(5)-Chap-03微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)需求供給

Interdependenceand

theGainsfromTrade

相互依存與貿(mào)易的好處Chapter3InterdependenceandTrade

Consideryourtypicalday:YouwakeuptoanalarmclockmadeinKorea.Youpouryourselfsomeorangejuicemadefrom orangesgrowninFlorida.Youputonsomeclothesmadeofcottongrownin GeorgiaandsewninfactoriesinThailand.YouwatchthemorningnewsbroadcastfromNew YorkonyourTVmadeinJapan.Youdrivetoclassinacarmadeofparts manufacturedinahalf-dozendifferentcountries.

…andyouhaven’tbeenupformorethantwohoursyet!相互依存與貿(mào)易

看看你的每天日常生活:早晨被產(chǎn)于韓國(guó)的鬧鐘叫醒；給自己倒了一杯佛羅里達(dá)產(chǎn)的橘子軋成的橘子汁；穿上用佐治亞生產(chǎn)的棉花而在泰國(guó)縫制的衣服；

從日本產(chǎn)的電視上看紐約播放的新聞節(jié)目；你開(kāi)著用來(lái)自全世界十幾個(gè)國(guó)家生產(chǎn)的部件組裝的汽車去上學(xué)。

…這些事只是發(fā)生在你的不到兩個(gè)小時(shí)的生活中。InterdependenceandtheGainsfromTradeRemember,economicsisthestudyofhowsocietiesproduceanddistributegoodsinanattempttosatisfythewantsandneedsofitsmembers.相互依存與貿(mào)易的好處記住，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是研究社會(huì)如何生產(chǎn)和分配物品，以滿足所有社會(huì)成員的欲望和需要。Howdowesatisfyourwantsandneedsinaglobaleconomy?Wecanbeeconomicallyself-sufficient.Wecanspecializeand tradewithothers, leadingtoeconomicinterdependence.在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)范圍內(nèi)，我們?nèi)绾螡M足

自己的欲望和需要？我們可以在經(jīng)濟(jì)上自給自足。我們可以進(jìn)行專業(yè)化分工，并與他人進(jìn)行貿(mào)易，從而形成經(jīng)濟(jì)上相互依存的關(guān)系。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.InterdependenceandtheGainsfromTradeAgeneralobservation...Individualsandnationsrelyonspecializedproductionandexchangeasawaytoaddressproblemscausedbyscarcity.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.相互依存與貿(mào)易的好處一個(gè)一般性的觀察結(jié)果...個(gè)人和國(guó)家依靠分工生產(chǎn)和交換來(lái)解決稀缺帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.InterdependenceandtheGainsfromTrade

相互依存與貿(mào)易的好處But,thisgivesrisetotwoquestions:但是，這會(huì)帶來(lái)兩個(gè)問(wèn)題:Whyisinterdependencethenorm?

為什么相互依存是正常現(xiàn)象?

Whatdeterminesproductionandtrade?

什么決定生產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易?Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.Whyisinterdependencethenorm?

為什么相互依存是正常的?

Interdependenceoccursbecausepeoplearebetteroffwhentheyspecializeandtradewithothers.因?yàn)槿藗儗I(yè)化分工并與他人交易能使他們的福利變好，所以他們會(huì)形成相互依存關(guān)系。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.What

determinesthepatternofproductionandtrade?

什么決定生產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易？Patternsofproductionandtradearebasedupondifferencesinopportunitycosts.生產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易的模式?jīng)Q定于各自機(jī)會(huì)成本的不同。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.Imagine...onlytwogoods:potatoesandmeatonlytwopeople:apotatofarmerandacattlerancherWhatshouldeachproduce?Whyshouldtheytrade?AParablefortheModernEconomyHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.設(shè)想...只有兩種商品:土豆和牛肉只有兩個(gè)人:農(nóng)場(chǎng)主和牧場(chǎng)主每個(gè)人應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)什么?他們?yōu)槭裁磻?yīng)該交易?一個(gè)現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)寓言Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheProductionOpportunitiesoftheFarmerandtheRancherHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.農(nóng)場(chǎng)主和牧場(chǎng)主的生產(chǎn)機(jī)會(huì)Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.Self-SufficiencyByignoringeachother:Eachconsumeswhattheyeachproduce.Theproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisalsothe

consumptionpossibilitiesfrontier.Withouttrade,economicgainsarediminished.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.自給自足不考慮相互交易:每個(gè)人消費(fèi)的就是他所生產(chǎn)的。生產(chǎn)可能性邊界也是消費(fèi)可能性邊界。沒(méi)有貿(mào)易，經(jīng)濟(jì)利益就會(huì)減少。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.ProductionPossibilitiesFrontiersPotatoes(ounces)Meat(ounces)328416(a)TheFarmer’sProductionPossibilitiesFrontier0AIfthereisnotrade,thefarmerchoosesthisproductionandconsumptionHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.生產(chǎn)可能性邊界土豆(盎司)牛肉(盎司)328416(a)農(nóng)場(chǎng)主的生產(chǎn)可能性邊界0A如果沒(méi)有貿(mào)易，農(nóng)場(chǎng)主選擇這個(gè)產(chǎn)量和消費(fèi)量。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.ProductionPossibilitiesFrontiersPotatoes(ounces)Meat(ounces)481224(b)TheRancher’sProductionPossibilitiesFrontier0BIfthereisnotrade,therancherchoosesthisproductionandconsumption24Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.生產(chǎn)可能性邊界土豆(盎司)牛肉(盎司)481224(b)牧場(chǎng)主的生產(chǎn)可能性邊界0B如果沒(méi)有貿(mào)易，牧場(chǎng)主選擇這個(gè)產(chǎn)量和消費(fèi)量。24Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheFarmerandtheRancherSpecializeandTradeEachwouldbebetteroffiftheyspecialized

inproducing

theproducttheyaremoresuitedtoproduce,andthen

trade

witheachother.Thefarmershouldproducepotatoes.Theranchershouldproducemeat.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.農(nóng)場(chǎng)主和牧場(chǎng)主專業(yè)化分工并進(jìn)行交易如果每人生產(chǎn)他們更擅長(zhǎng)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，然后進(jìn)行交易，他們每個(gè)人的福利會(huì)變好。農(nóng)場(chǎng)主應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)土豆。牧場(chǎng)主應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)牛肉。Table2TheGainsfromTrade:ASummaryCopyright?2004South-Western表2.貿(mào)易的好處:總結(jié)農(nóng)場(chǎng)主牧場(chǎng)主沒(méi)有貿(mào)易時(shí)的生產(chǎn)量和消費(fèi)量

牛肉

土豆

牛肉土豆

4盎司16盎司12盎司24盎司

Figure2.HowTradeExpandstheSetofConsumptionOpportunitiesCopyright?2003Southwestern/ThomsonLearningPotatoes(ounces)416517832AA*0Meat(ounces)(a)TheFarmer’sProductionandConsumptionFarmer'sproductionandconsumptionwithouttradeFarmer'sconsumptionwithtradeFarmer'sproductionwithtrade圖2.貿(mào)易如何擴(kuò)大了消費(fèi)機(jī)會(huì)的集合土豆(盎司)416517832AA*0牛肉（盎司)(a)農(nóng)場(chǎng)主的生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)沒(méi)有貿(mào)易時(shí)農(nóng)場(chǎng)主的生產(chǎn)量和消費(fèi)量有貿(mào)易時(shí)農(nóng)場(chǎng)主的消費(fèi)量有貿(mào)易時(shí)農(nóng)場(chǎng)主的生產(chǎn)量Figure2HowTradeExpandstheSetofConsumptionOpportunitiesPotatoes(ounces)12241327B0Meat(ounces)(b)TheRancher’sProductionandConsumption48241218B*Rancher'sconsumptionwithtradeRancher'sproductionwithtradeRancher'sproductionandconsumptionwithouttrade圖2.貿(mào)易如何擴(kuò)大了消費(fèi)機(jī)會(huì)的集合土豆(盎司)12241327B0牛肉（盎司)(b)牧場(chǎng)主的生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)’48241218B*有貿(mào)易時(shí)牧場(chǎng)主的消費(fèi)量有貿(mào)易時(shí)牧場(chǎng)主的生產(chǎn)量沒(méi)有貿(mào)易時(shí)牧場(chǎng)主的生產(chǎn)量和消費(fèi)量Table2TheGainsfromTrade:ASummaryCopyright?2004South-Western表2.貿(mào)易的好處:總結(jié)農(nóng)場(chǎng)主牧場(chǎng)主沒(méi)有貿(mào)易時(shí)的生產(chǎn)量和消費(fèi)量有貿(mào)易時(shí)的生產(chǎn)量交易量消費(fèi)量貿(mào)易的好處：消費(fèi)量的增加

牛肉

土豆

牛肉土豆

4盎司16盎司12盎司24盎司

0盎司32盎司18盎司12盎司得5盎司給15盎司給5盎司得15盎司

5盎司17盎司13盎司27盎司1盎司1盎司1盎司3盎司Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.ThePrincipleof

ComparativeAdvantageWhoshouldproducewhat?Howmuchshouldbetradedforeach product?Whocanproducepotatoesatalowercost--thefarmerortherancher?Differencesinthecostsofproductiondeterminethefollowing:Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.比較優(yōu)勢(shì)原理誰(shuí)應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)什么?每個(gè)產(chǎn)品的交換比例?誰(shuí)能以更低的成本生產(chǎn)土豆——農(nóng)場(chǎng)主還是牧場(chǎng)主？生產(chǎn)成本的差異決定了：Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.DifferencesinCostsofProductionThenumberofhoursrequiredtoproduceaunitofoutput.(forexample,onepoundofpotatoes)Theopportunitycostofsacrificingonegoodforanother.Twowaystomeasuredifferencesincostsofproduction:Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.生產(chǎn)成本的差異生產(chǎn)一個(gè)單位的產(chǎn)出（比如一盎司土豆）所需要的時(shí)間（分鐘數(shù)）。機(jī)會(huì)成本：把資源用于生產(chǎn)一種物品而放棄生產(chǎn)另一種物品的數(shù)量。衡量生產(chǎn)成本差異的兩種方法:Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.AbsoluteAdvantageThecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivity—absoluteadvantage。Describestheproductivityofoneperson,firm,ornationcomparedtothatofanother.Theproducerthatrequiresasmallerquantityofinputstoproduceagoodissaidtohaveanabsoluteadvantageinproducingthatgood.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)——根據(jù)生產(chǎn)率比較一種物品的不同生產(chǎn)者。描述一個(gè)人、公司和國(guó)家相對(duì)于其他個(gè)人、公司和國(guó)家的生產(chǎn)率。如果一個(gè)生產(chǎn)者生產(chǎn)一個(gè)單位的物品所需的投入要素比其他生產(chǎn)者少，就說(shuō)該生產(chǎn)者在生產(chǎn)此物品上有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.AbsoluteAdvantageTheRancherneedsonly10minutestoproduceaounceofpotatoes,whereastheFarmerneeds15minutes.TheRancherneedsonly20minutestoproduceaounceofmeat,whereastheFarmerneeds60minutes.TheRancherhasanabsoluteadvantageintheproductionofbothmeatandpotatoes.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)牧場(chǎng)主生產(chǎn)一盎司土豆只需要10分鐘，而農(nóng)場(chǎng)主則需要15分鐘。牧場(chǎng)主生產(chǎn)一盎司牛肉只需要20分鐘，而農(nóng)場(chǎng)主則需要60分鐘。牧場(chǎng)主在生產(chǎn)牛肉和土豆方面都有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.OpportunityCostand

ComparativeAdvantageComparesproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycost.

Theproducerwhohasthesmalleropportunitycostofproducingagoodissaidtohaveacomparativeadvantageinproducingthatgood.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.機(jī)會(huì)成本與比較優(yōu)勢(shì)根據(jù)機(jī)會(huì)成本比較一種物品的不同生產(chǎn)者。如果一個(gè)生產(chǎn)者生產(chǎn)一種物品的機(jī)會(huì)成本比其他生產(chǎn)者小，就說(shuō)該生產(chǎn)者在生產(chǎn)此物品上有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.ComparativeAdvantageandTradeWhohastheabsoluteadvantage?Thefarmerortherancher?

Whohasthecomparativeadvantage?Thefarmerortherancher?Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.比較優(yōu)勢(shì)與貿(mào)易誰(shuí)有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)?農(nóng)場(chǎng)主還是牧場(chǎng)主?

誰(shuí)有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)?農(nóng)場(chǎng)主還是牧場(chǎng)主?Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheOpportunityCostofMeatandPotatoesHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.牛肉和土豆的機(jī)會(huì)成本一盎司牛肉的機(jī)會(huì)成本一盎司土豆的機(jī)會(huì)成本農(nóng)場(chǎng)主4盎司土豆?盎司牛肉牧場(chǎng)主2盎司土豆?盎司牛肉Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.ComparativeAdvantageandTradeTheRancher’sopportunitycostofanounceofpotatoesis1/2ounceofmeat,whereastheFarmer’sopportunitycostofanounceofpotatoesis1/4anounceofmeat.

TheRancher’sopportunitycostofanounceofmeatisonly2ouncespoundofpotatoes,whiletheFarmer’sopportunitycostofanounceofmeatis4ouncesofpotatoes...Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.比較優(yōu)勢(shì)與貿(mào)易牧場(chǎng)主生產(chǎn)一盎司土豆的機(jī)會(huì)成本是1/2盎司牛肉，而農(nóng)場(chǎng)主生產(chǎn)一盎司土豆的機(jī)會(huì)成本是1/4盎司牛肉。牧場(chǎng)主生產(chǎn)一盎司牛肉的機(jī)會(huì)成本是2盎司土豆，而牧場(chǎng)主生產(chǎn)一盎司牛肉的機(jī)會(huì)成本是4盎司土豆。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.ComparativeAdvantageandTrade…so,theRancherhasacomparativeadvantageintheproductionofmeatbuttheFarmerhasacomparativeadvantageintheproductionofpotatoes.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.比較優(yōu)勢(shì)與貿(mào)易所以，牧場(chǎng)主在生產(chǎn)牛肉上有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，而農(nóng)場(chǎng)主在生產(chǎn)土豆上有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.ComparativeAdvantageandTradeComparativeadvantageanddifferencesinopportunitycostsarethebasisforspecializedproductionandtrade.Wheneverpotentialtradingpartieshavedifferencesinopportunitycosts,theycaneachbenefitfromtrade.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.比較優(yōu)勢(shì)與貿(mào)易比較優(yōu)勢(shì)和機(jī)會(huì)成本的差異是專業(yè)化分工生產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易的基礎(chǔ)。只要潛在的交易雙方機(jī)會(huì)成本不同，雙方都能從貿(mào)易中獲得利益。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.BenefitsofTrade貿(mào)易的好處Tradecanbenefiteveryoneinasocietybecauseitallowspeopletospecializeinactivitiesinwhichtheyhaveacomparativeadvantage.貿(mào)易可以使社會(huì)中每一個(gè)人受益，因?yàn)橘Q(mào)易可以使每個(gè)人從事自己有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的活動(dòng)。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.AdamSmithandTradeInhis1776bookAnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations,

AdamSmith

performedadetailedanalysisoftradeandeconomicinterdependence,whicheconomistsstilladheretotoday.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.亞當(dāng).斯密與貿(mào)易在1776年的著作《國(guó)民財(cái)富的性質(zhì)和原因的研究》中，亞當(dāng).斯密對(duì)貿(mào)易和相互依存就進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的分析，至今經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家還繼承了這一分析。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.DavidRicardoandTrade

大衛(wèi).李嘉圖和貿(mào)易Inhis1816bookPrinciplesofPoliticalEconomyandTaxation,

DavidRicardo

developedtheprincipleofcomparativeadvantageasweknowittoday.

在1817年的著作《政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與稅賦原理》中，李嘉圖提出了我們現(xiàn)在熟知的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)原理。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.ShouldTigerWoodsMowHisOwnLawn?

泰格爾.伍茲應(yīng)該自己修剪草坪?jiǎn)幔??APPLICATIAPPVAOEADVANTAGEAPPLICATIONSOFCAMPARATITEADVANTAGE比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的應(yīng)用Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.APPLICATIONSOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGE

ShouldtheUnitedStatesTradewithOtherCountries?Eachcountryhasmanycitizenswithdifferentinterests.Internationaltradecanmakesomeindividualsworseoff,evenasitmakesthecountryasawholebetteroff.Imports—goodsproducedabroadandsolddomesticallyExports—goodsproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroadHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的應(yīng)用美國(guó)應(yīng)該與其他國(guó)家進(jìn)行貿(mào)易嗎?每個(gè)國(guó)家都有許多具有不同利益的公民。盡管國(guó)際貿(mào)易可以使整個(gè)國(guó)家的福利變好，但也可能使一些個(gè)人福利變壞。進(jìn)口—國(guó)外生產(chǎn)在國(guó)內(nèi)銷售的物品。出口—國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)在國(guó)外銷售的物