實驗室生物安全課件

Objectives目的了解:Classificationsofbiohazardousmaterial危險生物材料分類Riskgrouppathogens病原體危險性分組–定義Routesofexposure接觸途徑Barriersforcontainment隔離設(shè)施Methodsofdecontamination排除污染的方法Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/20231OHS4Objectives目的了解:EvaluationonlyDefinition定義BiohazardousMaterials危險生物材料:Biologicalagentsorsubstancespresentin,orarisingfrom,theworkenvironmentwhichpresents,ormaypresent,ahazardtothehealthorwellbeingoftheworkerorcommunity存在、或產(chǎn)生于工作環(huán)境，可能導(dǎo)致群體或個人的健康危害的生物介質(zhì)或物質(zhì)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/20232OHS4Definition定義BiohazardousMaterBiohazardousAgents

危險生物介質(zhì)Classifiedintoeightgroups分為8組:culturedanimalcellsandthepotentiallyinfectiousagentsthesecellsmaycontain培養(yǎng)的動物細(xì)胞，并可能發(fā)生感染primatebodyfluidsandotherpotentiallyinfectedclinicalspecimens靈長類動物體液和可能傳染的醫(yī)用樣品microorganismsincludingBacteria,Viruses,Fungi,RickettsiaeandChlamydiae微生物類包括細(xì)菌、病毒、真菌、立克次氏體和Chlamydiae等Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/20233OHS4BiohazardousAgents

危險生物介質(zhì)ClasBiohazardousAgents

危險生物介質(zhì)Parasites寄生蟲Allergens過敏原、tissuesfromexperimentalanimalsincludinganimaldander實驗動物組織包括動物頭屑plantviruses,bacteriaandfungi植物病毒、細(xì)菌和真菌toxins(bacterial,animalorplant)生物毒素（細(xì)菌、動物或植物）Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/20234OHS4BiohazardousAgents

危險生物介質(zhì)ParaLaboratoryBiosafety

實驗室生物安全TwomainsourcesofBiohazardousmaterialinuseinmostLaboratories實驗室常用危險生物材料的兩個主要來源:PathogensusedandtestedforinMicroDept微生物實驗室試驗用病原體Biologicalfluidsamples(eg.Plasma,urine),submittedforchemicalanalysis用于化學(xué)分析的生物液體樣品（如血漿、尿）Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/20235OHS4LaboratoryBiosafety

實驗室生物安全TwLaboratoryBiosafety

實驗室生物安全TheriskgroupofpathogensasclassifiedbyWHO世界衛(wèi)生組織對病原體危險性分組RiskGroup1Agents第一組介質(zhì)Lowindividualandcommunityrisk低個體和群落風(fēng)險RiskGroup2Agents第二組介質(zhì)Moderateindividualrisk,limitedcommunityrisk中度個體風(fēng)險，有限群落風(fēng)險RiskGroup3Agents第三組介質(zhì)Highindividualrisk,lowcommunityrisk高個體風(fēng)險，低群落風(fēng)險RiskGroup4Agents第四組介質(zhì)Highindividualrisk,highcommunityrisk高個體風(fēng)險，高群落風(fēng)險Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/20236OHS4LaboratoryBiosafety

實驗室生物安全ThRiskGroup1Agents

第一組介質(zhì)Non-pathogenicbacteria,fungi非病原體細(xì)菌、真菌Nospecialfacilities,equipmentorproceduresarerequired無需特殊設(shè)備或操作Standardwell-designedexperimentalanimalandlaboratoryfacilitiesandbasicsafelaboratorypracticessuffice標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的設(shè)計合理的實驗動物、實驗設(shè)備及滿足基本安全試驗操作Hand-washingfacilitiesmustbeprovided必須提供洗手池Disinfectantsmustbeproperlyused必須合理使用消毒劑Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/20237OHS4RiskGroup1Agents

第一組介質(zhì)Non-pRiskGroup2Agents

第二組介質(zhì)E.Coli,Salmonella,ringwormfungi,influenzavirus,herpessimplexvirus大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌、ringworm真菌、流行性感冒病毒和單純皰疹病毒Laboratoryseparatedfromotheractivities,biohazardsign,roomsurfacesimperviousandreadilycleanable實驗室與其它活動分開，貼有危險生物標(biāo)志，室內(nèi)臺面防滲，隨時可進(jìn)行清潔Equipmentshouldincludeanautoclave,certifiedHEPAfilteredclassIorIIbiologicalsafetycabinet實驗設(shè)施包括高壓滅菌鍋、高效空氣過濾器、一級或二級生物安全柜Allcontaminatedmaterialtobeproperlydecontaminated所有污染材料須經(jīng)凈化Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/20238OHS4RiskGroup2Agents

第二組介質(zhì)E.CoRiskGroup3Agents

第三組介質(zhì)Anthrax,tuberculosis,HIV,hantavirus炭疽、結(jié)核、愛滋和hanta病毒Specializeddesignandconstructionoflaboratories,withcontrolledaccessdoubledoorentryandbodyshower實驗室須專門設(shè)計，雙道門和淋浴Allwallpenetrationsmustbesealed所有墻體滲漏必須進(jìn)行密封Ventilationsystemdesignmustensurethatairpressureisnegativetosurroundingareasatalltimes,withnorecirculationofair通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)必須保證與周圍區(qū)域一直呈負(fù)壓，不可使空氣再流通Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/20239OHS4RiskGroup3Agents

第三組介質(zhì)AnthrRiskGroup3Agents

第三組介質(zhì)AirexhaustedthroughadedicatedexhaustorHEPAfiltrationsystem空氣排放須經(jīng)過專用排氣系統(tǒng)或高效空氣過濾器系統(tǒng)Laboratorywindowssealedandunbreakable實驗室窗戶須密閉并不可擊碎Backuppoweravailable應(yīng)有備用發(fā)電機(jī)CertifiedHEPAfilteredclassIIbiologicalsafetycabinet經(jīng)鑒定的高效空氣過濾器二級生物安全柜Dedicatedhandwashingsinkwithfoot,kneeorautomaticcontrols,locatedneartheexit在出口處設(shè)有專門的可用腳、膝蓋或自動控制的洗手池Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202310OHS4RiskGroup3Agents

第三組介質(zhì)AireRiskGroup4Agents

第四組介質(zhì)Infectiousagentsareallviruses具有傳染性的介質(zhì)全部為病毒Ebolaviruses埃博拉病毒HerpesBvirus(Monkeyvirus)B皰疹病毒FootandMouthVirus腳和口病毒FootandMouthVirusEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202311OHS4RiskGroup4Agents

第四組介質(zhì)InfecRiskGroup4Agents

第四組介質(zhì)Highestlevelofcontainment最高級別屏蔽Representsanisolatedunitthatiscompletelyself-containedtofunctionindependently設(shè)立一個設(shè)備齊全的隔離單元，完全能夠獨立操作Facilitiesarehighlyspecialized,securewithanairlockforentryandexit設(shè)備專門設(shè)計，由空氣鎖控制出入ClassIIIbiologicalsafetycabinetsorpositivepressureventilatedsuits三級生物安全柜，正壓通風(fēng)Separateventilationsystemwithfullcontrolstocontaincontamination為全面控制污染物，采用單獨的通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202312OHS4RiskGroup4Agents

第四組介質(zhì)HigheRoutesofExposure

接觸途徑Themostcommonroutesofexposureare主要為:Oral口Respiratory呼吸Skinpuncture皮膚劃傷Penetrationthroughunbrokenskin皮膚滲透Conjunctival結(jié)膜Vectors(mosquitoes,fleas,ticks)帶菌者（蚊子、跳蚤、虱子）Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202313OHS4RoutesofExposure

接觸途徑ThemosRoutesofExposure

接觸途徑Respiratoryexposuresaccountfor65-75%ofallinfectionsforwhichacauseisknown.傳染途徑中有65-75%是呼吸造成的Itisthereforecriticalforpeopleworkingwithbiohazardousandpotentiallyinfectiousmaterialstoknowtherisksassociatedwiththemandtheappropriatelaboratorytechniquestopreventunnecessaryexposures.因此實驗操作中接觸危險生物材料或潛在傳染性材料時，了解其危害，采用適當(dāng)技術(shù)防止不必要的接觸十分關(guān)鍵Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202314OHS4RoutesofExposure

接觸途徑RespiraPrimaryBarriers

第一道隔離primarycontainmentisthefirstlineofdefensewhenworkingwithinfectiousorganisms當(dāng)工作中與傳染性生物體接觸時，第一道隔離是第一道防衛(wèi)gloveboxes手套箱biologicalsafetycabinets生物安全柜animalcagingequipment動物籠養(yǎng)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202315OHS4PrimaryBarriers

第一道隔離primaryPrimaryBarriers

第一道隔離Thegeneralprinciplesapplicabletocontainmentwithinaprimarybarriersystemincludethefollowing:第一道隔離一般原則Minimizethevolumetobecontained.隔離體積最小化Providesafe(i.e.non-contaminating)transferofmaterialintoandoutofthecontainerwithoutdestroyingthebarrier.采用安全的從容器中取放材料的方法，勿毀壞隔離Providemeansfordecontaminationoftheenclosureandeffluents.采用凈化隔離欄和污物的方法Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202316OHS4PrimaryBarriers

第一道隔離ThegeneBiologicalSafetyCabinets

生物安全柜

Threetypes分為3種ClassI一級–protectsworkerandenvironment保護(hù)操作者和環(huán)境ClassII二級–protectsworker,environmentandproduct保護(hù)操作者、環(huán)境和產(chǎn)品ClassIII三級–forGroup4work,maximumprotectionofworker,environmentandproduct用于第4類危險品的操作，最大限度保護(hù)操作者、環(huán)境和產(chǎn)品Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202317OHS4BiologicalSafetyCabinets

生物安ClassIBSC一級生物安全柜SimilartochemicalfumehoodexceptexhaustpassesthroughHEPAfilter類似化學(xué)實驗室的通風(fēng)櫥，排出的氣體要通過高效空氣過濾器Oftenusedtoencloseequipmentsuchascentrifugesorbalances常常用于放置離心機(jī)和天平Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202318OHS4ClassIBSC一級生物安全柜SimilartocClassIBSCSchematic

一級生物安全柜示意圖Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202319OHS4ClassIBSCSchematic

一級生物安全柜示ClassIIBSC

二級生物安全柜SuppliesadownwardflowofHEPAfilteredairtoprotectproduct提供氣流向下的經(jīng)高效空氣過濾器凈化的空氣，保護(hù)產(chǎn)品Furtherclassifiedbasedonratioofexhaustedvs.re-circulatedair進(jìn)一步基于排氣/再循環(huán)空氣比值進(jìn)行細(xì)化為A、B1、B2和B3型TypeA–75fpmfacevelocity,30%internalexhaustTypeB1–100fpm,>50%externalexhaustTypeB2–100fpm,100%externalexhaustTypeB3–100fpm,30%externalexhaustEvaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202320OHS4ClassIIBSC

二級生物安全柜SuppliesaClassIIBSC二級生物安全柜TypeATypeB1Thecabinetexhaustneedstobeconnectedtothebuildingexhaust.Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202321OHS4ClassIIBSC二級生物安全柜TypeATypeClassIIIBSC二級生物安全柜ForRiskGroup4materials第四組介質(zhì)Sealedunit密閉單元–“glovebox”“手套箱”ExhaustispassedthroughdoubleHEPAfiltersorotherwisetreated(e.g.airincineration)topreventescapeoflevel4materialtotheenvironment排氣須經(jīng)過雙層的高效空氣過濾器或其它處理方法（如空氣焚燒），阻止第四組介質(zhì)進(jìn)入環(huán)境Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202322OHS4ClassIIIBSC二級生物安全柜ForRiskGClassIIIBSC二級生物安全柜gloveportswithO-ringforattachingarm-lengthglovestocabinet圓形手套固定端口，可戴手臂長度的手套在安全柜中操作

B.sash窗框

C.exhaustHEPAfilter排氣濾膜

D.supplyHEPAfilter供氣濾膜

E.double-endedautoclaveorpass-throughbox雙頭高壓滅菌鍋或貫通箱Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202323OHS4ClassIIIBSC二級生物安全柜gloveportSecondaryBarriers第二道隔離Ifprimarybarriersfail第一道隔離失敗clothingandotheritemsofpersonalprotectiveequipmentbecomeanimportantlineofdefense工作服及其它個人防護(hù)用品成為重要的防線Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202324OHS4SecondaryBarriers第二道隔離IfprimDecontamination凈化Sterilization殺菌Completeinactivationoftheinfectivepotentialofabiologicalagent完全阻止生物介質(zhì)的可能傳染Usuallybyautoclave常用高壓滅菌鍋Disinfection消毒Reductioninnumberorviabilityofpathogenicmicroorganismsbelowthepointofbeingabletotransmitdisease減少微生物病原體的數(shù)量和繁殖，使其無法傳播疾病Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202325OHS4Decontamination凈化SterilizationSterilization殺菌Bysteamatatemp.of121?C.for15minutes121?C蒸15分鐘Bydryheatatatemperatureof160-170?C.for2-4hours干燥加熱需160-170?2-4小時Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202326OHS4Sterilization殺菌BysteamatatDisinfection消毒ModeofactionCelllysis細(xì)胞溶解Proteincoagulationordenaturation蛋白凝固或變性Enzymedenaturationorinactivation酶變性或失活Destructionofenzymesubstrate酶作用物破壞Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202327OHS4Disinfection消毒ModeofactionEvDisinfection消毒Manychemicaldisinfectantsavailable主要化學(xué)消毒劑Alcohols醇類Formaldehyde‘s甲醛PhenolicCompounds酚化合物QuaternaryAmmoniumCompoundsorQuats季銨鹽ChlorineCompounds氯化物IodineCompounds碘化物Glutaraldehyde‘s戊二醛Hydrogenperoxide‘s過氧化氫Chlohexidinecompounds六氯化合物Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202328OHS4Disinfection消毒ManychemicaldiAlcohols醇類Ethanoloriso-propanol乙醇或丙醇Denatureproteins蛋白質(zhì)變性Effectiveagainstlipidcontainingviruses,envelopedvirusesandvegetativebacteria對含油脂病毒、膜包被病毒和植物細(xì)菌有效Lesseffectiveagainstmycobacteriumandfungi對分支桿菌和真菌作用小Flammable,inactivatedbyorganicmatter,volatile可燃、遇有機(jī)物活性差、揮發(fā)Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202329OHS4Alcohols醇類Ethanoloriso-propaAldehydes醛類Formaldehydeandglutaraldehyde蟻醛和戊二醛Effectiveagainstabroadspectrumofmicroorganisms對廣譜微生物有效Requireslong(20-30min)contacttime作用時間長（20-30分鐘）Lesssusceptibletoinactivationbyorganicmaterial對有機(jī)體的去活作用小Shortuse-life使用有效期短Humanhealthconcerns-respiratoryirritant,contactdermatitis對人體健康有害-呼吸刺激、接觸性皮炎Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202330OHS4Aldehydes醛類FormaldehydeandgPhenolics酚類Usuallyphenoliccompoundwithdetergent常為分化合物清潔劑Effectiveagainstvegetativebacteria,fungiandlipid-containingviruses對植物細(xì)菌、真菌和含脂病毒有效EffectiveoverawidepHrangepH范圍寬Skinandeyeirritation皮膚和眼的刺激Noteffectiveagainstspores對孢子無效Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202331OHS4Phenolics酚類UsuallyphenoliccoQuaternaryAmmoniaComponds

季銨鹽化合物Cationicdetergents陽離子清潔劑/strongsurfactants強(qiáng)表面活性劑Effectiveagainstvegetativebacteria(some)andnon-lipid-containingviruses對植物細(xì)菌（部分）和不含脂病毒有效Stable,Non-irritating穩(wěn)定、無刺激Ineffectiveagainstmycobacteria,lipid-containingviruses,spores對分支桿菌、含脂病毒和孢子無效Neutralizedbyorganicmaterial(esp.proteins)與有機(jī)物（特別是蛋白）中和Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202332OHS4QuaternaryAmmoniaComponds

季銨ChlorineComponds氯化物Strongoxidant強(qiáng)氧化劑“Universal”decontaminant普遍采用的純化劑Maybepreparedas1/100or1/50(forsporesandmycobacteria)dilutionfromhouseholdbleachandtapwater用家用漂白劑或自來水稀釋制備成1/100或1/50（對孢子和分枝桿菌）溶液Dilutesolutionsareunstable,preparefrequently稀釋溶液不穩(wěn)定，常配Neutralizedbyorganicmaterial用有機(jī)物質(zhì)中和Corrosive具腐蝕性Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202333OHS4ChlorineComponds氯化物StrongoxiIodineComponds碘化物Similarinactiontochlorine與氯相似Effectiveagainstvegetativebacteriaandviruses對植物細(xì)菌和病毒有效Lesscorrosiveandtoxicthanchlorine比氯的腐蝕性和毒性低Self-indicating自顯示:brown棕->yellow黃->clear無色Maystainsurfaces使表面染色Neutralizedbyorganicmaterial用有機(jī)物中和Evaluationonly.CreatedwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile.Copyright2019-2019AsposePtyLtd.9/17/202334OHS4IodineComponds碘化物SimilarinaHydrogenPeroxide過氧化氫StrongOxidant強(qiáng)氧化劑6%sol’niseffectiveagainstvegetativebacteria,mycobacteria,fungiandviruses濃度6%的溶液即對植物細(xì)菌、分支桿菌、真