigherofftheground,alsoreferredtoasalightcommercialvehicleorLCV.However,inNorthAmerica,thetermmaybeusedtorefertoanytruckwitharigidcargobodyfixedtothecab,evenuptolargesizes.Thebodyofcommercialvehiclesthattransportgoodsaredesignedforthatspecificpurpose.Tankerstransportfluids,tipperscarryearthorbulkgrains,flatbedsandvansareusedforgeneralgoodstransport.用于運(yùn)輸貨物的商用車車身必須滿足具體要求，例如運(yùn)輸液體的油罐車、運(yùn)輸泥土或散裝谷物的自卸車、運(yùn)輸一般貨物的平板車或貨車。nosidesorroofBusesandcoachesareusually4-wheelrigidvehicles,butalargenumberofwheelsandaxlescanbeused.Sometimesarticulatedbusesareusedtoincreasecapacity.Busesandcoachescanbesingle-deckordouble-deck.Busesarecommonlyusedincitiesascommutertransportswhilecoachesaremoreluxurioususedforlongdistances.客車和長途汽車一般是有4個(gè)車輪的整體式車輛，也能配備更多的車輪和車橋。為了增加客車的載客量往往使用由鉸鏈連接的客車。公共汽車和長途汽車有單層和雙層兩種。公共汽車一般用城市內(nèi)公共交通，而長途汽車一般用于長距離的旅行。single-deckbusdouble-deckerArticulatedbusCoach1.2EngineTheengineactsasthepowerunit.Theinternalcombustionengineismostcommon:thisobtainsitspowerbyburningaliquidfuelinsidetheenginecylinder.Therearetwotypesofengine:gasoline(alsocalledaspark-ignitionengine)anddiesel(alsocalledacompression-ignitionengine).Bothenginesarecalledheatengines;theburningfuelgeneratesheatwhichcausesthegasinsidethecylindertoincreaseitspressureandsupplypowertorotateashaftconnectedtothepowertrain.發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)//內(nèi)燃機(jī)//汽油（點(diǎn)燃式）//柴油（壓燃式）//熱力發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)//動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)系發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)作為動(dòng)力設(shè)備，常見的類型是內(nèi)燃機(jī)，其原理是通過發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)缸內(nèi)的液體燃料燃燒而產(chǎn)生能量。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)可分為兩類：汽油機(jī)（點(diǎn)燃式）和柴油機(jī)（壓燃式），都屬于熱力發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。燃料燃燒產(chǎn)生熱量使缸內(nèi)氣體氣壓上升，從而產(chǎn)生能量，驅(qū)動(dòng)與動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)系相連接的軸旋轉(zhuǎn)。Thewayenginecylindersarearrangediscalledengineconfiguration.In-lineengineshavethecylindersinaline.Thedesigncreatesasimplycastengineblock.Invehiclesapplications,thenumberofcylindersisnormallyfrom2upto6.Usually,thecylindersarevertical.Asthenumberofthecylindersincrease,thelengthoftheblockandcrankshaftcanbecomeaproblem.OnewaytoavoidthisiswithaVconfiguration.Thedesignmakestheenginesblockandcrankshaftshorterandmorerigid.發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的布置即發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)氣缸的排列方式。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)缸體按直線排列的即直列式，這種布置使得發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)缸體結(jié)構(gòu)簡單。汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)一般為2~6缸，通常氣缸是垂直放置的，但氣缸數(shù)量的增加會(huì)導(dǎo)致缸體和曲軸的長度過大，解決問題的措施之一就是采用V型布置，這種布置方式可以使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)缸體和曲軸長度尺寸更短，從而大大增加剛度。Thefourbasiccylinderarrangementsofadieselorgas-burningengineare:cylinder-in-line;V-arrangementandFlat.Anenginelocatedatthefrontcanbemountedlongitudinallyandcandriveeitherthefrontortherearwheels.Rearenginevehicleshavetheenginemountedbehindtherearwheels.Theenginecanbetransverseorlongitudinalandusuallydrivetherearwheelsonly.前置發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)可以縱向布置，能夠驅(qū)動(dòng)前輪或后輪。后置發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)布置在后輪后側(cè)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)即可縱向布置又可橫向布置，一般只能驅(qū)動(dòng)后輪。aninternal-combustionengineinwhichheatproducedbythecompressionofairinthecylinderisusedtoignitethefuel.Internalcombustionengine:內(nèi)燃機(jī)、外燃機(jī)Cylinder:汽缸圓柱體Gasoline//diesel：汽油柴油

Ignition：點(diǎn)燃igniteShaft//Crankshaft:軸曲軸TransmissionConfigurationLongitudinal：縱向Transverse：橫向車身轎車車廂發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)罩鉸接式客車皮卡內(nèi)燃機(jī)行李箱蓋造型、外形貨物發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)bodySedan//salooncompartmentHood//bonnetArticulatedbusPick-up//utilityInternalcombustionengineTrunkdeck/lidstylingcargoengine1.3ChassisPowertrainsystem:conveysthedrivetothewheelsSteeringsystem:controlsthedirectionofmovementSuspensionsystem(runninggear):absorbstheroadshocksBrakingsystem:slowsdownthevehicle底盤總成是由作為汽車主要運(yùn)行部分的各系統(tǒng)組成，包括動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)系、轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)、懸架和制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。1.3.1Powertrainsystem:Clutch(torqueconverter/fluidcoupling)離合器（液力變矩器）Transmission變速箱Manual//automaticDriveshaft傳動(dòng)軸finaldrive主減速器

differentialgear差速器齒輪drivingaxle驅(qū)動(dòng)橋Transaxle:anintegraldrivingaxleanddifferentialgearinmotorvehicle變速器驅(qū)動(dòng)橋Topandsideviewofatypicalmanualtransmission,inthiscaseaFord"Toploader",usedincarswithtypicalexternalgearshifter.

driveshaftFinaldrive//DifferentialDrivingaxles

傳動(dòng)系把發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸出的扭矩傳遞給驅(qū)動(dòng)輪。傳動(dòng)系包括離合器（對應(yīng)機(jī)械變速器）或液力變矩器（對應(yīng)液力自動(dòng)變速器）、變速器、驅(qū)動(dòng)軸、主減速器、差速器和驅(qū)動(dòng)橋。另外有些傳動(dòng)系采用由變速器、主減速器和差速器組成的一體式的變速驅(qū)動(dòng)橋。（或者采用一個(gè)獨(dú)立的變速驅(qū)動(dòng)橋，即變速器……在同一個(gè)箱體內(nèi)。）

對于采用機(jī)械變速器的汽車，其發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)扭矩由離合器傳遞給變速器或變速驅(qū)動(dòng)橋，并通過離合器來控制發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和傳動(dòng)系的嚙合或分離。變速器包含了不同傳動(dòng)比的齒輪副，能夠增加或減小扭矩。選擇的齒輪速比越小，傳遞的扭矩最大。汽車起步時(shí)需要較大的扭矩，一旦起動(dòng)后，僅需要較小的扭矩就可維持速度，此時(shí)應(yīng)該換用較高的檔位，以降低發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速。

傳統(tǒng)的汽車采用前置發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)，因此需要傳動(dòng)軸把動(dòng)力從變速器傳遞給主減速器。主減速器的作用就是在把動(dòng)力傳遞給驅(qū)動(dòng)輪之前，降低轉(zhuǎn)速并增加扭矩。對于前置后驅(qū)的汽車，主減速器還將驅(qū)動(dòng)的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向改變了90度。主減速器內(nèi)的差速器齒輪副，把動(dòng)力分給兩個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)軸，并允許兩邊車輪在轉(zhuǎn)向時(shí)具有不同的轉(zhuǎn)速。動(dòng)力最終由驅(qū)動(dòng)軸傳遞給車輪。后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車的驅(qū)動(dòng)橋應(yīng)能滿足懸架的運(yùn)動(dòng)，可以是剛性的或包含運(yùn)動(dòng)副。為滿足懸架和轉(zhuǎn)向的要求，前輪驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)軸上需安裝萬向節(jié)。

自動(dòng)變速器或自動(dòng)變速驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的功能和機(jī)械式基本類似，區(qū)別在于檔位的選擇是液力或電力控制的。液力自動(dòng)變速器采用液力變矩（耦合）器作為連接器以傳遞動(dòng)力。1.3.2Steeringsystem:轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)Thedirectionmotionofvehicleiscontrolledbyasteeringsystem.Abasicsteeringsystemhas3mainparts:asteeringboxconnectedtothesteeringwheel,thelinkageconnectingthesteeringboxtothewheelassemblyatthefrontwheelsandfrontsuspensionpartstoletthewheelassembliespivot.Whenthedriverturnsthesteeringwheel,ashaftfromthesteeringcolumnturnsthesteeringgear.Thesteeringgearmovestie-rodsthatconnecttothefrontwheels.Thetie-rodsmovethefrontwheelstoturnthevehiclerightorleft.轉(zhuǎn)向系控制汽車行駛方向，