外研版高中英語(yǔ)必修三 （The world of science）PartⅡ 新課件

Unit3

Theworldofscience

PartⅡ

Usinglanguage——現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)【思維導(dǎo)圖】一、基本特征感悟【感悟用法】①OvertimeIhavebeenchangedquitealot.②Sincethe1970smanynewapplicationshavebeenfoundforme.③Theimportantproblemhasbeendiscussedfornearlytwoweeks.④Theinkhasnotbeenremovedfromtheclothes.⑤Haven’tyourproblemsbeensolved?⑥Howmanybuildingshavebeenbuiltinyourschool?【自我總結(jié)】1.以上例句中都使用了________________________。2.以上例句中第①②③句是該時(shí)態(tài)的____________句式；第④句是____________句式；第⑤句是____________句式；第⑥句是____________句式。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)肯定否定一般疑問(wèn)特殊疑問(wèn)二、主要用法精講1.結(jié)構(gòu)肯定式主語(yǔ)＋have/hasbeendone...否定式主語(yǔ)＋have/hasnotbeendone...一般疑問(wèn)式Have/Has＋主語(yǔ)＋beendone...？特殊疑問(wèn)式疑問(wèn)詞＋have/has＋主語(yǔ)＋beendone...？Alreadythisyear，115measlescaseshavebeenreportedintheUSA，comparedwith189foralloflastyear.今年美國(guó)已經(jīng)報(bào)告了115例麻疹病例，而去年全年共189例。Theconstructionofthebridgehasnotbeenfinished.橋的建設(shè)還沒(méi)有完成。Hasthedateforthenextmeetingbeendecided？下次會(huì)議的日期已決定了嗎？Howlonghasthebatterynotbeenchanged？電池多久沒(méi)有更換了？2.用法(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)同它的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一樣，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，通常與already，yet，just，never，recently等副詞連用。Themachinehasalreadybeenrepaired.機(jī)器已經(jīng)修好了。(2)表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)開(kāi)始于過(guò)去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并可能持續(xù)下去，常與for或since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或用于“Howlong...？”句型中。Financialproblemsofthecompanyhavebeendiscussedfornearlytwohours.公司的財(cái)務(wù)問(wèn)題已被討論了近兩個(gè)小時(shí)了。Howlonghasthisfilmbeenshown？這部電影已放映多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了？(3)用在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示將來(lái)某時(shí)已完成的動(dòng)作，即用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)代替將來(lái)完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。Youshouldn’tleaveschoolbeforeyourhomeworkhasbeenfinished.在你的作業(yè)完成之前你不應(yīng)該離開(kāi)學(xué)校。3.注意事項(xiàng)(1)只帶有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)。Hisbosshasalreadypunishedhim.→Hehasalreadybeenpunished(byhisboss).(2)帶有雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，如give，send，bring，take，teach，show，tell，make，sing，write，read，sell，buy，pay，lend，pass，promise等，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，一般將間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，若將直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，間接賓語(yǔ)前面要用相應(yīng)的介詞。Thecompanyhasgivenhimachancetoworkabroadrecently.→Hehasbeengivenachancetoworkabroadrecently(bythecompany).→Achancetoworkabroadhasbeengiventohimrecently(bythecompany).被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子中的主語(yǔ)是行為動(dòng)作的承受者。需要注意的是，并不是所有的動(dòng)詞或詞組都有被動(dòng)形式。如：happen，takeplace，breakout，belongto，cost，last等不及物動(dòng)詞或詞組就沒(méi)有被動(dòng)形式。即學(xué)即練1(1)變換句子Thechildrenhavealreadybeentoldthegoodnews.①將上面的句子變?yōu)榉穸ň銽hechildren________________________thegoodnewsyet.②將原句變?yōu)橐话阋蓡?wèn)句____________thechildren____________thegoodnewsyet?③對(duì)原句中的thechildren進(jìn)行提問(wèn)________________________thegoodnewsyet?haven’tbeentoldHavebeentoldWhohasbeentold(2)補(bǔ)全句子①I(mǎi)’msorry，buttheletters____________________yet.很抱歉，但是這些信件還沒(méi)有被打印出來(lái)。②Theplan________________________fornearlytwohours.這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃已被討論了近兩個(gè)小時(shí)了。③She________________________sincethen.從那時(shí)候起，她就沒(méi)來(lái)過(guò)信。haven’tbeentypedhasbeendiscussedhasn’tbeenheardfrom名師提醒常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：already已經(jīng)yet已經(jīng)recently/lately最近ever曾經(jīng)sincethen從那時(shí)起eversince自那以來(lái)sofar迄今為止foralongtime很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間bynow到現(xiàn)在為止inrecentyears在最近幾年里in/during/overthepast/lastyears在過(guò)去的幾年里即學(xué)即練2用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)改寫(xiě)句子①Theyhavefoundagoodplacetobuildatempleinthevillage.→Agoodplace________________________tobuildatempleinthevillage.②Wehaven’tyetdecidedhowtosolvethatdifficulttechnologicalproblem.→Howtosolvethatdifficulttechnologicalproblem________________________yet.hasbeenfoundhasn’tbeendecided即學(xué)即練3將下面句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)①I(mǎi)haveaskedhertohelpyou.→She________________________you.②Wehaveplantedmanytreesonthehillinthelast5years.→Manytrees________________________onthehillinthelast5years.③Hehassentmeane－mail.→I________________________ane－mail.→Ane－mail________________________me.hasbeenaskedtohelphavebeenplantedhavebeensenthasbeensenttoUnit3

Theworldofscience

PartⅢ

DevelopingideasFRANKLIN’SEXPERIMENT：HowMuchIsTrue?BenjaminFranklin’sfamousexperimentwithlightninghasintroducedgenerationsofchildrentoscience.However，newresearchsuggests(1)thatthestorymaybefictioninsteadoffact.Thewell-knownstoryis(2)thattheAmericanFoundingFatherandscientistflewakiteduringastormin1752.Atthattime，therewasmuchinterestinelectricity.Peoplewantedtoknow(3)iflightningwasreallyproducedbyelectricityorsomethingelse.Franklinwasoneofthem.Heraisedthekite(4)withapieceofstringtiedtoit.Ametalkeywasattachedtothestring.Aflashoflightninghitthekite，andelectricitywasconductedthroughthestringtothekey.Franklinthentouchedthekeywithhisfingerandgotanelectricshock.This，hesaid，proved(5)thatlightningwasaformofelectricity.Formanyyears，schoolshavetaughtthestoryofFranklin’slightningexperiment.Morethanonegenerationofschoolchildrenhasbeenamazedbyhisbraveryandhisscientificapproachto(6)lookingforthetruth.Franklin，alongwithmanyotherscientists，hasinspiredusandtaughtus(7)thatscientificexperimentsareimportant(8)inordertoestablishthetruthandtocontributetowardslaterscientificdiscoveriesandinventions.However，neitherthestorynorthedetailsoftheexperimentareentirelytrue.(9)AlthoughithasbeenprovedthatFranklin’sexperimenttookplace，morethanonescientisthasquestioned(10)whatreallyhappened.Thedetailaboutthestringandthekeyistrue.Butscientistsallagree(11)thatifFranklinhadactuallytouchedthekey，hewouldcertainlyhavediedfromtheelectricshock.Scientistsoftenquestionacceptedideas(12)becausetheywanttoestablishthefacts.Somehaveevenquestionedthestoryabouttheapple(13)thatfellonNewton’sheadandledhimtocomeupwithhistheoryofgravity.Infact，morethanoneaccountsuggests(14)thatwhileNewtonwascertainlyinspiredbyafallingapple，thereisnoproofthatithithimonthehead.Admittedly，fictionisoftenmoreinterestingthanthetruth.PeoplehavebeenmoreinspiredbyFranklin’sspiritofscientificexplorationthanbythefactsthemselves.Butinscience，factsshouldbeprovedbyexperimentsandresearch，andweshouldnotalwaysbelieveeverything(15)wereadorhear—(16)evenifitisagreatstory.(1)that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，作動(dòng)詞suggest的賓語(yǔ)。(2)that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，對(duì)主語(yǔ)story進(jìn)行解釋說(shuō)明。(3)if引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，意為“是否”，作動(dòng)詞know的賓語(yǔ)。(4)withapieceofstringtiedtoit為“with＋賓語(yǔ)＋賓補(bǔ)”的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。(5)that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，作動(dòng)詞proved的賓語(yǔ)。(6)lookingforthetruth作介詞to的賓語(yǔ)，故用動(dòng)名詞形式。(7)that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，作動(dòng)詞teach的賓語(yǔ)。(8)inordertoestablish...不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。(9)although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，其中it作形式主語(yǔ)，that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，作真正的主語(yǔ)。(10)what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，作動(dòng)詞question的賓語(yǔ)。(11)that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，作動(dòng)詞agree的賓語(yǔ)。(12)because引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。(13)that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，指代先行詞apple。(14)that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，作動(dòng)詞suggest的賓語(yǔ)。其中while引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“盡管”。(15)本句為定語(yǔ)從句，省略了關(guān)系代詞that，修飾先行詞everything。(16)evenif引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“即使”。①generationn.代，一代人

②fictionn.小說(shuō)

③insteadof代替；而不是④conductv.引導(dǎo)；帶領(lǐng)⑤morethan超過(guò)；多于

⑥beamazedby因……而驚訝

⑦braveryn.勇氣

⑧approachto……的方法

⑨lookfor尋找

⑩alongwith和……一起?establishv.建立；創(chuàng)立

?takeplace發(fā)生

?diefrom死于……

?acceptv.接受

StepⅠ

GeneralreadingMatcheachparagraphwithitsmainidea.Para.1

A.Questioningacceptedideas.Para.2B.Benefitsofthestoriesaboutexploringscience.Para.3C.BenjaminFranklin’sfamousexperiment.Para.4D.Factsshouldbeproved.Para.5E.Introductionofthetopic.Para.6F.Noteverythingabouttheexperimentistrue.答案

Para.1—E

Para.2—C

Para.3—B

Para.4—F

Para.5—A

Para.6—DStepⅡ

FactualreadingReadthetextcarefullyandchoosethebestanswer.1.WhatdidFranklin’sfamousexperimentaimtoprove?A.Itisdangeroustoflyakiteduringastorm.B.Peoplewereinterestedinelectricity.C.Franklinwasagreatscientist.D.Lightningwasrelatedtoelectricity.2.Whatdoesthethirdparagraphmainlytellus?A.Schoolsshouldcarryoutmoreexperiments.B.Franklin’slightningexperimentinfluencesstudentsmuch.C.Itisimportanttofindtruth.D.JustonegenerationofstudentsarecuriousaboutFranklin.3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Franklindiedfromanelectricshock.B.Acceptedideasareworthquestioning.C.ItisgenerallybelievedthatanapplefellonNewton’shead.D.Fictionismoreinterestingthanthetruth.4.Whatshouldwedotoprovefacts?A.Makingupfictions.B.Exploringscience.C.Carryingoutexperiments.D.Educatingmoreschoolchildren.5.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsthestoryofFranklin’sexperiment?A.Doubtful B.CuriousC.Objective D.Notmentioned答案

1.D

2.B

3.B

4.C

5.AStepⅢ

ClozetestFillintheblanksaccordingtothetext.BenjaminFranklinoncecarriedoutafamousexperiment1.____________(prove)thatlightningwasaformofelectricity.Heraised2.____________kitewithapieceofstringtiedtoitandmetalkey3.____________(attach)tothestring.Whenaflashoflightninghitthekite，F(xiàn)ranklingotanelectricshockby4.____________(touch)thekey.Formanyyears，schools5.____________(teach)thestoryoftheexperimentinordertoestablishthe6.____________(true).However，newresearchsuggeststhatthestorymaybefictioninsteadoffactbecausescientistsallagreethatifFranklin7.____________(touch)thekeytoproveaattachedtouchinghavetaughttruthhadtouchedactually，hewouldcertainlyhavedied8.____________theelectricshock.Admittedly，fictionisoften9._________________(interest)thanthetruth.Butinscience，factsshouldbeprovedbyexperimentsandresearch，and10.____________greatastoryis，weshouldnotalwaysbelieveeverythingwereadorhear.frommoreinterestinghowever1.injurev.使受傷，弄傷·Anditisnotjusthumanswhoarebenefiting—inBrazil，peoplehavegivenanew3D-printedshelltoaturtleinjuredinaforestfire！(教材P29)受益的不僅是人類(lèi)——在巴西，人們給在森林火災(zāi)中受傷的陸龜換上了一個(gè)新的3D打印的外殼。·Ifyouexerciselikethat，you’lldoyourselfaninjury!如果你那樣鍛煉的話(huà)，你會(huì)受傷的！·Butnow，becausemyleftfootwasinjuredinthefootballgame，Icannotgowithyouasplanned.但現(xiàn)在，由于我的左腳在足球比賽中受傷了，我不能像計(jì)劃的那樣和你一起去了?！ftertheaccident，theinjuredweretakentothenearesthospitalinnotime.事故發(fā)生后，受傷的人立刻被送進(jìn)了最近的醫(yī)院。?選詞填空(injure/hurt/wound)①I(mǎi)treally____________thatyou’dbelieveherinsteadofme.②Hedidn’trealizethathewas____________untilthefirehadbeenputout.③Inthemostrecentattackonemanwasshotdeadandtwootherswere____________.④Afterbeing____________inthefighting，hewas____________inanaccident，which____________hiswifeverymuch.hurtsinjuredwoundedwoundedinjuredhurt【巧學(xué)助記】不同程度的“傷害”單詞一族injuryn.

傷害；損傷；受傷處injuredadj.受傷的用法總結(jié)dosbaninjury加害于某人；傷害某人theinjured傷者易混辨析injure，hurt，woundinjure多指在意外事故中受傷，也指損害健康、成就、榮譽(yù)、自尊等hurt作及物動(dòng)詞，既可指肉體上的傷害，也可指精神上或感情上的傷害；作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，是“疼痛”之意wound作動(dòng)詞，表示在戰(zhàn)斗、搏斗中受傷；作名詞時(shí)，表示創(chuàng)傷2.curen.療法；藥劑；治愈

v.治愈，治療

·Currently，there’snocureforAlzheimer’s，butscientistsareresearchingwaystoimprovethequalityoflifeforpeoplelivingwiththedisease.(教材P31)目前，阿爾茨海默氏癥還沒(méi)有治愈的方法，但是科學(xué)家們正在研究提高阿爾茨海默氏癥患者生活質(zhì)量的方法?！ecouldusecloningtocureillnesses.我們可以使用克隆(技術(shù))來(lái)治療疾病?！ehavetocurethechildofbadhabits.我們必須糾正孩子的壞習(xí)慣?！octorsarenowabletocurepeopleofmanydiseaseswhichinformertimeswouldhavekilledthem.現(xiàn)在，醫(yī)生能夠治愈過(guò)去的許多不治之癥。?選詞填空(cure/treat)/補(bǔ)全句子①WhenIlefthospitalIwascompletely____________.②A(yíng)famousdoctoris____________herforherillness.③Theyoungdoctor________________________hisstrangeillness.這個(gè)年輕的醫(yī)生治好了這個(gè)病人的怪病。④Thedoctortriedmanyways_____________________________.醫(yī)生嘗試了許多方法去給小女孩治病。curedtreatingcuredthepatientoftotreat/oftreatingthelittlegirl單詞一族curableadj.可治愈的用法總結(jié)curesbofsth治愈某人(的病等)；糾正/消除某人(的弊病等)acurefor...……的一種治療法beyondcure不可救藥易混辨析cure，treatcure作為動(dòng)詞，多用于疾病方面，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果，意為“治好”，是及物動(dòng)詞，其主語(yǔ)可以是醫(yī)生，也可以是某種藥。表示“治好某人的某種疾病”，要用curesbofsth來(lái)表示。treat強(qiáng)調(diào)治療的動(dòng)作，不涉及結(jié)果，用于treatsbforsth結(jié)構(gòu)中。3.attachv.系；綁；貼；連接；(使)附屬；(使隸屬)·Ametalkeywasattachedtothestring.(教材P32)一把金屬鑰匙系在繩子上?！haveattachedmyphototoyouinmylastemail，pleasecheckitintheattachment.我已經(jīng)把我的照片附在上次給你的郵件里了，請(qǐng)?jiān)诟郊锊橐幌??！attachgreatimportancetothisresearch.我認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)研究十分重要?！tonetimetheschoolsweremainlyattachedtothechurch.這些學(xué)校曾一度歸教會(huì)主管?！reventingcrimeisahugesocialsystemproject，soitneedssocialforcetoattachitselftoit.預(yù)防犯罪是一項(xiàng)宏大的社會(huì)系統(tǒng)工程，需要全社會(huì)力量共同參與。?單句語(yǔ)法填空①Nowyoucanbuycamerasthatattach____________yourwrist，ear，bikehelmetandeyeglasses.②Themiddleschool____________(attach)toBeijingNormalUniversityiswell－knownacrossthecountry.③Whydoyouattach____________(you)toonlyoneclubwhenyouwanttolearnmoreskills?④Parentsshouldattachimportanceto____________(develop)children’sgoodhabitsinlife.toattachedyourselfdeveloping單詞一族attachmentn.附件；喜愛(ài)；連接用法總結(jié)beattachedtosb/sth依戀；附屬于attachsthtosth把……附在……之上attachoneselftosb參加；和……在一起attachtosb/sth與……聯(lián)系attachimportanceto重視名師提醒a(bǔ)ttach...to...中的to為介詞，其后接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞。4.accountn.記述；描述；賬目；賬戶(hù)·Infact，morethanoneaccountsuggeststhatwhileNewtonwascertainlyinspiredbyafallingapple，thereisnoproofthatithithimonthehead.(教材P33)事實(shí)上，不止一種說(shuō)法認(rèn)為，牛頓的靈感當(dāng)然來(lái)自于一個(gè)掉落的蘋(píng)果，但并沒(méi)有證據(jù)表明它擊中了他的頭部。·Theflightwaspostponedonaccountofbadweather.因?yàn)樘鞖鈵毫?，飛行延期了?！heminoritynationalitiesaccountforsixpercentofthepopulation.少數(shù)民族占人口的百分之六。·Hisexamresultswerenotverygood，butwemusttakeintoaccounthislongillness.他的考試成績(jī)不很好，但我們必須考慮到他曾經(jīng)長(zhǎng)期生病。?單句語(yǔ)法填空/同義句轉(zhuǎn)換①M(fèi)aryoftendoespart-timejobstoearnextramoney，whichaccounts____________halfofherincome.②Onaccount____________hisillness，hewasneverleftalone.③Thegovernmentshouldtakeaccountoftheinterestsofthedisabled.→Thegovernmentshould__________theinterestsofthedisabled_______________.foroftakeintoaccount用法總結(jié)onaccountof因?yàn)?；由于takeaccountof＝oaccount考慮到；把……考慮進(jìn)去accountfor(數(shù)量上)占；解釋/說(shuō)明1.lookfor尋找·Morethanonegenerationofschoolchildrenhasbeenamazedbyhisbraveryandhisscientificapproachtolookingforthetruth.(教材P32)一代又一代的學(xué)童對(duì)他的勇敢和尋找真理的科學(xué)方法感到驚訝。?用適當(dāng)?shù)慕?、副詞填空①Weallneedtolook____________waystoreduceourcarbonfootprint.②Wouldyoupleaselook____________thepaperformeandseeifthereareanymistakes?③Iftherearewordsyoudonotunderstand，lookthem____________inadictionary.④It’swrongofyoutolookdown____________thepoor.⑤Thisisagreatplaceforcampingbutyouhavetolook____________forsnakes.forthroughupon/uponout短語(yǔ)記牢lookthrough瀏覽lookafter照顧；照看lookout當(dāng)心lookup查閱lookforwardto期盼lookdownon/upon輕視，看不起2.takeplace發(fā)生·AlthoughithasbeenprovedthatFranklin’sexperimenttookplace，morethanonescientisthasquestionedwhatreallyhappened.(教材P33)盡管富蘭克林的實(shí)驗(yàn)已經(jīng)被證實(shí)，但不止一位科學(xué)家質(zhì)疑到底發(fā)生了什么?！armairisgoingup，heavycoolairmovesintotaketheplaceofit.熱空氣上升時(shí)，大量的冷空氣填充了它的位置?！ourwordswerequiteoutofplaceonsuchaseriousoccasion.在這樣嚴(yán)肅的場(chǎng)合里，你的話(huà)太不恰當(dāng)了。?補(bǔ)全句子①Greatchanges___________________________inChinasincethe1980s.自從20世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái)中國(guó)發(fā)生了很大的變化。②ThemanagerwillbeawayonbusinessandI’ll______________________________duringhisabsence.經(jīng)理將要出差，他不在時(shí)我將代替他。③Someofthesebooksare________________，makingthewholeroommessy.You’dbetterputthesebooks________________.Otherwise，itwillbedifficulttofindthem.有些書(shū)放的地方不對(duì)，這使得整個(gè)房間亂七八糟的。你最好把這些書(shū)放在適當(dāng)?shù)牡胤剑駝t，找到它們很困難。havetakenplacetakehisplace/taketheplaceofhimoutofplaceinplace短語(yǔ)記牢taketheplaceof＝takeone’splace代替；就座inplaceof代替inplace在合適的位置，恰當(dāng)outofplace不在合適的位置，不恰當(dāng)名師提醒takeplace為不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，無(wú)被動(dòng)形式，多指預(yù)先計(jì)劃、安排要發(fā)生的事情；突然發(fā)生則用happen或occur。3.diefrom死于·ButscientistsallagreethatifFranklinhadactuallytouchedthekey，hewouldcertainlyhavediedfromtheelectricshock.(教材P33)但科學(xué)家們都同意，如果富蘭克林真的碰了鑰匙，他肯定會(huì)死于電擊。?用適當(dāng)?shù)慕椤⒏痹~填空①Thesheerhaddied____________andtherewasamomentofabsolutesilence.②Elephantswoulddie____________ifmencouldshootasmanyastheywished.③Theseanimalsdied____________onebyoneshortlyaftertheIceAgecametoanend.④Thespeakerwaiteduntilthelaughterhaddied____________.⑤Atthesametimelackofsleepandfoodsituation，youwilldie____________lackofsleep.awayoutoffdownfrom短語(yǔ)記牢dieaway逐漸減弱；逐漸消失

dieof死于dieoff相繼死去dieout滅絕；消失diedown減弱，平息1.Morethanonegenerationofschoolchildrenhasbeenamazedbyhisbraveryandhisscientificapproachtolookingforthetruth.(教材P32)一代又一代的學(xué)童對(duì)他的勇敢和尋找真理的科學(xué)方法感到驚訝?！痉治觥?/p>

本句中，“morethanone＋單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，盡管意義上是復(fù)數(shù)，但謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式，符合語(yǔ)法一致原則?！就卣埂?/p>

語(yǔ)法一致的用法：語(yǔ)法一致就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)在單、

復(fù)數(shù)形式上保持一致。(1)either，neither，each，every或no＋單數(shù)名詞和由some，any，no，every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都用單數(shù)。(2)主語(yǔ)后接with，alongwith，ratherthan，but，except，besides，including,togetherwith，aswellas等短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與主語(yǔ)保持一致。(3)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是由and，both...and...連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；但由and連接的并列主語(yǔ)前面分別有every，each，no等修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)?！ewenttoseeacoupleofhouses，butneitherwassuitable.我們?nèi)タ戳藘商幏孔樱疾缓线m。·Tom，alongwithhisfriends，goesskatingeverySaturday.每個(gè)星期六，湯姆都和他的朋友們一起去滑冰?！nourcountryeveryboyandeverygirlhastherighttoreceiveeducation.在我國(guó)，男孩和女孩都有受教育的權(quán)利?！eitheryounorhewasallowedtogooutatnight.你和他都不允許晚上出去。·Thereisapen，twobooksandmanypencilsonthedesk.桌上有一支鋼筆，

兩本書(shū)和許多鉛筆?！久麕熖嵝选?/p>

neither...nor...，either...or...，notonly...butalso...，not...but...，whether...or...或or連接并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，以及therebe句型中其主語(yǔ)是一系列事物時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用就近原則，即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上與最近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。單句語(yǔ)法填空①Thefatheraswellashischildren____________(go)skatingonthefrozenrivereverySundayafternooninwinter.②Eitheryouoroneofyourstudents____________(be)toattendthemeetingthatwillbeheldtomorrow.③Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacher____________(want)togoclimbing.④____________(be)neitheryounoryourbrotherinterestedinswimming?⑤Weeach____________(have)adifferentpointofview.Eachofus____________(have)gotsomethingtosay.⑥Theteacheraswellasthestudents____________(like)thepainting.goesiswantsArehavehaslikes2.Franklin，alongwithmanyotherscientists，hasinspiredusandtaughtusthatscientificexperimentsareimportantinordertoestablishthetruthandtocontributetowardslaterscientificdiscoveriesandinventions.(教材P32)富蘭克林和其他許多科學(xué)家一樣，給了我們靈感，并告訴我們，科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)于確立真理和為以后的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)和發(fā)明作出貢獻(xiàn)是重要的?！痉治觥?/p>

本句中inordertoestablish...inventions作狀語(yǔ)，表示目的?！就卣埂?/p>

不定式作狀語(yǔ)的用法：(1)原因狀語(yǔ)。不定式作原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常位于情感類(lèi)形容詞或表示心理活動(dòng)的形容詞/過(guò)去分詞之后，表示產(chǎn)生某種情感或心理活動(dòng)的原因。(2)目的狀語(yǔ)。不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)可位于句首和句末，且不定式前可加inorder/soas，但soasto不能位于句首。(3)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)常表示意外的結(jié)果，常在不定式前加only?！ewereastonishedtofindthetemplestillinitsoriginalcondition.令我們吃驚的是，這座寺廟仍保持著最初的樣子。·Hehurriedtothehouseonlytofindthatitwasempty.他急忙趕到那所房子，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)空無(wú)一人。單句語(yǔ)法填空/補(bǔ)全句子①____________(prevent)desertcomingnearer，thegovernmentisplantingtrees.②Whenhewasgoingtowork，hewassurprised______________(find)thathiscarhadbeenstolen.③Westartedearly________________________(為了在天黑前到達(dá)).④Hearrivedtothebookingofficeearlier，_____________________________________________(結(jié)果卻被告知所有的票已經(jīng)賣(mài)光了).Topreventtofindtoarrivebeforedarkonlytobetoldthatalltheticketshadbeensoldout3.ButscientistsallagreethatifFranklinhadactuallytouchedthekey，hewouldcertainlyhavediedfromtheelectricshock.(教材P27)但科學(xué)家們都同意，如果富蘭克林真的碰了鑰匙，他肯定會(huì)死于電擊?！痉治觥?/p>

本句中使用的是虛擬語(yǔ)氣。if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情的虛擬，謂語(yǔ)使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，主句謂語(yǔ)使用would＋have＋過(guò)去分詞?！就卣埂?/p>

虛擬語(yǔ)氣在非真實(shí)條件句中的用法：情況從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反一般過(guò)去時(shí)(be動(dòng)詞用were)would/should/could/might＋動(dòng)詞原形與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反過(guò)去完成時(shí)would/should/could/might＋have＋過(guò)去分詞與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反一般過(guò)去時(shí)(be用were)/should＋動(dòng)詞原形/wereto＋動(dòng)詞原形would/should/could/might＋動(dòng)詞原形·Ifmybrotherwerehere，everythingwouldbeallright.要是我哥哥在這兒，一切都沒(méi)問(wèn)題了。(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)·IfIhadenoughmoney，Iwouldtakethebeautifuldressformydaughter.如果我的錢(qián)足夠的話(huà)，我就會(huì)為女兒買(mǎi)下這件