新高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)課時(shí)練第1部分閱讀理解與閱讀七選五專題1第7 ?？荚掝}一科普知識類 (含解析)

?？荚掝}一科普知識類科普知識類說明文是高考閱讀理解中的重難點(diǎn)題材，考生往往在這類文章中失分嚴(yán)重，因此，考生需要了解科普知識類文章的主要特點(diǎn)和命題方式。選材當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)和科技等方面的變化，以介紹某一科學(xué)現(xiàn)象居多。特點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、邏輯性強(qiáng)。語言文章中詞匯的意義相對單一、穩(wěn)定、簡明，不帶感情色彩。句子結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，語法分析較困難，常使用被動語態(tài)，尤其是一些慣用被動句式。命題主要集中在細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題或詞義猜測題，以推理判斷題居多?？破罩R類說明文長難句居多，題目往往是推理判斷題和主旨大意題。因此，考生在擴(kuò)大詞匯量的同時(shí)，還需要努力增強(qiáng)分析長難句的能力，把握文章的主旨。具體答題策略如下：(2019·全國Ⅰ·C)Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon，themarketisgrowingforbiometric(生物測量)technologies—likefingerprintscans—tokeepothersoutofprivatee-spaces.Atpresent，thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive，though.ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice(裝置)thatgetsaroundthisproblem：asmartkeyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence(節(jié)奏)withwhichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser’stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus，thekeyboardcandeterminepeople’sidentities，andbyextension，whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputerit’sconnectedto—regardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.Italsodoesn’trequireanewtypeoftechnologythatpeoplearen’talreadyfamiliarwith.Everybodyusesakeyboardandeverybodytypesdifferently.Inastudydescribingthetechnology，theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword“touch”fourtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped，withverylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive，plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。隨著數(shù)據(jù)和身份盜竊變得越來越普遍，對用戶信息起防護(hù)作用的技術(shù)如指紋掃描等的市場正在增長，但這些技術(shù)仍然很昂貴。本文介紹了一種具有類似功能的新型低成本設(shè)備——智能鍵盤。28．Whydotheresearchersdevelopthesmartkeyboard?A．Toreducepressureonkeys.B．Toimproveaccuracyintyping.C．Toreplacethepasswordsystem.D．Tocutthecostofe-spaceprotection.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Atpresent，thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive，though.”和第二段第一句“ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice(裝置)thatgetsaroundthisproblem：asmartkeyboard.”可知，研究者們開發(fā)智能鍵盤是為了降低e-space保護(hù)的成本。故選D。29．Whatmakestheinventionofthesmartkeyboardpossible?A．Computersaremucheasiertooperate.B．Fingerprintscanningtechniquesdevelopfast.C．Typingpatternsvaryfrompersontoperson.D．Datasecuritymeasuresareguaranteed.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser’stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus，thekeyboardcandeterminepeople’sidentities...”可知，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)人的打字方式不同，使得智能鍵盤能夠識別人的身份。故選C。30．Whatdotheresearchersexpectofthesmartkeyboard?A．It’llbeenvironment-friendly.B．It’llreachconsumerssoon.C．It’llbemadeofplastics.D．It’llhelpspeeduptyping.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.”可知，研究者們希望智能鍵盤能早日投入市場銷售。故選B。31．Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A．Adiary. B．Aguidebook.C．Anovel. D．Amagazine.答案D解析文章出處題。本文介紹了一種新型低成本設(shè)備——智能鍵盤，它能給e-space用戶帶來安全，由此可知，本文是與科技有關(guān)的文章，結(jié)合所給選項(xiàng)可知，本文可能出自一本雜志。故選D。ABioprintingismedicallyandbio-technologicallyequalto3Dprinting.Byusingthesameprinciples，theaimistorapidlydeveloplivingstructuressimilartohuman-grownorgansandtissuethatcanbeusedtohealpeopleortestnewdrugs.Ofcourse，printingbiologicaltissueismuchmorecomplexthanbuildingamechanicalpart.Therearecomplexlayersofcellsinlivingtissue.Bioprintersusebioinkmadefromcells，biochemicalnutrientsandbiologicalstandstosupportcellsinanexactorder.Bioinkshavetooperateunderconditionsthataresuitableforliving，growingtissue，sotheycannotreallybeprintedattemperaturesthattopbodytemperature.Perhapsthesimplestformofbioprintingisinkjetprinting.Bioinkissprayedthroughtinytubessoithastobealmostliquidandthislimitsthebiologicalmaterialsthatcanbeprinted.Most3Dprintersoperatebysqueezingmaterialthroughapipeandbioprinterscanusesqueezingtoo，thoughcarehastobetakennottodamagecellsthroughextremeforce.Othertechniquessuchaslaser-assistedbioprintingorelectrospinning(靜電紡絲)areincrediblyexactandcanbeusedwiththickerbioinks，buttheyaremoretrickytousewithlivingcellsandnotasrapidorabletocreatelargequantitiesoftissue.Oncethebioprinterhasdoneitswork，thepost-processingstagebegins.Bioreactorsystemsareoftenemployedtohelpthetissuegrowup.Theycanbeusedtocopytheforcesandbiochemicalsupportthattissueneedstogrowanddifferentiatecorrectly.Bioprintingmaybearelativelynewfieldbuttheresultssofarareencouraging.Stemcells，whichhavethepotentialtoturnintoseveraltypesofcells，arebeingusedtocreatebone.Organprintingcanimprovethehealthofsocietyingeneralbywipingouttheproblemofdiseasescausedbyorganfailure，costlytreatmentsandsocialcare.Thatpromisemaybeyearsawayfromrealizationbutrapidprototyping(原型技術(shù))enabledbybioprintingispushingmedicaladvancesforwardatpace.語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。文章通過介紹生物打印的所需材料、實(shí)施過程和相關(guān)用途等告訴讀者生物打印的發(fā)展很有前景。1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”inparagraph2referto?A．Cells. B．Bioinks.C．Nutrients. D．Biologicalstands.答案B解析代詞指代題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句可知，生物墨水必須在適合的條件下工作，所以它們不能在高于體表溫度的狀況下打印。由此可推知，畫線詞they指代的是生物墨水。故選B。2．Whatshouldwepayattentiontowhenusingbioprinting?A．Thesortofhumanorgans.B．Thethicknessofbioinks.C．Theforceofsqueezing.D．Theorderofcells.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第三句可知，生物打印機(jī)也可以通過擠壓原料的方式運(yùn)作，不過要注意不能過度用力，否則會損壞細(xì)胞。故選C。3．Whatcanweinferfromthe3rdand4thparagraphs?A．Theprocessofbioprintingispractical.B．Bioreactorsystemstendnottodamagecells.C．Most3Dprinterslimitthebiologicalmaterials.D．Laser-assistedbioprintingcanproducemuchtissue.答案A解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段和第四段可知，噴墨印刷是最簡單的生物印刷形式。生物打印機(jī)通過擠壓原料的方式運(yùn)作。其他技術(shù)，如激光輔助生物打印或電紡也非常精準(zhǔn)。一旦生物打印機(jī)完成工作，生物反應(yīng)器系統(tǒng)經(jīng)常會被用來幫助組織生長。由此可知，生物打印的過程是切實(shí)可行的。故選A。4．Whichisthesuitabletitleforthepassage?A．BioprintingCuresDiseasesofPeopleB．BioprintingIsSimilarto3DPrintingC．BioprintingGetsCarefromSocietyD．BioprintingHasMuchPotential答案D解析標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)文章最后一句并且結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知，本文通過介紹生物打印的所需材料、實(shí)施過程和相關(guān)用途等告訴讀者生物打印技術(shù)很有前景。因此，D項(xiàng)適合作本文標(biāo)題。故選D。BHumaninnovation(創(chuàng)新)hasallowedpeopletoexplorespacefordecades.Withinaspacestation，astronautshaveenoughair，foodandwatertocompletemissionsofayearorlongerwithoutaresupply.Butmissionstofurtherreachesofspaceareadifferentmatter.EstablishingabaseonthemoonorsendinghumanstoMarsseemsjustonthehorizon.Thatcanonlyhappenifinnovativeandfoolproofwaysaredevelopedtosupplyhumanswithenoughair，waterandfood.Onecompany，InterstellarLabs，hasdevelopedanadvanced，closedloopsystemthatcangrowplantsanywhere，eveninspace.TheycalltheirAImanagedgreenhousesBioPodsandtheyaredesignedtobeveryefficient.Infact，InterstellarLabsclaimsthatBioPodsreducetheamountoflandandwaterneededtoproducefoodby99percent.Thatisnotanimpossibleclaim.BioPodsdon’tuseanysoiltogrowplants，andthevastmajorityofwaterisrecycledandrecirculated.PlantsaregrowninsideBioPodsusingaeroponics，thepracticeofhangingplantsintheairandsprayingamistofnutrient-richwaterontheirroots.Byusingaeroponics，theBioPodsystemcarefullyconserveswaterwithamazingresults.AccordingtoInterstellarlabs，BioPod-grownplantsareupto300timesmoreproductivethantraditionallygrownplants，usingonlyasmallamountofwater.TheconditionsinsideofaBioPodarecontrolledbyAI，whichcanchangeanythingfromthelightingtothetemperatureandhumiditytomaximizegrowth.Thisoptimizes(使最優(yōu)化)growingconditionsnomatterwhattheenvironmentisoutside，includingtheemptinessofspace.TheBioPodsthemselvescanbebuiltinalmostanyenvironment，too.Thepod’sstructureismadewitha3Dprinterusingrawmaterialsinliquidform.Theinsidepartissealedwithaninflatablemembrane(充氣膜)thatisalso3D-printed.ThismeansthataBioPodcouldbebuiltrightonthesurfaceofthemoonorMars，makingtransportingalargestructureunnecessary.Likemosttechnologiesdevelopedforspaceexploration，BioPodscanalsobeusedonEarthtoprovidehighlyefficientfoodproductionsystemsevenintheharshestenvironments.語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一家公司開發(fā)的一種名為BioPod的可以在太空中種植植物的先進(jìn)閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)。5．Inwritingparagraph1，theauthoraimsto.A．presentatopic B．makeacomparisonC．reachaconclusion D．proposeadefinition答案A解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句及下文對可以在太空種植植物的先進(jìn)閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)的介紹可推斷，作者寫作第一段是為了引出主題。故選A。6．WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesBioPods?A．Theyarewidelyusedforspaceexploration.B．Theyarehighlyproductiveandefficientgreenhouses.C．Theyareeasytooperatewithoutneedforsoilorwater.D．TheyaredesignedtobeusedinharshenvironmentsonEarth.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二、三句和第三段最后一句可知，BioPods是高產(chǎn)和高效的溫室。故選B。7．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．FoodConsumptioninSpaceStationB．SpaceExplorationwithBioPodsC．GrowingFoodinSpacePodsD．3DPrintersUsedinSpaceLab答案C解析標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)第二段第一句及全文可知，文章主要介紹了一家公司開發(fā)的一種名為BioPod的先進(jìn)的閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)，可以在太空種植植物，為宇航員提供食物。C項(xiàng)概括了文章主要內(nèi)容，故選C。8．Whatisthewriter’sattitudetotheBioPods?A．Positive. B．Cautious.C．Ambiguous. D．Disapproving.答案A解析觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第二段至第六段內(nèi)容可推斷，作者認(rèn)為BioPods有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，對BioPods的態(tài)度是積極的。故選A。強(qiáng)化練(十四)科普知識類說明文A(2022·安徽“皖南八校”聯(lián)考)Everypersonyawns.Sodomanyothervertebrate(有脊椎的)animals，includingsnakes，dogs，cats，sharks，andchimpanzees.Whileyawningiscontagious(會傳染的)，noteveryonecatchesayawn.Around60%－70%ofpeopleyawniftheyseeanotherpersonyawninreallifeorinaphotoorevenreadaboutyawning.Contagiousyawningalsooccursinanimals，butitdoesn’tnecessarilyworkthesamewayasinpeople.Scientistshaveproposedmanytheoriesforwhywecatchyawns.Probablythemostpopulartheoryisthatyawningservesasaformofnonverbalcommunication.Catchingayawnshowsyou’reaccustomedtoaperson’semotions.Scientificevidencecomesfroma2010studyattheUniversityofConnecticut，whichconcludedyawningdoesnotbecomecontagiousuntilachildisaboutfouryearsoldwhenempathy(共情)skillsdevelop.Inthestudy，childrenwithautism，whomayhaveimpairedempathydevelopment，caughtyawnslessoftenthantheirpeers.Studyingcontagiousyawninginotheranimalsmayprovidecluestohowpeoplecatchyawns.Contagiousyawninginanimalsmayserveasameansofcommunication.Siamesefightingfishyawnwhentheyseetheirmirrorimageoranotherfightingfish，generallyjustpriortoanattack.Contagiousyawningislinkedtotemperature，inbothanimalsandpeople.Mostscientistsspeculateitisathermoregulatorybehavior，whilesomeresearchersbelieveitisusedtocommunicateapotentialthreatorstressfulsituation.A2010studyofbudgerigars(虎皮鸚鵡)foundthatyawningincreasedastemperaturewasraisednearbodytemperature.Peoplecommonlyyawnwhentiredorbored.Similarbehaviorisseeninanimals.Onestudyfoundthebraintemperatureinsleepdeprivedratswashigherthantheircoretemperature.Yawningreducedbraintemperature，possiblyimprovingbrainfunction.Researcherswilldofurtherstudyonthis.eq\x(語篇解讀這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了科學(xué)家對人們?yōu)槭裁磿蚬愤M(jìn)行的理論研究。)1．Whatcanwelearnaboutyawningfromparagraph1?A．Allanimalsyawn.B．Readingaboutyawningmaymakeapersonyawn.C．Onlyvertebrateanimalsyawn.D．Yawningworksthesameforhumanandanimals.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第四句可知，讀有關(guān)打哈欠的書可能會讓人打哈欠。故選B。2．Whydoestheauthormentionchildrenwithautisminparagraph2?A．Toproveatheory.B．Todefineaconcept.C．Todevelopthetheme.D．Toprovidethebackground.答案A解析寫作意圖題。根據(jù)第二段最后兩句可知，作者在第二段提到自閉癥兒童來證明一個(gè)理論：打哈欠直到孩子四歲左右才會傳染，那時(shí)他們的共情能力已經(jīng)發(fā)展起來了。故選A。3．Siamesefightingfishyawnto.A．showkindnessB．findapartnerC．giveathreatD．escapefromdanger答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第二、三句可推知，暹羅斗魚通過打哈欠以示威脅。故選C。4．Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A．Moreresearchonyawningwillbecarriedoutinthefuture.B．Temperatureisnotafactorconcerningyawning.C．Thesecrettoyawninghasbeenworkedout.D．Yawningcanimprovebrainfunctiongreatly.答案A解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第三、四、五句可推知，未來還會有更多關(guān)于打哈欠的研究。故選A。BUsingthepowerofartificialintelligence(AI)，scientistshaverevealednewinsightsintothecreationanddestructionofmassextinction.Contrarytoconventionalknowledge，theirstudysuggeststhatlargerextinctionsarenotalwaysaformof“creativedestruction”thatallowsneworganisms(生物體)toradiateandevolve.Instead，itsuggeststhatmassextinctionisrarelyassociatedwithnewspeciesofradiation.Dr.HoyalCuthill，theleadstudyauthorfromtheUniversityofEssexintheUKandtheTokyoInstituteofTechnology，saidinastatement，“Someofthemostchallengingthingstounderstandthehistoryoflifearethevasttimelinesinvolvedandthenumberofspecies.Newmachinelearningapplicationscanhelpusunderstandthisinformationinhuman-readableform.Thismeansthatwecan，sotospeak，holdtheevolutionofhalfabillionyearsinthepalmofourhandandgainnewinsightsfromwhatwesee.”Theyconcludedthatmassextinctionandlaterradiationwerenotconnectedaspreviouslythought.Within5percentofthemostsignificantperiodsofdisruption(中斷)，AIdetected“bigfive”massextinctions，sevenmoremassextinctions，twomassextinction-radiationevents，and15massradiations.Mostimportantly，itdiscoversthatmassiveradiationandextinctionrarelyoccurredwitheachother，changingtheviewthatgreaterextinctionleadstoakindofdeepcycle-likespeciesradiationofnature.Itappearsthatlargerextinctionsarecertainlynottheengineofevolutionaryradiation.TaketheCambrianeruptionforexampleanditwasabout41millionyearsagowhenalargegroupofanimalsfirstappearedontherecordofthefirstfossilrecordandthedawnofahighmobileanimalequippedwithmodernphysicalfeatures.Thisnewstudyfoundthatahandfulofothernotableexplosionsofbiodiversity，includingtheCambrianeruption，usuallyoccurredatatimewhentheywerelargelyisolated(隔離)fromextinction.Dr.NicholasGuttenberg，astudyco-authorfromtheTokyoInstituteofTechnologyexplained，“Ecosystemsaredynamicandyoudon’tneedanythingtoexisttoallowsomethingnewtoappear.”語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了科學(xué)家利用人工智能對大規(guī)模物種滅絕進(jìn)行的研究情況及由此產(chǎn)生的新見解。5．Whatdoesthefirstparagraphserveas?A．Anexplanationofartificialintelligence.B．Abackgroundofresearchers’study.C．Thereasonsforcreativedestruction.D．Theresultofresearchers’newstudy.答案D解析段落大意題。根據(jù)第一段第二、三句可知，本段主要講了這項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果。故選D。6．WhatcanweinferfromDr.HoyalCuthill’swords?A．AIcontributesalottothestudyofevolution.B．Understandingthehistoryoflifeisverydifficult.C．NewAImachineslearnapplicationsbetter.D．Biologicalevolutioncanbecontrolledeasily.答案A解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后兩句可知，科學(xué)家可以借助“Newmachinelearningapplications”即AI人工智能來掌握5億年的進(jìn)化情況，由此可推知，人工智能技術(shù)對進(jìn)化的研究貢獻(xiàn)很大。故選A。7．Whatistheresearchers’discovery?A．Massextinctionisunlikelytocauseevolutionaryradiation.B．Thefirstanimalwithmodernfeaturesoccurredduringeruption.C．Thevolcaniceruptionledtoamassextinctionandradiation.D．Theideaofdeepcycle-likespeciesradiationhasturnedouttrue.答案A解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句和第三段倒數(shù)第二句可知，大規(guī)模滅絕不可能引起進(jìn)化輻射。故選A。8．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Newprocessesofbiologicalevolution.B．Newviewofradiationfromnaturalspecies.C．Newunderstandingofmassextinction.D．Newoutbreaksofbiologicalpopulations.答案C解析主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段第一句及后文可知，文章主要介紹了科學(xué)家利用人工智能對大規(guī)模物種滅絕進(jìn)行的研究情況及由此產(chǎn)生的新認(rèn)識，故選C。CMidwaythroughTheMatrix，Cypherfeastsonanenormoussteak，wellawarethathisrealityisnotreal，partofadigitalprogramtellinghisbrainthatthesteakisaconstructionandthatitis“juicyanddelicious”．Twodecadesafterthemoviemadeitsfirstappearance，somethingunexpectedarises：Thefutureofrealitywillnotonlybevirtualbutalsosynthetic(合成的)．Cypher’sfuturemealwillbeaphysicalone，synthesizedfromanimalcells.Andthesynthesisgoesbeyonddinner.Startingwithcomponentsfromthenaturalworld，scientistsarelearningtoengineermicroorganismsandbuildbiocomputingsystems.However，biologyhasatendencytoevolveinunexpectedways.Synthesizedmeatisonecaseinpoint.Thedrivingforcesbehindthemeatmovementarepractical.Ithasbeenestimatedthatcultured(培育的)meatwouldrequire7to45percentlessenergyandproduce78to96percentlessgreenhousegasthanconventionalanimalsfarmedforconsumption.Butoncewe’reabletosynthesizemeat，theoretically，we’llhavethecapabilitytoculturemeatfromanyanimal，eventhosewe’dneverconsidereatingtoday，likedolphinsorchimpanz