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ConversationWhatistheconversationmainlyReasonsthatthemanwantstosellhisHowtofindoutwhichbooksareonthebuybackThebookstore'spoliciesforbuyingbacktextbooksfromThestudent'sdeadlineforsellingold(29’’Student:Canyoutellmeifthisbookwillbeonthebuybacklist?你能告知我這本書Accordingtothewoman,whenaretextbooksaddedtothebuybackAfterstudentshaveregisteredforthenextsemester'sAfterprofessorsinformthebookstorewhattextbookstheywillusethefollowingsemester.Afterthebookstoredetermineswhatpriceto(32’’)BUT引導(dǎo)答案：Butwearestillputtingthelisttogether.Professorshavetotelluswhatbooksthey’lldefinitelyneedagainnextsemester,andthedeadlineforthemtoletusknowisn’tforacoupleofdays.Accordingtothewoman,whatisareasontheman'stextbookmaynotbeaddedtothebuybacklist?ThebookstoremayalreadyhaveorderedtoomanycopiesoftheThepriceofthetextbookmayhavechangedsignificantlysincelastProfessorMurphymaynotbeteachingeconomicsnextAnewereditionofthetextbookmaybeavailablenext(1’01’’)Usuallyifanupdatededitionofatextbookisavailable,professorswillgoforthatWhatdoesthewomansuggestthemanshoulddotohavethebestchanceofsellinghisbooktothebookstore?Clickon2answersAskhisprofessorifthesamebookwillbeusednextSellthebookbackassoonasthebuybackperiodMakesurethebookisingoodBringtheoriginalsalesreceiptwiththe本題是雙選題，答案有兩個出處。(1’25IfprofessorMurphydoesputitonthelist,itisimportantthatyoucomeinasearlyaspossiblenextThursday.There'sonlyalimitednumberofbooksweshouldbuybackOncewegetthenumberofbooksweneedfornextsemester,wewouldstopbuyingthem.(1’44’’)Butthatalsodependsonwhatconditionthebookisin,soitneedstobecleanedupasmuchaspossible.Whydoesthewomansaythis?(listenToconfirmthatcleaningupthebookisTosuggestitmightbeeasiertosellthebooktoanotherToindicatethatshesetsthepricethebookstorewillpayforToacknowledgethattheman'sbookisingood重聽部分是：2’06’’Ifyouwantthebestpriceforit…如果你想要最好的價格。此話是補(bǔ)充學(xué)生提問的：YoumeanIhavetoeraseallthepencilmarks?你的意思是我需要把所有LectureWhatisthelecturemainlyThehistoryofarchaeologyinThestudyofarchaeologyinSoutheast09’’)本文采用開門見山的說法，教授一開始就道出主題：Oneoftheimportantaspectsofthefieldofarchaeology…oneofthethingsthatexcitesmeaboutthefield…isthatseeminglyinsignificantthingscansuddenlychangethewaywethinkaboutaculture.Wearealwaysmakingnewdiscoveriesthathavethepotentialtochallengewidelyheld正確答案：CWhatexcitestheprofessoraboutthefieldofEstablishedtheoriescanbechallengedbynewThetechnologyusedinarchaeologyisalwaysArchaeologydealswithbasicissuesofhumanArchaeologistsoftenworkininterestingpartsofthe（09’’）還是開頭的那就句：Oneofthethingsthatexcitesmeaboutthefieldisthatseeminglyinsignificantthingscansuddenlychangethewaywethinkaboutaculture.正確答案：A已確立的理論被新證據(jù)挑戰(zhàn)Accordingtotheprofessor,whatcanscientistslearnbyexaminingancientThenutrientsaplanttookTheageofacertainsedimentWhataplantwasusedWhattypeofplantproduced(1’41term，phytoliths，并作出了解釋。后來開始強(qiáng)調(diào)其重要性：Becausedifferentplantsproducedifferentlyshapedphytoliths,scientistscanidentifythetypeofplantfromancientremains.WhataretheimplicationsofthetheorythatbananasarrivedinAfrica5,000yearsago?(clickon2answers)AgriculturedevelopedinAfricaearlierthanpreviouslyContactbetweenAfricaandAsiaoccurredearlierthanpreviouslyPeoplehaveinhabitedSoutheastAsialongerthanpreviouslyThebananaplantisamoreancientplantthanwaspreviously(2’09”)轉(zhuǎn)折詞：But,well,thisdiscoveryhadotherimplicationsforhistory.這是一句總起句。緊接著，教授說：Assoonasbananasappearinthearchaeologicalrecord,weknowwehavecontactbetweenAfricaandSoutheastAsia.Itwouldappearnowthathiscontactoccurredmuchearlierthanpreviouslythought.(2’54’’)教授首先用語氣詞：Um來表示一個話題點(diǎn)的結(jié)束，然后是：Theearlyappearanceofbananasalsosuggestsalso表示另一個并列重點(diǎn)的開始，thatagriculturebeganinthispartofAfricaearlierthanscientistsWhatdoestheprofessorconsideraweaknessofthestudyonbananasinItsresultsareoflittleItsconclusionsarenotsupportedbyotherItdoesnotmakegooduseofadvanced(3’24’’BUT進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)折，Buttherearequestionsaboutthistoo.表達(dá)對之前的理論whydon’tweseeevidenceoflargepopulationsthrivingintheareaearlier?我們?yōu)槭裁礇]轉(zhuǎn)折詞強(qiáng)調(diào)，Butwearemissingotherkindsofevidencethatwouldconclusivelyprovethatthisisso.Whydoestheprofessorsaythis?(listenToannounceherintentionstocontinuethestudyToencourageherstudentstodoarchaeologicalTodiscredittherecentresearchonbananasand(4’04’’)重復(fù)語句：Clearly,moreresearchneedstobedone.Perhapsbysomenewscholarsfromthisuniversity?Atleastgiveitsomethought.明顯的是，需要做更多的研究?？赡苁荓ecture1理論認(rèn)為香蕉是在2000年前由東南亞引入非洲的，但是在烏干達(dá)的新發(fā)現(xiàn)表示香蕉很可能是5000LectureWhatisthelecturemainlyWaysspeciesinanecosystemaffecteachother'spopulationHowthecarryingcapacityofanecosystemisAnewtheoryregardingcyclesinpredatorandpreypopulationHowresearchersmonitorthepopulationsizeofanimalspeciesinthe(12’’)學(xué)生提出一個問題：I’dliketoaskaboutsomethingIreadinanarticleonline,abouthowthepopulationsizeofsomeanimalspeciescanaffectotheranimalspecies,andhowotherenvironmentalfactorscomeintoplaytoo.動物之間互相影響彼此的數(shù)量，以及其他inagivenecosystemcangetprettycomplex.Becauseinadditiontopredator-preyrelationship,thereareothervariablesthataffectpopulationsize.ToshowthatsomespeciescannotbetransplantedeasilytonewTogiveanexampleofrapidpopulationgrowththatisnotfollowedbyToemphasize (50boomandbustcycle的概念之后，教授進(jìn)行了一下補(bǔ)充。Let’ssaytherewasaspeciesthathadaccesstoplentyoffoodandidealconditions.Underthosecircumstances,itspopulationwouldincreaseatanever-acceleratingpace.在男生發(fā)出感嘆之后，她繼續(xù)解釋，itdoesn’tusuallyhappen…(1’18’’)Butwedooccasionallyseeexponentialgrowthinnonnativespecieswhentheyaretransplantedintoanewenvironment.提出nonnativespeices就是為了給出一個例子來說明這種不同尋常的指數(shù)Whatpointdoestheprofessormakewhenshediscussesthecarryingcapacityofanecosystem?TheavailabilityoffoodismoreimportantforspeciesthantheavailabilityofTheamountofenvironmentalresistanceinanecosystemdoesnotchangeovertime.EnvironmentalresistancecontrolsthepopulationsizeofspeciesinanThepopulationsizeofmostspeciesincreasesataconstant(1’30’’)教授用BUT轉(zhuǎn)折回到男生說的觀點(diǎn)，Butformostspecies,mostofthetime,resourcesarefinite.There’sonlysomuchavailable…whichleadsmetomypoint.Everyecosystemhaswhatwecallacarryingcapacity.教授開始闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)，即生態(tài)環(huán)境的承載容量是會限制物種的最大數(shù)量的。(2’06’’)Therearealwaysfactorsthatlimitpopulationgrowth.Thisiscalledenvironmentalresistance.這些限制因素就成為：環(huán)境抵Howdidtheresearcherstestthelinksbetweenacorns,white-footedmice,andgypsymothsinaforest?TheysuppliedanadditionalfoodsourceforgypsyTheyintroducedgypsymothstoareaswheretherehadbeenTheyclearedoaktreesfromsomeareaswherebothanimalspeciesTheymanipulatedthenumbersofmiceandacornsinsome(3’48’’)男生對教授說的例子提出疑問：HowcanweknowthatforsureItseemslikeabigjumpfrommoreacornstofewergypsymoths.于是教授解釋：Wecanknowforsurebecauseinthisoakforest,theresearchersdecidedtotestthelinksbetweenacornsandthetwoanimalspecies.Insomepartsoftheforest,theyhadvolunteersdropalargenumberofextraacornsontheforestfloor.Andinanothersectionoftheforest,theyremoveanumberofwhite-footedmice.Whatdoestheprofessorsaycanleadtoachangeinthegypsymothpopulationinaforest?(clickon2answers)AnincreaseinthenumberoftreespeciesinaAnincreaseinthenumberofacornsproducedbyoakAdecreaseinthepopulationofwhite-footedAdecreaseinoaktreeleavescausedbygypsymoth(4’13’’)Intheforestareaswhereextraacornshadbeendropped,thegypsymothpopulationsoonwentintoasignificantdecline.Butinthesectionoftheforestwherethewhite-footedmicehadbeenremovedthegypsymothpopulationexploded.當(dāng)橡子少了，舞毒蛾也會極Whatcanbeinferredabouttheprofessorwhenshesaysthis?(listenShedoesnotknowtheanswertothestudent'sShewantstocorrectastatementshemadeShethinksthetermthestudentusedisShewouldliketoredirectthe(50’’)重復(fù)句子：OKWell,holdonasecondFirstIwanttogooversomekeyconcepts.在女Lecture2ConversationWhatdothespeakersmainlydiscuss?(clickon2HowthemanshouldnarrowthefocusofhisWhetherafocusonwoodharvestingisanappropriatetopicfortheman'sWhythemanbecameinterestedinwoodharvesting并引出本次談話的重要話題：(38’’Andactually,yesterday’stripgotmethinkingaboutmyresearchpaperforyourclass.(1’40’’)That’swhatI’dliketowriteabout.Iwanttolookatancientmethodsofwoodharvestingthatdidn’tresultinthedestructionofthewholeforest.授說：Thenwecantalkaboutwhetherornotyourtopicwillwork.所以，整個對話是在討WhydoesthemanmentionpursuinganadvanceddegreeinToexplainwhyhisbiologyclassinterestshimsoToasktheprofessortowritealetterofrecommendationforTogettheprofessor'sopiniononhischoiceofToindicateheisnotinterestedin(31IaminterestedingettinganadvanceddegreeinforestryafterIgraduatefromhere.SoIloveallthisstuff.因為他對林業(yè)學(xué)位很感興趣，所以很喜歡生物類的東西。WhathadthemanassumedabouthumanimpactontheThathumanimpactontheenvironmentisdifficulttoThathumanshaveonlyrecentlyhadanimpactontheThathumanimpactontheenvironmentisalwaysThathumanimpactontheenvironmentcannotbe(50’’)AndIjustassumedthatthehumanimpactontheenvironmentwasalwaysAccordingtotheprofessor,whatdidresearchersfindatanarchaeologicalsiteinTurkey?RemainsofpistachiosandalmondsinancientToolsindicatingthattherewasfarmingintheEvidencethatpeoplecutdowntreesforuseas(1’14’’)IwasjustreadinganarticleaboutanarchaeologicalsiteinTurkeywherescientistsfoundevidencethatancientpeoplehadbeenharvestingthebranchesfrompistachioandalmondtrees.教授提到一篇文章關(guān)于古土耳其的考古遺址中研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)古代人們砍伐Whatopiniondoestheprofessorexpresswhenshesaysthis:（listenThatthetopicistoocontroversialtobethefocusoftheman'sThattoomanypapershavealreadybeenwrittenontheThatthetopicdoesnotseemtomeettherequirementsoftheThattherehasnotyetbeenanyresearchpublishedonthe(1’47’’)重復(fù)內(nèi)容：Hmm…soyouwanttowriteyourentirepaperonwoodharvesting?LectureWhatisthelecturemainlyTheenvironmentaleffectsofheapThereforestationeffortsintheCopperTheprocessofminingandproducingDamagescausedduringanattempttocleanupindustrial(1’40”)But…anyway…let’sanalyzetheproblem.Itwasn’ttheminingitselfthatcausedsuchmassivedestruction.Itwaswhathappenedafterthecopperorewasextractedfromthemines.Itwasaprocesscalledheaproasting.教授從一開始先介紹講座要涉及的重要話題CopperBasin.CopperBasinBUT來引出這次講Whatistheprofessor'sopinionabouttheefforttoreclaimthelandintheCopperBasin?ThetechniquesandmaterialsusedforthecleanupwereprobablySomeattemptstocleanuptheCopperBasinhavemadetheproblemsItisnotsurprisingthatcleaninguptheareahasbeenextremelyThecleanuphastakenlongerthan(1’05’’)Well,actually,thoseeffortsarestillongoing.It’sbeenalongandtediousprocess.Infact,itwasmanyyearsbeforeanyresultswereseen.Coppermininghadgoneonthereformorethan90years!Thedamagecouldn’tbereversedovernight.well這個語氣助90多年，造成的破壞是不可能一夜之間就被扭WhatdoestheprofessorimplywhenhementionsanOlympicwhitewaterkayakingcompetition?ThatmanypeopleareunawareoftheenvironmentalproblemsintheCopperBasinThatasuccessfulreclamationoftheCopperBasinmaybeThatsomeactivitiesintheCopperBasinmustgoondespitetheThattheOlympiccompetitionshouldhavebeenheldinadifferent(1’24’’)AlthoughIshouldmentionthatby1996,thewaterinoneoftheriversflowingthroughthebasinwascleanenoughthatitwasthesiteoftheOlympicwhitewaterkayakingcompetition.Andthatriverisstillusednowforrecreation.CopperAccordingtothelecture,whywasheaproastingusedintheproducingofTomakecopperoreeasiertoTomakecopperoresafeforworkerstoTotransformcopperoreintoToremoveimpuritiesfromcopper(1’45’’)Copperorecontainssulfur.Andheaproastingwasawaytoburnawaythesulfurinthecoppersothey’dbeleftwithsomethingclosertopurecopper.這個過程就是去除銅當(dāng)WhatfactorsledtothedisappearanceoftreesintheCopperBasin?(clickon2answers)MinesweredugunderareaswheretreeswereLoosesoilledtotreesbeingwashedintotheTreesgrowingnearthemineswerecutandusedasCloudsofsulfursmokekilledtreesinthe(2’20’’)Well,let’slookattheresults.這句是主旨句，引出后面的分論點(diǎn)。First,…Sotheycutdowntreesforfuel.…Anditwasacceleratedbythesmokefromtheburningore.Bigcloudsofsulfuricsmoke,whichwastoxictothetrees,formedoverthearea.Treesthathadn’tbeencutforfuelwerekilledbythefumes.Whatresultedfromthelackoftreesnearthecopper-miningItbecamedifficulttoprovidehousingforalltheRiversbecamefilledwithtoxicCoalandotherfuelhadtobetransportedintotheTheheap-roastingprocesshadtobecompletedfarfromthe(3’38’’)Anditwasn’tjustthelandandtheair,itwasthewatertoo.Whatdoyouthinkhappentotherivers?Well,therearenotreestoabsorbtherain,andtherewasalotofrain!Sotherainerodedthesoilandsweptitintotherivers.Andthesiltingcontinuedatanalarmingrate.Butthiswastoxicsoilandtoxicrunoff,theacidandmetalsinthesoilmadetheonceclearriversflowbrightorange.教授用一個否定句和一個問句來作為結(jié)構(gòu)分割Lecture3LectureWhatarethespeakersmainlyAnarchitectfromtheUnitedStatesandahousedesignsheThedisadvantageofhousesbasedonasquareWomenwhohadamajorinfluenceonarchitectureintheUnited(1’59’’)Now,HarrietIrwin’scontributiontoarchitecturewasrelativelyminorbutstillquiteinterestingandunique.Shedesignedahousewithahexagonalshape.本篇講座不是開門人背景，再用NOW這個詞來引出重點(diǎn)話題，她設(shè)計的一種特殊的房子。WhydoestheprofessorquotefromthejournalTheAmericanArchitectandBuildingNews?TopointoutasourceofbiographicalinformationaboutHarrietMorrisonToemphasizehispointthattherewerefewsouthernU.S.architectsinthenineteenthcenturyTosupporthisassertionthatnineteenth-centuryresidentialarchitectsdidnotgetenoughrespectTopointoutthatinterestinsouthernU.S.architectureincreasedduringthenineteenthcenturyanarticlefroman1876issueofajournalcalledTheAmericanArchitectandBuildingNewsstatedthat,andthisisquote,theystatedthat“theplanningofhousesisn’tarchitectureatall”!所以教授引用這個例子就是為了證明他前面說的內(nèi)容。WhatdoestheprofessorsayaboutIrwin'seducationinShestudiedwithanarchitectwhohelpedherpatentherShewastrainedinarchitecturestartingatayoungShewasthefirstwomanintheUnitedStatestoattendarchitecture(1’13’’)SoIrwinwasreallyprettyexceptionalcase.Andshewasn’tevenformallytrainedanarchitect.HereducationalbackgroundwasinWhatfeatureofIrwin'sdesignshowstheinfluenceofJohnThesizeoftheThelengthandshapeoftheThemainentranceoftheTheplacementofwindowsand(1’37’’)教授用語氣助詞Um,和especially強(qiáng)調(diào)了記下來要說的內(nèi)容：EspeciallythearchitecturalessayswrittenbytheBritishcritic–JohnRuskin.AndJohnRuskinbelievedwhat?學(xué)生回答：Um…thatbuilding