強(qiáng)化翻譯精講深探

SouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindings74)Ifthesmallhotspotslookasexpected,thatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificidea,arefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.Inflationsaysthatveryearlyon,theuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrilliontrilliontrilliontrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecond,propelledbyasortofantigravity.75)Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysics,andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitis150億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。那大約就是宇宙形成的時候。研究人員所發(fā)現(xiàn)的宇宙云巨大的宇宙云的存在，實(shí)際上是0年代首創(chuàng)的大爆炸論得以保持其宇宙起源論的主導(dǎo)地位不可缺少的。亞微觀的、密度相當(dāng)大的純能量團(tuán)，它在向四面八方發(fā)散的過程中放出輻射線，濃縮成粒子，然后形成氣體原子。數(shù)十億年來，這種氣體在引力2000年（文理科搭配Governmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.71)Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.Furthermoreitisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,theymayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesortapresourceshithertounexploited;ortheymayco-operatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustry.Inanycase,allsuchinterventionsareheavilydependentofscientificadviceandalsoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmass-communications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingplaceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,74)intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization-withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowedwasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.Allthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsforthegovernments75)Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements---themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors,governmentsarebecomingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.（1在現(xiàn)代條件下，這需要程度不同的集中2而效率的提高則又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。這也就意味著政府被迫越來越多地干預(yù)這些產(chǎn)業(yè)部門，以便提高生產(chǎn)率，確保產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)發(fā)揮最佳效益。例如，政府可能利用各種方法鼓勵研究工作，包括建立自己的研究中心；政府可以改變教育結(jié)構(gòu)，或進(jìn)行干預(yù)，以便減少自然資源的浪費(fèi)，開發(fā)尚未利用的資源；或者在日益增多的跨國科學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和工業(yè)項(xiàng)目中直接進(jìn)行合作。無論如何，一切干預(yù)都離不開科學(xué)家的建議和各種科2001年（文理科搭配）（評分細(xì)則解釋Inlessthan30years?timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthebrain?snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironments,allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall.71）Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.72）Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmelltelevision,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.AccordingtoBT?sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenew（aperiodof1,000years）,whensupercomputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasof73）Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicine,includinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowand2040.Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinks.“Bylinkingdirectlytoournervoussystem,computerscouldpickupwhatwefeeland,hopefully,simulatefeelingtoosothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironments,ratherliketheholidaysinTotalRecallortheStarTrekholodeck,”hesays.74）Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:“Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury.”Throughhisresearch,Pearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbepredicted.However,therearestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-than-lighttravelwillbeavailable,orwhenhumancloningwillbeperfected,orwhentimetravelwillbepossible.Buthedoesexpectsocialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsurveillancecameraswill,forexample,causeproblemsin2010,whilethearrivalofsyntheticlifelikerobotswillmeanpeoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.75）Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder—kitchenrage.日期。一些最大的進(jìn)展將在醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)城，包括人預(yù)期壽命的延長和數(shù)十種人造器官，這些將在現(xiàn)在到2024年之間陸續(xù)實(shí)現(xiàn)。通過研究，皮爾遜能夠預(yù)言大多數(shù)突破的發(fā)生時間。然而，對于何時能夠進(jìn)行超光速旅行，何時人類克隆技術(shù)能夠得以完善，何時可以進(jìn)行210752003年人類學(xué)（典型文科類Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.(61)Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth.“Anthropology”derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos“human”andlogos“thestudyof.”Byitsveryname,anthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind.Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.(62)Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,psychology,andsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology.Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.(63)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor?sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.(64)Tylordefinedcultureas“…thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Thisinsight,soprofoundinitssimplicity,openedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor?sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,shared,andpatternedbehavior.(65)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture”,liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.(1此外，人類具有改變他們生活環(huán)境的能力，從而，使其他的生命形態(tài)都服從于人類自己獨(dú)特的想法和想象力。多樣性進(jìn)行研究，是至關(guān)重要的。我們希望通過這些研究獲得的知識可以促進(jìn)人與人之間、以及人類與地球上的所有其他生命形態(tài)更加和諧地共Istheworldheadedforafoodcrisis?India,MexicoandYemenhaveseenfoodriotsthisyear.What'sthecausefortheseshortagesandpricehikes?Expensiveoil,forthemostpart.TheUnitedNationsFoodandAgriculturalOrganization(FAO)reportedlastweekthat,atnearly$100abarrel,thepriceofoilhassentthecostoffoodimportsskyrocketingthisyear.Addinescalatingcropprices,theFAOwarned,andadirectconsequencecouldsoonbeanincreaseinglobalhunger—and,asaconsequence,increasedsocialunrest.What?smore,worldwidefoodreservesareattheirlowestin35years,sopricesarelikelytostayhighfortheforeseeablefuture.Onthedemandside,oneofthekeyissuesisbiofuels.Biofuels,madefromfoodcropssuchascorn,sugarcane,andpalmoil,areseenaseasingtheworld?sdependenceongasolineordiesel.Butwhencrudeoilisexpensive,asitisnow,thesealternativeenergysourcescanalsobesoldatmarket-competitiveprices,risingsteeplyinrelationtopetroleum.Withone-quarteroftheU.S.cornharvestin2007divertedtowardsbiofuelproduction,theattendantriseincerealpriceshasalreadyhadanimpactonthecostandavailabilityoffood.Criticsworrythatthegoldrushtowardbiofuelsistakingawayfoodfromthehungry.Leadersinthebiofuelindustryrespondthatenergycostsaremoretoblameforhighfoodpricesthanbiofuels."Energyisthebloodoftheworld,soifoilgoesupthenothercommoditiesfollow,"ClausSauter,CEOofGermanbioenergyfirmVerbiosaid.Othersarguethatcleaner-burningbiofuelscouldhelpstemtheeffectsofclimatechange,anotherfactoridentifiedbytheFAOascausingfoodshortages.Analystsnotethatscientistsbelieveclimatechangecouldbebehindrecentextremeweatherpatterns,includingcatastrophicfloods,heatwavesanddrought.Allcandiminishfoodharvestsandstockpiles.Butsocanmarketforces.Istheworldheadedforafoodcrisis?India,MexicoandYemenhaveseenfoodriotsthisyear.What'sthecausefortheseshortagesandpricehikes?Expensiveoil,forthemostpart.TheUnitedNationsFoodandAgriculturalOrganization(FAO)reportedlastweekthat,atnearly$100abarrel,thepriceofoilhassentthecostoffoodimportsskyrocketingthisyear.Addinescalatingcropprices,theFAOwarned,andadirectconsequencecouldsoonbeanincreaseinglobalhunger—and,asaconsequence,increasedsocialunrest.What?smore,worldwidefoodreservesareattheirlowestin35years,sopricesarelikelytostayhighfortheforeseeablefuture.Onthedemandside,