浙江萬(wàn)里學(xué)院專業(yè)英語(yǔ)期末復(fù)習(xí)題目

Unit1Generalize：toinferfrommanyparticulars概括Perspective：thewayinwhichasituationorproblemisjudgedsothatproperconsiderationisgiventoeachpart合理觀察，視角Approach：themethodusedindealingwithoraccomplishing方法Contingency：apossibilitythatmustbepreparedfor；afutureemergency可能事件，可能出現(xiàn)的情況Confrontation：discordoraclashofopinionsandideas觀點(diǎn)或思想的不和或沖撞Characteristic：afeaturethathelpstoidentify，tellapart，ordescriberecongnizably；adistinguishingmarkortrait特性Popularity：thequalityorstateofbeingpopular，especiallythestateofbeingwidelyadmired，accepted，orsoughtafter普及Complement：toserveasacomplementto補(bǔ)足名詞解釋：Classicalapproach（toManagement）：alsocalledclassicalschool，abodyofliteraturethatrespresentstheearlistattemptstodefineanddescribethefieldofmanagement。Theapproach’smainfocusisonformallyprescribedrelationships..itsprimarymeansforacquiringknowledgearepersonalobservationandcasestudies.（管理學(xué)）古典（研究）方法Contingency（orsituational）approach（toManagement）：ananalysisofmanagementthatemphasizesthefactthatwhatmanagersdoinpracticedependsonagivensetofcircumstancesorthe“situation”andthatthereisnosingle“bestway”tomanage、（管理學(xué)）權(quán)變情景（研究）方法問(wèn)題：Q:Whydomanagementanalysisandpracticerequireasystemapproach？giveapracticalexampleofthisapproachA：itviewsanorganizationasagroupofinterrelatedpartswithasinglepurpose翻譯：現(xiàn)代管理學(xué)始于20世紀(jì)早期，當(dāng)時(shí)正統(tǒng)派的理論家，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和產(chǎn)業(yè)工程師提出了經(jīng)典分析法以增強(qiáng)個(gè)人和組織的生產(chǎn)力。tThemoderneraofmanagementbeganearlyinthe20thcenturywhenclassicaltheorists，economistsandindustrialengineersofferedaclassicalapproachtoincreasetheproductivityofindividualsandorganizations.例如，一種管理理論強(qiáng)調(diào)：使員工滿意更有助于解決員工流動(dòng)量大的問(wèn)題，而不是解決延遲生產(chǎn)問(wèn)題。Forexample，amanagementtheorythatemphasizesemployeesatisfactionmanybemorehelpfulindealingwithahighemployeeturnoverthatwithdelaysinproduction.例如，嚴(yán)格的計(jì)劃，清楚的解釋工作，集中領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和嚴(yán)密的時(shí)間控制都可以提高生產(chǎn)力，并且使員工感到滿意。Forexample，rigidplans，clearlydefinedjobautocraticleadershipandtightcontrolshaveattimesresultedinhighproductivityandsatisfiedworkers.Unit2Conform:toactorbeinaccordoragreement;comply使和諧一致Affordable：thatcanbeafforded買得起Informercial：acommercialtelevisionprogramorrelativelylongcommercialsegmentofferingconsumerinformation，suchaseducationalorinstructionalmaterial，relatedtothesponsor’sproductorservice商業(yè)信息片F(xiàn)ranchise：authorizationgrantedtosomeonetosellordistributeacompany’sgoodsorservicesinacertainarea特許經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)Pervasive：havingthequalityortendencytopervadeorpermeate滲透性的Stakeholder：onewhohasashareoraninterest，asinanenterprise股東Flourish：tobeinaperiodofhighestproductivity，excellent，orinfluence活躍Analogue：somethingthatbearsananalogysomethingelse類似情況名詞解釋Managementpyramids：organizationalstructurecomprisingtop，middle，andlowermanagement管理結(jié)構(gòu)，科層式組織結(jié)構(gòu)First-linemanagers：thoseatthelowestmanagementhierarchy，whosupervisetheoperatingemployeesandimplementtheplanssetatthehighermanagementlevels；alsocalledsupervisorymanagers一線管理者問(wèn)題：1Q：whatarethethreelevelsofmanagement？A：top，middleandbottommanagementlevelsQ：whyareinterpersonalskillsimportanttomanagersinthetext？A：becausemanagersatalllevelsuseinterpersonalskilltogetthingsdonethroughpeople翻譯與其他人的溝通，和他們一起高效率的工作，激勵(lì)他們，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)他們，這些都是在人際關(guān)系方面所需要的能力。Alltheskillsrequiredtocommunicatewithotherpeopleworkeffectivelywiththem，motivatethem，andleadthemareinterpersonalskills為了把夢(mèng)想變成現(xiàn)實(shí)，管理人員必須制定出明確的目的和目標(biāo)。InordertotransformvisiontorealitymanagersmustdefinespecificgoalsandobjectivesUnit3Contrivance：deviceortool，esp，onemadebyanindividualforaparticularpurpose發(fā)明物；器械A(chǔ)ssociation：theactofjoiningorthestateofbeingjoinedwithsomebodyorsomething聯(lián)合，結(jié)合，結(jié)交Fancy：animage，opinion，orideaimaginedandnotbasedfact無(wú)事實(shí)根據(jù)的幻覺(jué)，意見(jiàn)或看法Guidelines：themainpointsaboutsomethingwhichistobedealtwith指導(dǎo)方針，行動(dòng)綱領(lǐng)Maintenance：theactofmaintaining維持，維護(hù)，保養(yǎng)，贍養(yǎng)Limitation：thefactorconditionsoflimitingorbeinglimited限制之事實(shí)或狀態(tài)名詞解釋Operativegoals：thegoalsthatmanyreflectthemodificationorevensubversionofofficialgoalsbyinternalinterestgroups，guideorganizationalactivitiesbyvirtueoftheirspecificity運(yùn)營(yíng)目標(biāo)問(wèn)題：Q：whatdoyouthinkaboutthestatementthat“organizationsare，bydefinition，socialinventionsorcontrivancs”？A：theybasicalrequirethecoordinatedpresenceofpeople，notthings翻譯：組織行為是一個(gè)概括性的術(shù)語(yǔ)，指的是組織中的個(gè)人和團(tuán)體的態(tài)度及行為。Organizationalbehaviorisarathergeneraltermthatreferstotheattitudesandbehaviorsofindividualsandgroupsinorganizations.組織行為學(xué)的研究將幫助你作為一個(gè)消費(fèi)者理解為什么一些組織能夠迅速有效地提供他們的產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)，而別的組織做不到。Thestudyoforganizationalbehaviorshouldhelpyouasaconsumertocomprehendwhysomeoneorganizationsareabletooffertheirproductsandserviceseffectivelyandefficientlywhileothersarenot.Unit4Innovative:markedbyorgiventoinnovations革新的，創(chuàng)新的Medieval：relatingorbelongingtotheMiddleAges中世紀(jì)的Hazardous：markedbydanger；perilous帶有危險(xiǎn)性的，危險(xiǎn)的Artificialintelligence：theabilityofamachinetoperformthoseactivitiesthatarenormallythoughttorequireintelligence人工智能Prototype：anoriginaltype，form，orinstancethatservesasamodelonwhichlaterstagesarebasedorjudged原型Outmaneuver：toovercome（anopponent）byartful，clevermaneuvering智勝，在機(jī)智，謀略上勝過(guò)對(duì)手Profitable：yieldingprofit；advantageousorlucrative有利可圖的名詞解釋：Masscustomization：usingmassproductiontechniquestoproducecustomizedgoods.TheCompany’snextgoalistousebatch-of-onemanufacturing,inwhicheveryproductismadetoorderfromscratchandvirtuallynostandardinventoryonhand大規(guī)模定制（生產(chǎn)）問(wèn)題：Q：Whatarethedifferencesbetweenmechanizationandautomation？A：theyturnedtheirattentiontowardeliminatingasmuchcostlymanuallaboraspossiblethroughautomationQ：whatismassproductionandwhatismasscustomization？A：massproductionreducesproductioncostsandmakesproductsavailabletomorepeople；masscustomizationusingmassproductiontechniquestoproducecustomizedgoods翻譯：企業(yè)追求這些目標(biāo)是為了維持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì).Companiespursuestheseobjectivesinordertomaintaincompetitiveadvantage使用計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)輔助設(shè)計(jì)和施工節(jié)省了時(shí)間和金錢，因?yàn)樾薷挠?jì)算機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)比修改手繪的設(shè)計(jì)和建造物理模型要快得多.Usingcomputerstoaiddesignandengineersavestimeandmoneybecauserevisingcomputerdesignsismuchfasterthanrevisinghand-drafteddesignsandbuildingphysicalmodelsUnit5Alignment:theactofaligningortheconditionofbeingaligned結(jié)盟Verticalintegration：垂直統(tǒng)一管理Nutrition：theprocessofnourishingorbeingnourished，especiallytheprocessbywhichalivingorganismassimilatesfoodandusesitforgrowthandforreplacementoftissues營(yíng)養(yǎng)Pharmaceutical：oforrelatingtopharmacyorpharmacists制藥的Inflammatory：characterizedorcausedbyinflammation發(fā)炎的Backwardintegration：后向合并Maturity：thestateorqualityofbeingfullygrownordeveloped成熟名詞解釋Bargainingstrengthsofsuppliers：thebargainingpowerofsuppliersoverfirmsinanindustryisthethirdmajordeterminantofindustrycompetition。Itislargelythroughincreasedprices。Itsimpactcanbesignificant，particularlywhenalimitednumberofsuppliersservicesanumberofdifferenceindustries供應(yīng)商的議價(jià)能力問(wèn)題：Q：Whatisindustryanalysis，anyway？andwhatkindsofquestionsmustbeansweredinmakinganindustryanalysis？A：1，howprofitableistheindustrylikelytobeshort-term？Long-term？2，whatarethemoreimportantindustry’scharacteristics?3,whataretheindustry’sdrivingforce?4,whattheessentialdeterminantsofsuccess?Q:whataretheessentialdeterminantsofsuccessforafirminaparticularindustry?A:thesearecapabilitiesafirmmusthaveorbeabletoachieveinordertobecompetitiveandviablefinancially.翻譯一個(gè)具有吸引力的產(chǎn)業(yè)在決定一個(gè)公司的戰(zhàn)略---尤其是具有挑戰(zhàn)性的戰(zhàn)略時(shí)扮演著重要的角色。Anattractiveindustryplaysalargeroleindeterminingafirm’sstrategy—particularlyitsaggressiveness.當(dāng)前的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者，潛在的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者，供應(yīng)商和顧客的討價(jià)還價(jià)能力和替代產(chǎn)品，這五種互動(dòng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力量共同決定了一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)的長(zhǎng)期的吸引力。Therearefiveinteractivecompetitionsforcesthatcollectivelydetermineanindustry’slong-termattractiveness---presentcompetitors,potentialcompetitors,thebargainingpowerofsuppliersandbuyers,andsubstituteproducts.經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退期，是他們競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力最強(qiáng)的時(shí)候，許多競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者被迫退出其所在的產(chǎn)業(yè)。Duringtheshakeoutperiod,competitionforcesareattheirstrongest.andmanycompetitorsareforcedtoexittheindustry.Unit6Inventory:thequantityofgoodsandmaterialsonhand庫(kù)存Obsolete：outmodedindesign，style，orconstruction過(guò)時(shí)的Interchange：togiveandreceivemutually；exchange計(jì)算Simulation：representationoftheoperationorfeaturesofoneprocessorsystemthroughtheuseofanother模擬Multifunction多功能的Flexible：responsivetochange；adaptable可變通的，靈活的Coordinate：toharmonizeinacommonactionoreffort；toworktogetherharmoniously調(diào)整名詞解釋：Inventorycontrol：systemfordeterminingtherightquantityofvariousitemtohaveonhandandkeepingtrackoftheirlocation，use，andcondition庫(kù)存控制Just-in-timesystem：continuoussystemthatpullsmaterialsthroughtheproductionprocess，makingsurethatallmaterialsarrivejustwhentheyareneedwithminimalornoinventoryorwaste適時(shí)制翻譯另一方面，如果沒(méi)有足夠的庫(kù)存供應(yīng)，會(huì)導(dǎo)致生產(chǎn)的延遲和顧客的不滿。Ontheotherhand，nothavinganadequatesupplyofinventorycandelayproductionandresultinunhappycustomers如今，許多企業(yè)都在尋求新的庫(kù)存管理的方法。Somanycompaniestodayareseekingnewwaysofmanaginginventory。這就是為什么越來(lái)越多的企業(yè)，正在改變他們?yōu)榱松a(chǎn)和服務(wù)而購(gòu)買和使用原料的方法的原因。That’swhymoreandmorecompaniesarechangingthewaytheypurchaseandhandlethematerialstheyusetoproducegoodsandservices.Unit7Grosssales銷售總額Discount：areductionfromthefullorstandardamountofapieceordebt折扣Grossprofit：毛利；總利潤(rùn)；利潤(rùn)毛額Advertisingexpense廣告費(fèi)用Invoice：adetaillistgoodsshippedorservicesrendered，withanaccountofallcosts；anitemizedbill發(fā)貨清單Cancellation：theactoraninstanceofcanceling取消名詞解釋：Grosssales：thetermgrosssalesisthetotalamountchargedtoallcustomersduringsometimeperiod銷售總額Allowance：occurswhenacustomerisnotsatisfiedwithapurchaseforsomereason，thecompanygivesapricereductionontheoriginalinvoice，butthecustomerkeepsthegoodsandservices價(jià)格折讓問(wèn)題：Q：whatisthemainpurposeoftheoperatingstatement？A：determiningthenetprofitfigure，andpresentingdatatosupportthatfigure.Q:whatdoesthetermreturnmeanintheoperatingstatement?A:itoccurswhenacustomersendsbackpurchasedproducts.Unit8Utilization：makinguseof利用，使用，Representative：apersonactinginplaceofoneormoreothers代表，代理Energizer：somethingorsomebodythatgivesenergyto使活躍的人或物Compensation：賠償金，賠償費(fèi)，賠償物Self-esteem：one’sgoodortoogoodopinionofone’sownworth自尊心，自大，自負(fù)名詞解釋：Humanresourcemanagement：utilizationofhumanresourcestoachieveorganizationalobjectives人力資源管理Humanresourceplanning：theprocessofsystematicallyreviewinghumanresourcerequirementstoensurethattherequirednumbersofemployees，withtherequiredskills，areavailablewhentheyareneeded.人力資源規(guī)劃問(wèn)題：Q：whoare“l(fā)ine”managers？why？canyougiveanexample？A：forinstance,inamanufacturing