定語從句學(xué)案

一、定語的概念：定語是用來修飾名詞或代詞的。例如：(先試試用橫線劃出下面短語中的定語，然后在背面的括號里注明是什么在作定語)abeautifulgirl （） threeboys（） ashoefactory （）Jim’sfather() ourteacher()themaninthecar（） themanstandingatthedoor （） themanwhoistalkingwithSam（）二、定語從句的概念及重要特性：

1．定語從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞；定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后；引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。請劃出下列句子中的定語從句、先行詞及關(guān)系代詞：

Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.

2.定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞重要特性：（1）指代作用：關(guān)系詞（引導(dǎo)詞）指代先行詞；（2）成分作用：關(guān)系詞（引導(dǎo)詞）在從句中必須作成分；三、定語從句的基本使用方法：關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關(guān)系代詞who人主語，賓語Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?whom,which和that在限制性定語從句中做賓語時，?？梢允÷?，但介詞提前時背面關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人賓語Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar.whose人，物定語Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.that人，物主語，賓語Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.which物主語，賓語Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.as人，物主語，賓語Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.as做賓語一般不省略關(guān)系副詞where地點地點狀語引導(dǎo)詞都不能省when時間時間狀語why原因原因狀語思索：怎樣選定對的的關(guān)系詞（引導(dǎo)詞）（一）關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

1．who

指人，在定語從句中作主語，有時也作賓語。

Thosewhowanttogotothemuseummustbeattheschoolgateat7tomorrowmorning.

想去博物館的人必須在明晨7點到大門口集合。

分析：先行詞__________,引導(dǎo)詞who在從句中作________。2.whom

指人，在定語從句中做賓語，常可省略。

MrLiuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.

分析：先行詞__________在從句中作________。注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語或非正式文體中?？捎脀ho來替代，也可省略。

Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.3.whose

一般指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語。Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.

我拜訪了一種全國著名的科學(xué)家。分析：先行詞__________在從句中作________。Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.

譯成漢語：_________________________________分析：先行詞__________在從句中作________。注意：指物時，常用下列構(gòu)造來替代：

Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.

＝Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.

Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?

＝Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?

自己總結(jié)一下：在定語從句中，whose+名詞＝___________________________4.which指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，做賓語時?？墒÷?。

Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.

足球是大多數(shù)男孩所喜歡的運動。分析：先行詞__________在從句中作________。

5.that引導(dǎo)定語從句時，既可以指人，也可以指物。指人時，相稱于who或whom；指物時，相稱于which.。在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時?？墒÷?。

Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.

注意：關(guān)系代詞that與which的區(qū)別定語從句在下列狀況下只能用that，而不能用which指物。（指人時可以用who/whom）1.當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級或者序數(shù)詞修飾時。如：

ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.

ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.

在倫敦他們參觀的第一種地方是大本鐘。

2.當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞everything,anything,nothing,something,all,none,few,little,much等代詞時，或當(dāng)先行詞受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代詞修飾時。如：

HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?

Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.

Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.

3.當(dāng)先行詞被thevery,theonly,thesame,thelast修飾時。如：

ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.

這正是我要買的詞典。

Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns.

4.當(dāng)先行詞是who,或which引導(dǎo)的主句時。如：

Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?

WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?

5.當(dāng)先行詞為人與動物或人與物時。如：

Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool

Lookatthemanandhisdonkeythatarewalkingupthestreet.思索：什么時候只能which而不能用that呢？1.在___________中；2.在____________之后。(二)關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

1.when

指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。常可以用in/on/atwhich替代。

IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.

分析：先行詞__________引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作________。Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.

你還記得在農(nóng)村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年嗎？翻譯：___________________________________________2.where

指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。?？捎胕n/on/atwhich替代。ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.

我十年前住的房子已經(jīng)被拆掉了。注意：當(dāng)先行詞是situation,occasion,point（地步，程度），case（狀況，例子），position（職位，位置），scene（場景）等表達(dá)抽象“地點”的名詞作先行詞時，若定語從句中缺乏主語、賓語或表語時應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which,that來引導(dǎo)；若從句中缺乏地點作狀語時，用關(guān)系副詞where來引導(dǎo)定語從句。Sometimesyouwillfindyourselfinasituationwhereyoufeltveryembarrassed（尷尬）.Hehasreachedapointwherenobodycancomparewithhim.Haveyoumetwiththecasewhichissimilartothisone?即學(xué)即練：Measuremustbetakentochangethesituationitisunfavourabletous.Canyouthinkoutasituationcanagreewithwhathehassaid?Hehasreachedastagehehadtogiveupsmoking.Hehasreachedastageisimportanttohiswholelife.3．why

指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。?？捎胒orwhich來替代。

Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.

請告訴我你誤機(jī)的原因。Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.

譯成漢語：____________________

注意：1)關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句常?？梢杂谩敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句來表達(dá)。如：

①Fromtheyearswhen(=______________)hewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountryhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup.

自從他在農(nóng)村讀小課時，他就已經(jīng)懂得長大后要做什么。②Iwillneverforgetthemomentwhen(=______________)theblindstudentsmovedus.

③Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere(=______________)theylive.

他們生活的都市正發(fā)生巨大的變化。④Thereasonwhy(=______________)herefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.

他為何拒絕接受邀請的原因是十分明了的。2)表達(dá)時間、地點和原因的名詞來作先行詞時，定語從句可用關(guān)系代詞也可用關(guān)系副詞，詳細(xì)需根據(jù)從句所缺成分。①Iwillneverforgetthedays________weclimbedthemountaintogether.Iwillneverforgetthedays________wespenttogether.②Wevisitedthehouse_______LuXunusedtolive.Wevisitedthehouse_______LuXunusedtolivein.③Thisisthereason_______hewasunhappy.

Thisisthereason_______heexplainedatthemeeting.即學(xué)即練：①Thereseemstobenothingseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.②Hepreferstheapplescomesfromhisparents’farm.③Ihavereadallthebooksyougiveme.④Thisisthebestfilmhasbeenshownthismonth.⑤Thepancakesyouhadforbreakfastweremadeofcorn.⑥ThisistheonlynewspaperIreadinthemorning.⑦Fromthetimehewaslittle,hehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup.⑧Thosesuccessfuldeafdancersthinkthatdancingisanactivitysightmattersmorethanhearing.⑨ShanghaiistheplaceIwasborn.⑩weallknowthereasonheissosadtoday.(三)限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句

限制性定語從句舉例：

TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.

Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.

非限制性定語從句舉例：

Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.

他媽媽十分地愛他，對他規(guī)定很嚴(yán)格。

China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.

LastsummerIvisitedthePeople’sGreatHall,inwhichmanyimportantmeetingsareheldeveryyear.注意：在非限制性定語從句中，有時which所指代的先行詞是前面的整個句子。XiaoLicametoseemeoff,whichwasverykindofher.Hedidn’tpasstheexam,whichsurprisedus.歸納總結(jié)：區(qū)別限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句形式與主句之間不用逗號隔開與主句之間有逗號隔開功能對先行詞進(jìn)行限定、修飾。假如省去從句部分剩余部分意義便不完整、不明確對先行詞作附加闡明。去掉后，句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整、明確。先行詞名詞、代詞或名詞詞組名詞、名詞詞組或整個主句引導(dǎo)詞所有關(guān)系詞除that和why之外的關(guān)系詞翻譯先譯從句再譯先行詞主句從句分別翻譯即學(xué)即練：用對的關(guān)系詞填空并翻譯下列句子①WearestudyingthebusinessEnglish,isveryusefulforusinthefuture.②IhatethehotelIlived.③Themanwasbitbymydogwasbitbymydogtodayagain④Asachild,Jackstudiedinavillageschool,isnamedafterhisgrandfather.⑤Becauseofthefinancialcrisis,daysaregone______local5-starhotelscharged6,000yuanforonenight.⑥They’vewontheirlastthreematches,______Ifindabitsurprising.(四)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句

關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。

①Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.

＝Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.

他曾經(jīng)就讀過的學(xué)校很出名。

②We’llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/who/that)wehaveoftentalkedabout.

＝We’llgotohearthefamoussinger________________wehaveoftentalked.我們將去聽那位我們常常談?wù)摰闹璩已莩?。③ThemanagerwhosecompanyIworkinpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.

＝Themanager________________Iworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.我工作的那家企業(yè)的經(jīng)理十分注意改善我們的工作條件。注意：1)具有介詞的固定短語動詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語動詞的背面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof,giveup等。

Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.

(正)

ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.

(誤)2)若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時只可用whom，不可用who,that；關(guān)系代詞指物時只可用which，不可用that;關(guān)系代詞是所有格時用whose。

Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.

(正)

Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.

(誤)

3)根據(jù)表意需要“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。如：

①Heloveshisparentsdeeply,ofwhomareverykindtohim.

（父母都對他好）②Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,havegonebad.

（其中的某些已經(jīng)壞了）③Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.

④Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,areaboutcountrylife.

（其中三個是有關(guān)鄉(xiāng)村生活的）

4）介詞確實定：（1）根據(jù)定語從句中的謂語動詞或形容詞確定介詞，其動詞或介詞搭配，構(gòu)成動詞短語。例如：ThemanwithwhomyoushookhandsjustnowisourEnglishteacher.(shakehandswithsb)ThetwothingsaboutwhichKarlMarxwasnotsurewerethegrammarandsomeoftheidioms.(besureabout)（2）根據(jù)定語從句所修飾的先行詞確定介詞，其先行詞往往是表達(dá)時間、地點、原因、措施、工具等的詞，它們與介詞之間有一定的聯(lián)絡(luò)。例如：I’llneverforgetthedayonwhich(=when)Ijoinedthearmy.（3）表達(dá)“所屬”關(guān)系或“整體中的一部分”時，用of。Theoldmanhasthreesons,twoofwhomaredoctors.（4）根據(jù)句子的意思確定介詞。有些句子，先行詞完全同樣，定語從句中謂語動詞不是由固定的動詞短語構(gòu)成的，這時，要根據(jù)句子所要體現(xiàn)的意思，選用不一樣的介詞。例如：ThisisthepilotforwhomIboughtacamera.Thisisthepilotwithwhommybrotherhasworkedfortenyears.Thisisthepilotbywhommysonwassaved.即學(xué)即練：①Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasinglepersonwhomshecouldturnforhelp.②Isthisthecarwhichyoupaidahighprice?③TheteacherwhomthestudentsinourclassarefondisMrWang,ourEnglishteacher.④Thefactorywhich(=where)hisfatherworksisfarawayfrommyhometown.⑤Water,whichmancan’tlive,isreallyimportant.(五)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時，從句中的主謂一致關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上應(yīng)與先行詞一致。例如：Whoistheguythatisreadingoverthere?Thenumberofpeoplethataregoingtotheexhibitionisexpectedtobeover25,000.Allthatneedstobedonehasbeendone.Heisoneofthestudentswhousecomputeralotforstudy.Timmyistheonlyoneofthepupilsthathasfailedtheexam.例③中的all意為“一切”，作單數(shù)。例⑤中沒通過考試的學(xué)生實際上只有一人，因此謂語動詞也用單數(shù)。即學(xué)即練：①Heisoneofthestudentswho________neverlate.譯成漢語：________________________②Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho________neverlate.譯成漢語：_________________（六）as引導(dǎo)定語從句時的使用方法①as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句一般用于thesame…as,such…as構(gòu)造中。Iwantthesameshirtasmyfriend’s.我要一件跟我朋友同樣的襯衫。SuchmachinesasareusedinourworkshoparemadeinChina.我們車間使用的這種機(jī)器是中國制造的。②as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句代指先行詞為整個主句；既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后；此外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思；一般用下列句型：asisknowntoall,asissaid,asisreported,asisannounced,asweallknow,asIexpect，asisofenthecase等。AsIexpected,hegotthefirstplaceagaininthismid-termexamination.正如我所預(yù)料的那樣，他在這次期中考試中又獲得了第一名。注意：1.as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時與which的區(qū)別①當(dāng)主句和從句語義一致時，用as；反之，用which來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。Hemadealongspeech,asweexpected.Hemadealongspeech,whichwasunexpected.②當(dāng)非限制定語從句為否認(rèn)期，常用which引導(dǎo)。Tomdrinksaloteveryday,whichhiswifedoesn’tlikeatall.2.當(dāng)先行詞受thesame修飾時，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但與as引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思有區(qū)別。如：

SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.

她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的同一條連衣裙。

Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.

她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的同樣的連衣裙。3.定語從句such…as…與成果狀語從句such…that…的區(qū)別：as在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作主語，賓語；that在成果狀語從句中不做成分HehassuchagoodlaptopasIwanttobuy.HehassuchagoodlaptopthatIwanttobuyone.(七)以theway為先行詞的限制性定語從句一般由inwhich或that引導(dǎo)，并且一般可以省略。

Theway________heansweredthequestionswassurprising.

他回答這些問題的方式令人驚奇。Idon’tliketheway________youlaughather.

我不喜歡你沖她的樣子。Testyourself:1.Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,

,ofcourse,madethe

othersunhappy.

A.which

B.who

C.this

D.what

2.AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown

hegrewupasachild.

A.which

B.when

C.that

D.where

3.Thegentleman

youtoldmeyesterdayprovedtobeathief.

A.who

B.aboutwhom

C.whom

D.withwhom

4.Pleasetakeanyseat

isfree.

A.which

B.where

C.inwhich

D.that

5.Theoldmanhastwosons,

isasoldier.

A.oneofwhomB.bothofthem

C.allofwhom

D.noneofthem

6.NewYorkisfamousforitssky-scrapers(摩天大樓)，

hasmorethan100storeys.

A.thehigherofthem

B.thehighestofwhichC.thehighestofthem

D.someofwhich

7.Myhomevillageisnolongerthesame

itusedtobe.

A.which

B.as

C.where

D.when

8.IntheofficeIneverseemtohavetimeuntilafter5:30p.m.,

manypeoplehavegonehome.

A.whosetime

B.that

C.atwhich

D.bywhichtime

9.Theboy

compositionwonthefirstprizeistheyoungestinthegroup.

A.who

B.whose

C.that

D.which

10.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,

wasmorethanwecouldexpect.

A.what

B.which

C.that

D.it

11.Mr.Wangisaboss,

factoryLiPingworked.

A.inwhose

B.whose

C.inwhom

D.ofwhich

12.Idon'tliketheway

youspeaktoher.

A./

B.that

C.inwhich

D.AllA,B,andC

13.Ishallneverforgettheyears

Ilivedinthecountrywiththefarmers,

hasa