全國(guó)基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)訓(xùn)練知識(shí)

閱讀部分1、PassageOneSustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowth,andasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.Tostartwith,itisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistory,andwillcontinuetodoso.medievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefed,clothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversity,andanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrientscapturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheaper,safeandmorereliable.However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitat（棲息地）lossandtodiminishingbiodiversity.What’smore,demandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbe“zeroimpact”.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainability,whichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretation,onethatlooksattheprosandcons（正反兩方面）ofallthevariouswaylandisused.Therearemanydifferentwaystomeasureagriculturalperformancebesidesfoodyield:energyuse,environmentalcosts,waterpurity,carbonfootprintandbiodiversity.Itisclear,forexample,thatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.1.Howdopeopleoftenmeasureprogressinagriculture?A)ByitsproductivityC)ByitsimpactontheenvironmentB)ByitssustainabilityD)ByitscontributiontoeconomicgrowthpollutingAmerica’sbloodstream.Butonceagainwearewonderingwhetherwehavetoomanyofthewrongsortnewcomers.Theirloudestcriticsarguethatthenewwaveofimmigrantscannot,andindeeddonotwantto,fitinaspreviousgenerationsdid.Wenowknowthattheseracistviewswerewrong.Intime,Italians,Romaniansandmembersofotherso-calledinferiorracesbecameexemplaryAmericansandcontributedgreatly,inwaystoonumeroustodetail,tothebuildingofthismagnificentnation.Thereisnoreasonwhythesenewimmigrantsshouldnothavethesamesuccess.AlthoughchildrenofMexicanimmigrantsdobetter,intermsofeducationalandprofessionalattainment,thantheirparentsUCLAsociologistEdwardTelleshasfoundthatthegainsdon’tcontinue.Indeed,thefouthgenerationismarginallyworseoffthanthethirdJamesJackson,oftheUniversityofMichigan,hasfoundasimilartrendamongblackCaribbeanimmigrants,TellsfearsthatMexican-AmericansmaybefatedtofollowinthefootstepsofAmericanblacks-thatlargepartsofthecommunitymaybecomemired（陷入）inaseeminglypermanentstateofpovertyandUnderachievement.LikeAfrican-Americans,Mexican-Americansareincreasinglyrelegatedto(降入)segregated,substandardschools,andtheirdropoutrateisthehighestforanyethnicgroupinthecountry.Wehavelearnedmuchaboutthefoolishideaofexcludingpeopleonthepresumptionoftheethnic/racialinferiority.ButwhatwehavenotyetlearnedishowtomaketheprocessofAmericanizationworkforall.IamnottalkingaboutrequiringpeopletolearnEnglishortoadoptAmericanways;thosethingshappenprettymuchontheirown,butasargumentsaboutimmigrationhearupthecampaigntrail,wealsooughttoasksomebroaderquestionaboutassimilation,abouthowtoensurethatpeople,onceoutsiders,don’tforeverremainmarginalizedwithintheseshores.Thatisamuchlargerquestionthanwhatshouldhappenwithundocumentedworkers,orhowbesttosecuretheborder,anditisonethataffectsnotonlynewcomersbutgroupsthathavebeenhereforgenerations.Itwillhavemoreimpactonourfuturethanwherewedecidetosettheadmissionsbarforthelatestwareofwould-beAmericans.Anditwouldbeniceifwefinallygottheanswerright.1.HowwereimmigrantsviewedbyU.S.Congressinearlydays?A)Theywereofinferiorraces.B)TheywereaSourceofpoliticalcorruption.C)Theywereathreattothenation’ssecurity.D)Theywerepartofthenation’sbloodstream.2.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthenewimmigrants?A)TheywillbeadynamicworkforceintheU.S.B)Theycandojustaswellastheirpredecessors.C)Theywillbeverydisappointedonthenewland.D)Theymayfindithardtofitintothemainstream.3.WhatdoesEdwardTelles’researchsayaboutMexican-Americans?A)Theymayslowlyimprovefromgenerationtogeneration.B)Theywilldobetterintermsofeducationalattainment.C)TheywillmeltintotheAfrican-Americancommunity.D)Theymayforeverremainpoorandunderachieving.4.Whatshouldbedonetohelpthenewimmigrants?A)Ridthemoftheirinferioritycomplex.B)UrgethemtoadoptAmericancustoms.C)Preventthemfrombeingmarginalized.D)TeachthemstandardAmericanEnglish.5.Accordingtotheauthor,theburningissueconcerningimmigrationis_______.A)HowtodealwithpeopleenteringtheU.S.withoutdocumentsB)HowtohelpimmigrantstobetterfitintoAmericansocietyC)HowtostopillegalimmigrantsfromcrossingtheborderD)HowtolimitthenumberofimmigrantstoentertheU.S.4、PassageFourEarlyintheageofaffluence(富裕)thatfollowedWorldWarⅡ，anAmericanretailinganalystnamedVictorLebowproclaimed,“Ourenormouslyproductiveeconomy...demandsthatwemakeconsumptionourwayoflife,thatweconvertthebuyinganduseofgoodsintorituals,thatweseekourspiritualsatisfaction,ouregosatisfaction,inconsumption.Weneedthingsconsumed,burnedup,wornout,replacedanddiscardedataneverincreasingrate."

AmericanshaverespondedtoLebow'scall,andmuchoftheworldhasfollowed.Consumptionhasbecomeacentralpillaroflifeinindustriallandsandisevenembeddedinsocialvalues.Opinionsurveysintheworld'stwolargesteconomics-JapanandtheUnitedStates-showconsumeristdefinitionsofsuccessbecomingevermoreprevalent.

Overconsumptionbytheworld'sfortunateisanenvironmentalproblemunmatchedinseveritybyanythingbutperhapspopulationgrowth.Theirsurgingexploitationofresourcesthreatenstoexhaustorunalterablyspoilforests,soils,water,airandclimate.

Ironically,highconsumptionmaybeamixedblessinginhumanterms,too.Thetime-honoredvaluesofintegrityofcharacter,goodwork,friendship,familyandcommunityhaveoftenbeensacrificedintherushtoriches.

Thusmanyintheindustriallandshaveasensethattheirworldofplentyissomehowhollow,thatmisledbyaconsumeristculture,theyhavebeenfruitlesslyattemptingtosatisfywhatareessentiallysocial,psychologicalandspiritualneedswithmaterialthings.

Ofcourse,theoppositeofoverconsumption,poverty,isnosolutiontoeitherenvironmentalorhumanproblems.Itisinfinitelyworseforpeopleandbadforthenaturalworldtoo.Dispossessed(被剝奪得一無(wú)所有的)peasantsslash,andburntheirwayintotherainforestsofLatinAmerica,andhungrynomads(游牧民族)turntheirherdsoutontofragileAfricangrassland,reducingittodesert.

Ifenvironmentaldestructionresultswhenpeoplehaveeithertoolittleortoomuch,wearelefttowonderhowmuchisenough.Whatlevelofconsumptioncantheearthsupport?Whendosehavingmoreceasetoaddnoticeablytohumansatisfaction?

1.TheemergenceoftheaffluentsocietyafterWorldWarII.A)ledtothereformoftheretailingsystem

B)resultedintheworshipofconsumerism

C)gaverisetothedominanceofthenewegoism

D)gavebirthtoanewgenerationofupperclassconsumers2.Apartfromenormousproductivity,anotherimportantimpetustohighconsumptionisA)thepeople'sdesireforariseintheirlivingstandards

B)theconceptthatone'ssuccessismeasuredbyhowmuchtheyconsume

C)theimbalancethathasexistedbetweenproductionandconsumption

D)theconversionofthesaleofgoodsintorituals3.Whydoestheauthorsayhighconsumptionisamixedblessing?

A)Becausepovertystillexistsinanaffluentsociety.

B)Becauseoverconsumptionwon'tlastlongduetounrestrictedpopulationgrowth.

C)Becausetraditionalritualsareoftenneglectedintheprocessofmodernization.

D)Becausemoralvaluesaresacrificedinpursuitofmaterialsatisfaction.4.Accordingtothepassage,consumeristculture.

A)willnotalleviatepovertyinwealthycountries

B)willnotaggravateenvironmentalproblemsC)cannotthriveonafragileeconomy

D)cannotsatisfyhumanspiritualneeds5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.

A)humanspiritualneedsshouldmatchmaterialaffluence

B)whetherhighconsumptionshouldbeencouragedisstillanissue

C)howtokeepconsumptionatareasonablelevelremainsaproblem

D)thereisneveranendtosatisfyingpeople'smaterialneeds5、PassageFiveFewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhapsitishumankind’slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinatedisalso,sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood.Thelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautiful.Itdoesn’thelpthatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhasbecomeasymbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.Egypt’sleadershipintheArabworldwascementedbytheAswanHighDam.Turkey’sbidforFirstWorldstatusincludesthegiantAtaturkDam.Butbigdamstendnottoworkasintended.TheAswanDam,forexample,stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft—allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.Andyet,themythofcontrollingthewaterspersists.Thisweek,intheheartofcivilizedEurope,SlovaksandHungariansstoppedjustshortofsendinginthetroopsintheircontentionoveradamontheDanube.Thehugecomplexwillprobablyhavealltheusualproblemsofbigdams.ButSlovakiaisbiddingforindependencefromtheCzechs,andnowneedsadamtoproveitself.Meanwhile,inIndia,theWorldBankhasgiventhego-aheadtotheevenmorewrong-headedNarmadaDam.Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughitsadvisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessandenvironmentaldestruction.Thebenefitsareforthepowerful,buttheyarefarfromguaranteed.Proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostsandbenefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvetheseconflicts.Hydroelectricpowerandfloodcontrolandirrigationarepossiblewithoutbuildingmonsterdams.Butwhenyouaredealingwithmyths,itishardtobeeitherproper,orscientific.ItistimethattheworldlearnedthelessonsofAswan.Youdon’tneedadamtobesaved.Thethirdsentenceofparagraph1impliesthat____.A.peoplewouldbehappyiftheyshuttheireyestorealityB.theblindcouldbehappierthanthesightedC.over-excitedpeopletendtoneglectvitalthingsD.fascinationmakespeoplelosetheireyesightInparagraph5,“thepowerless”probablyrefersto____.A.areasshortofelectricityB.damswithoutpowerstationsC.poorcountriesaroundIndiaD.commonpeopleintheNarmadaDamareaWhatisthemythconcerninggiantdams?Theybringinmorefertilesoil.B.Theyhelpdefendthecountry.C.Theystrengtheninternationalties.D.Theyhaveuniversalcontrolofthewaters.Whattheauthortriestosuggestmaybestbeinterpretedas____.“It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk”B.“Morehaste,lessspeed”C.“Lookbeforeyouleap”D.“Hewholaughslastlaughsbest”6、PassageSixIfambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition—wealth,distinction,controloverone’sdestiny—mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition’sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddway,however,itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition—ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisaheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis,acaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped—withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs—thelocations,placenamesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing,acquisitiveandvulgar.Instead,wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptional,theproperformulationis,“Succeedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious.”Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressive,wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.Asaresult,thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse,aqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoung,isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend,thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptings,butonlythat,nolongeropenlyhonored,itislessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenunderground,ormadesly.Such,then,isthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycritics,ontherightstupidsupporters,andinthemiddle,asusual,themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife.Itisgenerallybelievedthatambitionmaybewellregardedif____.itsreturnswellcompensateforthesacrificesitisrewardedwithmoney,fameandpoweritsgoalsarespiritualratherthanmaterialitissharedbytherichandthefamousThelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthatitis____.customaryoftheeducatedtodiscardambitioninwordstoolatetocheckambitiononceithasbeenletoutdishonesttodenyambitionafterthefulfillmentofthegoalimpracticalfortheeducatedtoenjoybenefitsfromambitionSomepeopledonotopenlyadmittheyhaveambitionbecause____.theythinkofitasimmoraltheirpursuitsarenotfameorwealthambitionisnotcloselyrelatedtomaterialbenefitstheydonotwanttoappeargreedyandcontemptibleFromthelastparagraphtheconclusioncanbedrawnthatambitionshouldbemaintained____.secretlyandvigorouslyB.openlyandenthusiasticallyC.easilyandmomentarilyD.verballyandspiritually7、PassageSevenImaginewakingupandfindingthevalueofyourassetshasbeenhalved.No,you'renotaninvestorinoneofthosehedgefundsthatfailedcompletely.Withthedollarslumpingtoa26-yearlowagainstthepound,already-expensiveLondonhasbecomequiteunaffordable.AcoffeeatStarbucks,justasunavoidableinEnglandasitisintheUnitedStates,runsabout$8.Theonceall-powerfuldollarisn'tdoingaTitanicagainstjustthepound.Itissittingatarecordlowagainsttheeuroandata30-yearlowagainsttheCanadiandollar.EventheArgentinepesoandBrazilianrealarethrivingagainstthedollar.Theweakdollarisasourceofhumiliation,foranation'sself-esteemrestsinpartonthestrengthofitscurrency.It'salsoapotentialeconomicproblem,sinceadecliningdollarmakesimportedfoodmoreexpensiveandexertsupwardpressureoninterestrates.AndyettherearesubstantialsectorsofthevastU.S.economy-fromgiantcompanieslikeCoca-Colatomom-and-poprestaurantoperatorsinMiami-forwhichtheweakdollarismostexcellentnews.ManyEuropeansmayviewtheU.S.asanarrogantsuperpowerthathasbecomehostiletoforeigners.ButnothingmakespeoplethinkmorewarmlyoftheU.S.thanaweakdollar.ThroughApril,thetotalnumberofvisitorsfromabroadwasup6.8percentfromlastyear.Shouldthetrendcontinue,thenumberoftouriststhisyearwillfinallytopthe2000peak?ManyEuropeansnowapparentlyviewtheU.S.thewaymanyAmericansviewMexico-asacheapplacetovacation,shopandparty,allwhileignoringthefactthatthepoorerlocalscan'taffordtojointhemerrymaking.Themoneytouristsspendhelpsdecreaseourchronictradedeficit.Sodoexports,whichthanksinparttotheweakdollar,soared11percentbetweenMay2006andMay2007.Forfirstfivemonthsof2007,thetradedeficitactuallyfell7percentfrom2006.IfyouownsharesinlargeAmericancorporations,you'reawinnerintheweak-dollargamble.LastweekCoca-Cola'sstickbubbledtoafive-yearhighafteritreportedafantasticquarter.Foreignsalesaccountedfor65percentofCoke'sbeveragebusiness.OtherAmericancompaniesprofitingfromthistrendincludeMcDonald'sandIBM.Americantourists,however,shouldn'texpectanyreliefsoon.Thedollarloststrengththewaymanymarriagesbreakup-slowly,andthenallatonce.Andcurrenciesdon'tturnonadime.Soifyouwanttoavoidthepaininflictedbytheincreasinglypatheticdollar,cancelthatsummervacationtoEnglandandlooktoNewEngland.There,thedollarisstilltreatedwithalittlerespect.52.WhydoAmericansfeelhumiliated?

A)TheireconomyisplungingB)Theycan'taffordtripstoEurope

C)TheircurrencyhasslumpedD)Theyhavelosthalfoftheirassets.53.HowdoesthecurrentdollaraffectthelifeofordinaryAmericans?

A)TheyhavetocanceltheirvacationsinNewEngland.

B)Theyfinditunaffordabletodineinmom-and-poprestaurants.

C)Theyhavetospendmoremoneywhenbuyingimportedgoods.

D)Theymightlosetheirjobsduetopotentialeconomicproblems.54HowdomanyEuropeansfeelabouttheU.Swiththedevalueddollar?

A)TheyfeelcontemptuousofitB)Theyaresympatheticwithit.

C)Theyregarditasasuperpoweronthedecline.D)Theythinkofitasagoodtouristdestination.55whatistheauthor'sadvicetoAmericans?

A)TheytreatthedollarwithalittlerespectB)Theytrytowinintheweak-dollargamble

C)TheyvacationathomeratherthanabroadD)Theytreasuretheirmarriagesallthemore.56Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“currenciesdon'tturnonadime”(Line2,Para7)?

A)Thedollar'svaluewillnotincreaseintheshortterm.

B)Thevalueofadollarwillnotbereducedtoadime

C)Thedollar'svaluewilldrop,butwithinasmallmargin.

D)FewAmericanswillchangedollarsintoothercurrencies.8、PassageEightIfyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses'convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.“Whoisthat?"thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.“On,that'sGod,"camethereply,“butsometimeshethinkshe'sadoctor."Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit'llbeappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman'snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn'tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit'sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.

Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote“Ifatfirstyoudon'tsucceed,giveup"oraplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.

41.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould__________［A］takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudience.［B］makefunofthedisorganizedpeople.［C］addressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeople.［D］showsympathyforyourlisteners.

42.Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare___________［A］impolitetonewarrivals.［B］veryconsciousoftheirgodlikerole.［C］entitledtosomeprivileges.［D］verybusyevenduringlunchhours.43.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices__________［A］havebenefitedmanypeople.［B］arethefocusofpublicattention.［C］areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor.［D］haveoftenbeenthelaughingstock.

44.Toachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered_________［A］inwell-wordedlanguage.［B］asawkwardlyaspossible.［C］inexaggeratedstatements.［D］ascasuallyaspossible.

45.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe__________［A］UseHumorEffectively.［B］VariousKindsofHumor.［C］AddHumortoSpeech.［D］DifferentHumorStrategies.參考答案BDCADACDBBABDCBBBDDCCDDCACDBCCDCACBDDA完形填空部分PassageOneBy1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million__1__ofthesenationslooked__2__tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialism，manyoftheleadersofindependence__3__theideasofrepresentativegovernment，careers__4__totalent，freedomofcommerceandtrade，the__5__toprivateproperty，andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety，__6__therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates，largeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya__7__setoflaws.

Ontheissueof__8__ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch，__9__，therewaslessagreement__10__theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone__11__bytheSpanishcrown，__12__mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism__13__theofficialreligionofthenewstates，somesoughttoendthe__14__ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying__15__fortheconservativeforces.Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian，valuingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad__16__inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain's__17__colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch__18__becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies__19__Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas__20__self-ruleanddemocracy.1.[A]natives[B]inhabitants[C]peoples[D]individuals

2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully[C]worriedly[D]hopefully

3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected

4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted

5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return

6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously[D]Generally

7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical

8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform

9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover

10.[A]with[B]about[C]among[D]by

11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded

12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While

13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against

14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence

15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish

16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised

17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original

18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher

19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred

20.[A]puzzledby[B