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1、狀語從句中的謂語動詞是系動詞be時:1.1、當(dāng)從句主語與主句主語相似時,只要去掉從句中的連接詞與主語并把be改為being.即可。Asheisatailor,heknowswhattodowiththismaterial.→Beingatailor,heknowswhattodowiththismaterial.1.2、從句的主句主語與從句主語不同時,只要保存從句的主語,其它變化同以上1.1。Asheisstillachild,youshouldn'tbetoohardonhim.→Hebeingstillachild,youshouldn'tbetoohardonhim.1.3、當(dāng)從句與否認(rèn)句時,只要在being前加否認(rèn)詞not,其它變化同以上1.2。Ashewasnotallenough,hecouldn'treachfortheapple.→Nobeingtallenough,hecouldn'treachfortheapple.2、當(dāng)從句的謂語動詞是進(jìn)行時態(tài)(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)或過去進(jìn)行時態(tài))時:2.1、當(dāng)從句主語與主句主語相似時,只要去掉從句中的引導(dǎo)詞與主語并去掉助動詞be保存現(xiàn)在分詞即可。有時為了強(qiáng)調(diào)進(jìn)行狀態(tài),亦在分詞前保存being.Whilehewasreadingthebook,henoddedfromtimetotime.→Whilereadingthebook,henoddedfromtimetotime2.2、當(dāng)從句與主句的主語不同時,除保存從句主語外,其它變化同以上2.1Whenhewasgivingatelephonecall,hiswifewasreadinganovel.→Hegivingatelephonecall,hiswifewasreadinganovel2.3、當(dāng)從句是含not的否認(rèn)句時,只要在being前加否認(rèn)詞not,其它變化同以上1.1與2.2AsTomisnotworkinginhisoffice,Noonereceivesthetelephone.→Tomnotworkinginhisoffice,noonereceivesthetelephone.3、當(dāng)從句中的謂語動詞為普通時態(tài)(普通現(xiàn)在時與普通過去時)的實義動詞時:3.1、當(dāng)從句主語與主句主語相似時,只要去掉從句主語并將實義動詞改為現(xiàn)在分詞即可Lookroundwhenyoucrossthestreet.→Lookroundwhencrossingthestreet.3.2、當(dāng)從句與主句的主語不同時,只要保存主語,其它變化同以上3.1Whentheylefttheairport,wewavedagainandagaintothem.→Theyleavingtheairport,wewavedagainandagaintothem.3.3、當(dāng)從句是含not的否認(rèn)句時,只要在現(xiàn)在分詞前加not,其它變化同以上3.1與3.2Ashedidn'tknowanythingabouttheaccident,hewenttoworkasusual.→.Notknowinganythingabouttheaccident,hewenttoworkasusual.4、當(dāng)從句的謂語動詞是普通時態(tài)(普通現(xiàn)在時與普通過去時)的被動態(tài)時:4.1、當(dāng)從句主語與主句主語相似時,只要去掉從句中的連詞與主語并去掉be保存過去分詞即可。Astheteacherwassurroundedtightlybyagroupofstudents,hecouldn'tgetaway.→Surroundedtightlybyagroupofstudentstheteachercouldn'tgetaway.4.2、當(dāng)從句與主句的主語不同時,只要保存主語,其它變化同以上4.1A.Asthecarwastrappedinthesand,wehadtogoforhelp.→Thecartrappedinthesand,wehadtogoforhelp.4.3、當(dāng)從句是含not的否認(rèn)句時,只要在過去分詞前加not外,其它變化同以上4.1與4.2Ashewasnotkilleddeadinthefield,heescapedattheverynight.→Notkilleddeadinthefield,heescapedattheverynight.5、當(dāng)從句的謂語動詞是完畢時態(tài)(現(xiàn)在完畢時與過去完畢時)時:5.1、當(dāng)從句主語與主句主語相似時,只要去掉從句中的連詞與主語并將had/has/have改為having即可。Afterthewriterhadfinishedthebook,hetriedtofindapublisher.→Havingfinishedthebook,thewritertriedtofindapublisher.5.2、當(dāng)從句與主句的主語不同時,除保存從句主語外,其它變化同以上5.1Asthestormhaddestroyedtheirhut,theyhadtoliveinacave.→Thestormhavingdestroyedtheirhut,theyhadtoliveinacave.5.3、當(dāng)從句是含not的否認(rèn)句時,除在having前加not外,其它變化同以上5.1與5.2。Ashehadnotreceivedareply,hedecidedtowriteagain.→Nothavingreceivedareply,hedecidedtowriteagain.6、當(dāng)從句中的謂語動詞是被動語態(tài)完畢式時:6.1、當(dāng)從句主語與主句主語相似時,只要去掉從句中的連詞與hadbeen/havebeen/hasbeen并保存過去分詞即可,有時也可只去掉從句中的連詞與主語并將從句中的have/had/has改為Having,這種方式是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)完畢。Ifthetreeshadbeengivenmoreattention,theycouldhavegrownbetter.→(Havingbeen)Givenmoreattention,thetreeswouldhavegrownbetter.6.2、當(dāng)從句與主句的主語不同時,只要保存主語,其它變化同以上6.1Althoughthesentencehadbeenexplainedagainandagain,thestudentsdidn'tseemtounderstandityet.→Thesentence(havingbeen)explainedagainandagain,thestudentsdidn'tseemtounderstandityet.6.3、當(dāng)從句是含not的否認(rèn)句時,只要在過去分詞前加not或在havingbeen前加not外,其它變化同以上6.1與6.2Astheoldmanhadn'tbeentakengoodcareof,hewasn'tlivingahappylife.→Not(havingbeen)takengoodcareof,theoldmanwasn'tlivingahappylife.7.當(dāng)句子謂語是一種由and連接的并列動詞時,為了強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個動作同時發(fā)生,只要去掉and并將另一種動詞改為現(xiàn)在分詞即可.Theyoftensatintheshadeandsmokedacigaretteinthelateafternoon.→Theyoftensatintheshadeinthelateafternoon,smokingacigarette.使用獨立主格構(gòu)造的幾點注意1.獨立主格與狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換當(dāng)狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一種對象時,可用獨立主格構(gòu)造取代狀語從句,但不再保存連詞。如:Afterclasswasover(=Classbeingover/Classover),thestudentssoonlefttheclassroom.下課后,學(xué)生很快離開了教室。2.不能省略being(havingbeen)的情形在下列兩種狀況下,獨立主格構(gòu)造中的being(或havingbeen)不能省略:(1)獨立主格構(gòu)造的邏輯主語是代詞時。如:ItbeingSunday,wewenttochurch.由于是星期天,我們?nèi)チ俗龆Y拜。(2)在Therebeing+名詞的構(gòu)造中。如:Therebeingnobus,wehadtogohomeonfoot.由于沒有公共汽車,因此我們不得不步行回家。3.普通不用物主代詞或冠詞在“名詞(或代詞)+介詞短語”構(gòu)成的獨立主格構(gòu)造中,普通不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如:MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,bookinhand.史密斯先生走進(jìn)了課室,手里拿著一本書。比較with的復(fù)合構(gòu)造:MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,withabookinhishand.4.獨立主格構(gòu)造沒有全部格形式Thechief-editorarriving,webeganthemeeting.主編來了,我們開始開會。比較動名詞復(fù)合構(gòu)造:Thechief-editor’sarrivingmadeusverysurprised.5.獨立主格的時態(tài)問題獨立主格構(gòu)造作時間或因素狀語時,可用完畢時,表達(dá)該動作發(fā)生在謂語之前。如:Thelistenershavingtakentheirseats,theconcertbegan.聽眾坐好后,音樂會開始了。Tomhavingbeenlateoverandover,hisbosswasverydisappointed.由于湯姆多次遲到,他的老板非常失望?!灸M試題】一、單項填空1.-Oh,it’syou,Steve!I______you.-Nosurprising.I’vejusthadmyhaircut.A.don’trecognizeB.haven’trecognizedC.didn’trecognizeD.hadn’trecognized2.Thepeople,_________hadbeendamagedbytheflood,weregivenhelpbytheRedCross.A.allwhosehomesB.allofwhosehomesC.alltheirhomesD.alloftheirhomes3.I’mgladtoseethatyou________alotofprogresssinceI______youlast.A.willmake;havemetB.havebeenmaking;metC.hadmade;metD.havemade;meeting4.-WherecanIget_______informationaboutalongjourney?-Nothingisof_________thanamap,Ithink.A.an;greaterhelpB.apieceof;greaterpriceC.some;betterusefulD.some;greatervalue5.You’renot_______toparkhere_______youhaveapermit.A.allowed;unlessB.permitted;inspiteC.let;sinceD.agreed;evenif6.It’s________alongtimesinceIstartedtoteachatthisschool.A.quiteB.muchC.prettyD.so7.-DidyouremembertoreturnthebooktoourEnglishteacher?-Yes.Igaveittohim_________Isawhim.A.onceB.whileC.ifD.themoment8.Hewas________forwork,forhecouldnotimaginelifewithoutit.A.expectedB.worriedC.eagerD.proud9.I______fromthecrowdanoldfriendofminewhomIhadn’tseenfortenyears.A.figuredoutB.pickedoutC.gaveoutD.wentout10.Ibelievethechild_________.A.totelltrueB.tohavetoldthetruthC.havingthetruthD.havingtoldthetruth11.Jack_________thetestagain;inthatcase,hisfatherwillbeverydisappointed.A.musthavefailedB.mightfailC.shouldfailD.couldhavefailed12.________enoughtime,butIcouldn’tdoitbetter.A.IwasgivenB.GivenC.TobegivenD.ThoughIwasgiven13.Ourdoctoralwaystalkstome_________ateachertalkingtoachild.A.assameasB.howC.likeD.similaras14.-Johnson,there’realotofchairsoverthere.Goandfetch_________forme.-Why_______?Mikeissittingtheredoingnothing.A.one;meB.that;notheC.it;nothimD.some;I15.-Letmehelpyoucarryyourtravelcasetothestation,Granny.-Oh,no,myboy.Itis____________heavy._______.A.so;WhatagoodboyB.notso;ThanksalotC.rather;HowkindofyouD.nottoo;Thankyouanyway.分詞作狀語的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致的種種狀況英語中常把分詞或分詞短語放在句首,作時間、因素、條件、方式、隨著狀況、成果、目的及讓步等狀語,分詞或分詞短語的邏輯主語必須與句中的主語相似(即保持一致),否則句子就是錯誤的。例如:1.Enteringtheroom,Ifoundthewallsnewly-painted.(對)我走進(jìn)房間時,發(fā)現(xiàn)墻壁油漆一新。Enteringtheroom,thefirstthingthatmeteyeswasthenewly-paintedwalls.(錯)2.Badlywoundedthesoldierwassenttohospitalatonce.(對)士兵受了重傷,立刻被送到醫(yī)院。Badlywounded,wesentthesoldiertohospitalatonce.(錯)3.Beingverybusy,Icouldnotaffordthetimetogotothecinema.(對)我由于太忙,不能花時間去看電影了。Beingverybusy,thefilmticketsweregiventoothers.(錯)4.LedbytheParty,wearemakinggreatprogressinourwork.(對)在黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下,我們的工作有很大的進(jìn)展。LedbytheParty,greatprogressinourworkisbeingmade.(錯)5.Writteninhaste,theletterhadsomemistakes.(對)由于寫得慌忙,這封信里有幾個錯誤。Writteninhaste,hemadesomemistakesintheletter.(錯)6.Runningaftereachotherinthestreet,thetwoboyswereknockeddownbyabike.(對)兩個男孩在公路上互相追逐的時候被自行車撞倒了。Runningaftereachotherinthestreet,abikeknockeddownthetwoboys.(錯)但在實際語言中,時常能夠碰到分詞或分詞短語作狀語時,其邏輯主語與整個句子的主語不一致的現(xiàn)象,但整個句子的語法構(gòu)造又是對的的狀況,特別是在科技作品和英美文學(xué)作品中很為普遍,這種分詞在語法上稱為游離分詞(unattachedparticiple)或稱為無關(guān)分詞(unrelatedparticiple)或稱為懸垂分詞(danglingparticiple)。下面就來談?wù)勀軌虺闪⒌那樾危阂?、在獨立主格?gòu)造中,分詞或分詞短語的邏輯主語與整個句子的主語不一致。如:1.Theprofessorenteredthelab,hisstudentsfollowinghim.(隨著狀況)那位專家走進(jìn)實驗室,學(xué)生們在背面跟著。2.Afewsecondslater,hewaslookingatthescreenagainwiththemachineryturnedon.(隨著狀況)幾秒鐘后,他開了機(jī)器,盯著熒光屏。3.Thedaybeingverywet,Maryworehernewmackintosh.(因素狀語)由于這天是陰雨天氣,瑪麗穿上她的新雨衣。4.Theauthoritieshavingarrivedandtakentheseatsreservedforthem,theceremonybegan.(時間狀語)在負(fù)責(zé)人達(dá)成并在為他們保存的座位上就座后來,典禮就開始了。5.Weatherpermitting,theshipwillleavetheharbouratdawn.(條件狀語)如果天氣不錯的話,船將在拂曉時離港。6.Helayonhisback,hiskneesdrawnup.(方式狀語)他蜷著腿,仰面躺著。二、只有某些分詞或分詞短語可用來表達(dá)說話人的態(tài)度或看問題的角度,這些分詞或短語已轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楠毩⒊煞?,含?泛指"之意,在句中常作插入語,這時分詞或分詞短語的邏輯主語也能夠不必和全句的主語保持一致。如:1.Judgingfromhisappearance,helookslikeanolddoctor.從外表看,他像一位老醫(yī)生。2.Strictlyspeaking,herpronunciationisnotquitegood.嚴(yán)格地說,她的發(fā)音不十分地道。3.Takenasawhole,thereisnothingwrongwiththearticle.總地來說,這篇文章沒有什么問題。4.Lookingatthequestionobjectively,whathesaidissomethingbelievable.客觀地看,他說的話尚有些可信之處。經(jīng)常這樣用的分詞短語有:franklyspeaking誠實地說,坦率地說generallyspeaking普通地說strictlyspeaking嚴(yán)格地說properlyspeaking確切地說來talkingortakenonewithanother總地看來takenasawhole總地來說這種分詞短語能夠說是一種句子狀語,也能夠看作是一種句子的獨立成分。三、有些現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞已含有介詞或連詞的性質(zhì),由它們構(gòu)成的詞組作狀語時其邏輯主語和整個句子的主語不必保持一致。如:1.Hecouldn'tattendthemeetingowingtoillness.他因病沒能出席會議。2.Accordingtothetext,pleaseanswerthefollowingquestions.請按照課文的內(nèi)容,回答下面問題。3.Theboydidquitewellconsideringthecircumstances.考慮到具體狀況,能夠說這孩子干得很不錯了。4.Regardingthecase,heknewnothing.有關(guān)這件事,他一無所知。經(jīng)常這樣用的分詞有:admittingthat(conj.confessingthat,承認(rèn))assumingthat(conj.if,假定)barring(prep.except,除……以外,除非)considering(prep.inviewof...,havingregardof...鑒于,就……而論)concerning(prep.a(chǎn)bout,有關(guān))excepting(prep.&conj.leavingout,excluding,-oftenafternot,always,without,除……之外,涉及)failing(prep.indefaultof...,intheabsenceof...若缺少……時,如果沒有)owingto(prep.becauseof...,onaccountof...,由于……,由于……)providing/providedthat(conj.onconditionthat,假若,倘使)regarding(prep.withreferenceto...,about,有關(guān),有關(guān))seeingthat(conj.inviewofthefactthat;considering,鑒于……的事實,由……的緣故)上述諸詞有些已完全變成了介詞或連詞。四、在有些句子中,作狀語的分詞或分詞短語的邏輯主語并不是整個句子的主語,而是包含在句子的另一種成分之中,大多數(shù)是賓語和定語。如:1.Seeingherhealthsinkingrapidly,alarmseizedherfather

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