托福閱讀推理題解題思路

11/6托福閱讀推理題解題思路托福閱讀中的推理題是很多同學可怕的題型，下面我就帶你找一些〔方法〕去攻略它。托福閱讀之推理題備考方法一、推理題的標志推理題的題干中一般含有infer,imply,mostlikely,leastlikely,probably等詞，分為有共性的推理題和無共性的推理題兩大類。二、推理題的做法對于無共性的推理題，也就是題干中無線索的，一般使用排除法，即根據(jù)各個選項的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，通過排除法得出正確答案。對于有共性的推理題，也就是題干中有線索的，建議考生可以先圈定題干中的關(guān)鍵詞，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，然后進行推理。推理題主要有以下思路：一般對比推理ETS設(shè)計推理題的手段不多，根據(jù)兩個事物的對比特征出題是其中之一。問其中一個事物的特征時，只要將與之形成對比的另一個事物的特征否認掉就可以了。例如：Itshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans,whales,porpoises,anddolphinsaremammals.Theybreathethroughlungs,notthroughgills,andgivebirthtoliveyoung.Theirstreamlinedbodies,theabsenceofhindlegs,andthepresenceofaflukeandblowholecannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithland-dwellingmammals.However,limbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutearlyseaotters?Itisnotdifficulttoimaginewhattheylookedlike.Thereweregreatnumbersofthem.Theylivedintheseaonly.Theydidnotleavemanyfossilremains.時間對比推理這種思路常被考到。在這種推理中，一般有兩個形成對比的時間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當題干問一個時間段的特征時，只要將與之相反的時間段的特征否認掉就可以了。例：BasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWaristhecountry'simpressivepopulationgrowth…ItappearedthatCanadawasoncemorefallinginstepwiththetrendtowardsmallerfamiliesthathadoccurredallthroughtheWesternworldsincethetimeoftheIndustrialRevolution.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbeforetheIndustrialRevolutionfamilieswerelarger.populationstatisticswereunreliable.thepopulationgrewsteadily.economicconditionswerebad.unlikethecasesofseaottersandpinnipeds(seals,sealions,andwalruseswhose文檔文檔WordWord6622集合概念推理集合概念推理也可以稱之為百分比推斷，它指的是在一個集合中，包含兩個相對的方面，共同構(gòu)成一個大的集合。一方所占的比例削減意味著另一方所占比例的增加;反之，一方所占的比例增加意味著另一方所占比例的削減。根據(jù)這一思路，可以由集合中一方的數(shù)量轉(zhuǎn)變推斷另一方的消減。例：Afolkcultureissmall,isolated,cohesive,conservative,nearlyself-sufficientgroupthatishomogeneousincustomandrace,withastrongfamilyorclanstructureandhighlydevelopedritualsUnalteredfolkculturesnolongerexistinindustrializedcountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandCanadaBycontrast,apopularcultureisalargeheterogeneousgroup,oftenhighlyindividualisticandconstantlychanging.WhatdoestheauthorimplyabouttheUnitedStatesandCanada?Theyvaluefolkcultures.Theyhavenosocialclasses.Theyhavepopularcultures.Theydonotvalueindividualism.以上就是托福閱讀推理題的做法，大家可以根據(jù)題干標志圈定托福閱讀推理題的范圍，然后運用本文中的技巧，一舉搞定推理題！托福閱讀：淺談推理題中的類比規(guī)律關(guān)系很多同學最近始終和我埋怨，托福閱讀中的推理題好難啊，很多題目的正確選項在文中都找不到，說好的忠于原文，說好的不用多想，不用為分憂解難呢？這時候我會偷笑，因為你們碰到的是詳情題的升級版本一-推理題!我們平常在閱讀教學中始終和同學強調(diào)，閱讀要忠于原文，不要大開腦洞，全部答案均出如今原文中。唯獨有一種題目即推理題，需要學生不僅在文中找到相關(guān)依據(jù)，還要根據(jù)這個依據(jù)走一步推理的過程，才能得出答案。今日就想和大家共享一下閱讀推理題中涉及到的一種規(guī)律推理關(guān)系一類比關(guān)系，此類規(guī)律關(guān)系一般出如今對比類的文段中。即〔文章〕中出現(xiàn)A,B兩個比較對象，A與B有相同特征，于是我們可以根據(jù)A的特證來推斷B也有相同的特征。舉個例子：像小明一樣，小紅愛吃西瓜，于是乎我們可以從這句話里推斷出不僅小紅愛吃西瓜，小明也愛吃。接下去，我們就來看看這種規(guī)律關(guān)系在推理題中的應(yīng)用。Paragraph1:Whenitcomestophysiology,theleatherbackturtleis,insomeways,morelikeareptilianwhalethanaturtle.Itswimsfartherintothecoldofthenorthernandsouthernoceansthananyotherseaturtle,anditdealswiththechillywatersinawayuniqueamongreptiles.Whatcanbeinferredaboutwhalesfromparagraph1?A.Theyareconsideredbysometobereptiles.Theirbodiesarebuiltinawaythathelpsthemmanageextremelycoldtemperatures.C.Theyaredistantlyrelatedtoleatherbackturtles.D.Theycanswimfartherthanleatherbackturtles.這道題目，題干問我們根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容我們可以對鯨魚作出何種推斷，于是乎我們根據(jù)解題技巧快速回到文中搜尋定位詞whales,找到以下這句話〃theWord文檔Word文檔#/6leatherbackturtleis,insomeways,morelikeareptilianwhalethanaturtle.”這句話告知我們leatherbackturtle更像爬行的whales,雖然此句沒有直接提到whales的特征，但我們可以根據(jù)剛剛提到的類比關(guān)系做一步規(guī)律推斷啊。既然leatherbackturtle很像whales,那么leatherbackturtle的特征也應(yīng)當就是whales的特征，因此我們只要找到leatherbackturtle的描述信息即可覺察whales的特征。原文最終一句話提到，leatherbackturtle會游到寒冷的南北海洋并且有特殊的處理冰水的能力。于是乎我們可以得出whales也有相同特征。答案對應(yīng)B選項。再來看一道稍難的題目吧Buckrubsalsohaveascent.Theseodorsmakebuckrubsanimportantmeansofolfactorycommunication.Foreheadrubbingbymaledeeronbuckrubspresumablysendsagreatdealofinformationtoothermembersofthesamespecies.Thepresenceofmanywell-markedrubsisindicativeofolder,higher-statusmalesbeinginthegeneralvicinityratherthansimplybeingacrudemeasureofrelativedeerabundanceinagivenarea.Theinformationconveyedbytheolfactorysignalsonabuckrubmakeitthesocialequivalentofsomeauditorysignalsinotherdeerspecies,suchastrumpetingbybullelk.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph4aboutthetrumpetingofbullelk?Trumpetingbyhigher-statusbullelksignalstheirpresencetoothermembersoftheirspecies.Bullelkneedtocombinetrumpetingwitholfactorysignalstocoveyinformationabouttheiridentity.Trumpetingalertswhite-taileddeertothepresenceofbullelkintheirvicinity.Trumpetingprovidesabettermeasureofdeerpresenceinagivenareathanbuckrubsdo.此題問我們，根據(jù)第四段我們可以對trumpetingofbullelk做出怎樣的推斷。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞trumpetingofbullelk我們快速找到原文最終一個單詞。既然是出如今文章的最終位置，那我們只好去往前推了。而前句又提到了一個我們特殊熟識的規(guī)律關(guān)系——類比關(guān)系。來看這句話Theinformationconveyedbytheolfactorysignalsonabuckrubmakeitthesocialequivalentofsomeauditorysignalsinotherdeerspecies,suchastrumpetingbybullelk.這句話告知我們buckrub發(fā)出的olfactorysignal和trumpetingofbullelk發(fā)出的auditorysignal有相同的社會作用。根據(jù)前文我們知道buckrub可以反映年長雄鹿在鹿群里的社會地位。于是乎我們便可以做進一步推理，即trumpetingofbullelk也應(yīng)當有相像地功能。我想，只要我們的同學能夠嫻熟把握這種規(guī)律推理方法，將來確定可以避開在做這類推理題時常常出現(xiàn)的無從下手的逆境。托福閱讀：推斷題的解題方法你還在可怕做推斷題嗎?調(diào)查：你認為哪種題目最難托福閱讀中的推斷題始終是考生心理的陰影和恐懼，尤其是“推斷”兩個字，瞬間會讓大家聯(lián)想到柯南,福爾摩斯之類帶有懸疑色彩的東西。據(jù)對所帶的學生進行的調(diào)查，提到哪種閱讀題型最難做，將近50%的學生把票投給了推斷題。毋庸置疑，推斷題確定有確定的難度所在，這點我們從托?？荚嚬俜街改?og)的轉(zhuǎn)變上就可覺察一些端倪。第三版og上，推斷題的考查數(shù)量為0-2題，第四版og已經(jīng)增加到1-3題，ets的用(yin)意(mou)所在可見一斑。那么，我們改如何應(yīng)對推斷題呢?推斷題真的像我們想象的這么難么?今日我們一起來從考查形式上來解刨一下推斷題。題干特征：推斷題的題干經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)infer,suggest,imply,indicate這類單詞考查形式主要分為兩大類：對比推斷和詳情推斷，而后者出現(xiàn)的幾率更大?？疾樾问揭唬簩Ρ韧茢郃時間對比：一般有兩個形成對比的時間點，它們所具有的特征一般相反。如：原文會出現(xiàn)before1990的信息，而題目會問after1990的信息？解決方案：收集問題對應(yīng)的時間點的信息，然后取反。留意原文中出現(xiàn)的表示時間節(jié)點的詞before,after,not...until...例題ThestoryofthewestwardmovementofpopulationintheUnitedStatesis,inthemain,thestoryoftheexpansionofAmericanagriculture-ofthedevelopmentofnewareasfortheraisingoflivestockandthecultivationofwheat,corn,tobacco,andcotton.After1815improvedtransportationenabledmoreandmorewesternfarmerstoescapeaself-sufficientwayoflifeandenteranationalmarketeconomyduringperiodswhencommoditypriceswerehigh,therateofwestwardmigrationincreasedspectacularly.“OldAmericaseemedtobebreakingupandmovingwestward,”observedanEnglishvisitorin1817,duringthefirstgreatwaveofmigration.Emigrationtothewestreachedapeakinthe1830's,whereasin1810onlyaseventyoftheAmericanpeoplelivedwestoftheAppalachianmountains,by1840morethanathirdlivedthere.oTheyhadlimitedtheircropproductiontowheat,corn,tobacco,andcotton.oTheywereabletoselltheirproduceathighprices.oTheyhadnotbeensuccessfulinraisingcattle.oTheydidnotoperateinanationalmarketeconomy.答案D對應(yīng)關(guān)鍵句：After1815improvedtransportationenabledmoreandmorewesternfarmerstoescapeaself-sufficientwayoflifeandenteranationalmarketeconomyduringperiodswhencommoditypriceswerehigh,therateofwestwardmigrationincreasedspectacularly.B直接對比：兩個或多個事物的特征一一如原文會出現(xiàn)A的特點，然后會有B和A相比較的信息，然后題目問B的特點？解決方案：收集題干所問的推斷對象（about后面的信息一般為推斷對象）的全部信息（一般為上述的B），然后在原文所描述的與之相關(guān)的信息（一般為上述的A）的基礎(chǔ)之上取反。留意原文中出現(xiàn)的表示對比的關(guān)系詞：bycontrast,unlike,while,whereas,onthecontrary,incomparisonto,distinctfrom,differentfrom等詞。例題Paragraph1:Itshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans-whales,porpoises,anddolphins-aremammals.Theybreathethroughlungs,notthroughgills,andgivebirthtoliveyoung.Theirstreamlinedbodies,theabsenceofhindlegs,andthepresenceofaflukeandblowholecannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithland-dwellingmammals.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutwesternfarmerspriorto1815？However,unlikethecasesofseaottersandpinnipeds（seals,sealions,andwalruses,whoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.Extinctbut,alreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutearlyseaotters?oltisnotdifficulttoimaginewhattheylookedlikeoThereweregreatnumbersofthem.oTheylivedintheseaonly.oTheydidnotleavemanyfossilremains.答案A對應(yīng)關(guān)鍵句：However,unlikethecasesofseaottersandpinnipeds(seals,sealions,andwalruses,whoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.考查形式二：詳情推斷考查詳情推斷，事物的特點，屬性等。解決方案：收集題干所提問的推斷對象(about后面的信息一般為推斷對象)的全部信息。假如推斷對象所涉及的信息比較多，難以抓到重點，則逐個選項進行定位篩選。例題Paragraph1:Groundwateristhewordusedtodescribewaterthatsaturatestheground,fillingalltheavailablespaces.Byfarthemostabundanttypeofgroundwaterismeteoricwater;thisisthegroundwaterthatcirculatesaspartofthewatercycle.Ordinarymeteoricwateriswaterthathassoakedintothegroundfromthesurface,fromprecipitation(rainandsnow)andfromlakesandstreams.Thereitremains,sometimesforlongperiods,beforeemergingatthesurfaceagain.At