英語(yǔ)發(fā)音規(guī)則

英語(yǔ)發(fā)音規(guī)則字母是書(shū)寫(xiě)英語(yǔ)單詞的最小單位，音素是語(yǔ)言中最小的發(fā)音單位。字母分為元音字母和輔音字母兩種。英語(yǔ)單詞中的字母和單詞讀音中的各個(gè)音素并不都存在著對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。有時(shí)一種字母對(duì)應(yīng)一種音素，有時(shí)兩個(gè)或三個(gè)字母對(duì)應(yīng)一種音素。字組指的是一種或幾個(gè)字母在一起，發(fā)一種音素。字組是拼讀英語(yǔ)單詞的基本單位，一種字組對(duì)應(yīng)著一種音素。字組能較好地體現(xiàn)出單詞的拼寫(xiě)和讀音之間的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，一種字組總是對(duì)應(yīng)著一種因素。字組分為元字組和輔字組兩類(lèi)，元字組是對(duì)元音字母和元音字母組合的合稱(chēng)；輔音組是對(duì)輔音字母和輔音字母組合的合稱(chēng)。元音字母重讀開(kāi)音節(jié)和閉音節(jié)中的讀音a①在開(kāi)音節(jié)中/e?/：name,plane,Jane,baby,cake②在閉音節(jié)中1普通讀作/?/：bag,dad,hat,map,black,back2背面字母為背面字母為st,ss,th時(shí)讀/ɑ:/e①在開(kāi)音節(jié)中/i:/：he,these,me,Chinese②在閉音節(jié)中/e/：bed,let,pen,desk,yes,eggi①在開(kāi)音節(jié)中/a?/：bike,drive,time,nice,kite②在閉音節(jié)中/?/：fish,big,drink,sit,milk,swimo①在開(kāi)音節(jié)中/??/：those,close,go,hoe,home,no②在閉音節(jié)中/?/：clock,not,box,shop,socku①在開(kāi)音節(jié)中1./ju:/：student,excuse,duty,Tuesday2.元音字母u在輔音字母j、l、r或字母組合ch、sh、tr、dr背面時(shí)（輔音字母發(fā)音為[?]、[?]、[t?]、[d?]、[l]、[r]、[tr]、[dr]）,讀/u:/,例如：June,blue,ruler,true。②在閉音節(jié)中/?/：bus,cup,jump,much,lunch元音字母在重讀音節(jié)中的特殊讀音a①在/w/音背面/?/：want,what,watch,wash,quality②在f,n,sk,ph,sp,ss,st,th,lm前/α:/：after,plant,ask,grasp,glass,fast,fatheri在-nd,-ld和gh前/a?/：find,child,light,higho①在-st,-ld前/??/：most,postcard,old,cold②在m,n,v,th前/?/：come,monkey,love,mother元音字母在非重讀音節(jié)中的讀音a/?/：China,another,woman,breakfast動(dòng)詞中的a如果處在開(kāi)音節(jié)位置,作動(dòng)詞后綴音,a讀/e?/音,例如：operate,a處在開(kāi)音節(jié)位置,e/?/：hundred,student,open,weekend,chicken,childreni①/?/：holiday,beautiful,family,animal②/a?/：exercise,satelliteo①/?/：second,tonight,somebody,welcome②/??/：also,zero,photou①/?/：autumn,difficult②/ju:/：popular,congratulation,January③在輔音字母j,l,r,s背面時(shí),讀/?/或/u:/音,例如：July,influence,February,issue。在非重讀音節(jié)中,許多單詞中的元音字母a,e,i既能夠讀/?/的音,也能夠讀/?/的音。-r音節(jié)元音字組在重讀音節(jié)中的讀音ar①/α:/：car,farm,dark,sharpener②在/w/音背面/?:/：warm,quarter,towardsor①/?:/：fortymorningshort②/?:/：wordworkerworseer,ir,ur/?:/：certainlybirdThursday注：①輔音字母r雙寫(xiě)時(shí),前面的元音字母不能與r構(gòu)成-r音節(jié),而是按重讀閉音節(jié)的拼讀規(guī)則發(fā)音。例如：carry,sorry,hurry。②-r音節(jié)在非重讀音節(jié)中普通讀/?/音,例如：dollar,teacher,martyr,forget,Saturday。-re音節(jié)元音字組在重讀音節(jié)中的讀音are/e?/：care,dare,hareere/??/：here,mereire/a??/：fire,hire,wireore/?:/：more,score,beforeure/j??/：pure,cure-re/?/：centre,fibre,titre,meagre,saltpetre注：①are,ere,ire,ore極少出現(xiàn)在非重讀音節(jié)中,ure在非重讀音節(jié)中讀/?/音,例如：picture,pleasure。②重讀元音字母加r,再加非重讀元字組時(shí),重讀元音字母應(yīng)按-re音節(jié)拼讀規(guī)則拼讀,字母r讀/r/音。例如：parent,zero,story,during,inspiring。③另外,某些慣用詞及多音節(jié)詞經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)音短化現(xiàn)象。例如：orange,very,American,paragraph。元音字組在重讀音節(jié)中的讀音ai,ay/e?/：afraid,rain,wait,day,playair/e?/：air,hair,chair,pair,repairal①在l,k前/?:/：small,ball,talk,wall,all,talk,②/?:l/：always,also,salt,almost③在f,m前/α:/：half,calmau,aw/?:/：autumn,daughter,drawea①/i:/：teach,easy,cheap,please②/e/：heavy,bread,sweater,weather③/e?/：break,greatear①/??/：hear,dear,near,clear,year②/e?/：bear,pear,wear,swear③/?:/：earth,learn,earlyee/i:/：jeep,week,green,threeeer/??/：pioneer,deer,beerei,ey①/e?/：eight,neighbour,they②/i:/：seize,keyeu,ew①在j,l,r,s后/u:/：flew,brew,jewelry,jewel②/ju:/：new,few,newspaperie,ei/s/音之后/i:/：piece,field,receiveoa/??/：coat,Joan,boat,goaloar,oor/?:/：roar,board,door,flooroi,oy/??/：noise,point,boy,toiletoo/u:/：broom,food,tooth,school,zoo/?/：book,look,cook,foot,good,footballou,ow①/a?/：flower,house,count,down②/??/：know,row,throw,though③/?/：young,country,enough④/u:/：group,soupour①/?:/：course,your,four②/a??/：our,hour,sour③/?:/：journeyoul/?/：would,should,could(重要是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞）ui①在j,l,r,s后/u:?/：fluid,suicide,tuition②/u:/：juice,fruit,suit非重讀音節(jié)中元音字組和字群的讀音ai,ay,ei,ey/?/：foreign,monkeyow/??/：yellow,sparrow,tomorrow注：元音字組在非重讀音節(jié)中普通讀/?/音或/?/音。例如：serious,famous,biscuit,coffee,neighbour-sion,-tion①/??n/：impression,nation②在元音字母后/??n/：vision,decision,occasion③在s后/t??n/：question,suggestion-isle/a?l/：aisle,Carlisle-sten/s?n/：listen-stle/sl/：whistle-sure/??/：pleasure,measure-ture/t??/：picture,culture元字組在復(fù)合詞非重讀音節(jié)中的讀音復(fù)合詞中的第二部分不標(biāo)重視音符號(hào),但其中的元音字母或元音字組仍按重讀音節(jié)拼讀規(guī)則拼讀。例如：everyday/e?/,handbag/?/,blackboard/?:/。有些詞隨著語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展,前后兩部分已失去其單獨(dú)存在的意義,融合成為一種詞。其中的非重讀部分要按非重讀音節(jié)的讀音規(guī)則發(fā)音。例如：holy（神圣）+day/e?/（日子）=holiday/?/（假日）：break（中斷）+fast/α:/（齋戒）=breakfast/?/（早餐）；cup（茶杯）+board/?:/（木板）=cupboard/?/（碗柜）。輔字組的讀音b①/b/：bike,bus,bag②/不發(fā)/：bomb,tombc①在e前或在i,y前/s/：face,decide,cinema,bicycle②其它狀況/k/：cake,picture,coat,music③/t?/：cello,concertoch①/t?/：much,chick,rich,teacher②/k/：school,headache,chemistry（重要為希臘外來(lái)詞）③/?/：machine,moustache（重要是法語(yǔ)外來(lái)詞）-ck/cq[k]：cock,pocket,black,knock,checque,cz[t?]：Czechd/d/：doctor,bread,hand,day-dg(e)/d?/：bridge,fridgedr-/dr/：children,driver,drinkds/dz/：hands（重要用于可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)）f/f/：five,four,breakfast/v/：ofg①/g/：bag,garden,go②在e,i,y之前普通讀作/d?/,少數(shù)例外,orange,large,German,apology,giant③e,i,y之前少數(shù)狀況下讀/?/：genre,massagegh①/f/：cough,enough②/不發(fā)/：light,daughter,highgu-,-gue①/g/：guess,league,dialogue(-gue在非重讀音節(jié)中)②/gw/：language,anguishh①/h/：hot,head,house,hand②/不發(fā)/：hour,honestj①/d?/：jeep,jar,joke,join,June②/?/：Jacques（用于法國(guó)人名）③/h/：Juanita（用于西班牙人名）k/k/：kind,bike,skate,make,weekkn-/n/：knife,know,knockl①/l/：life,lead,lot（出現(xiàn)在元音前面）②/?/：milk,school,tall[出現(xiàn)在元音背面。能夠出現(xiàn)在輔音前,也可出現(xiàn)在輔音后（詞尾）]m/m/：monkey,come-mn/m/：autumn,column,solemnn①/n/：not,shine,ten,note②在/k/、/g/音前/?/：uncle,thank,hungry-ng/?/：morning,young,wrongp/p/：paper,plane,pig,ship,penph/f/：elephant,photo,telephone,graphq/k/：Iraqqu-/kw/：quality,quiter/r/：red,rubber,rulerrz/?/：Zabrze（扎布熱）s①在詞首、清輔音前/s/：sit,sleep,desk②元音字母間或濁輔音前/z/：music,husband③sure構(gòu)造或s+i/e+元音字母時(shí)讀作/?/或/?/。/?/：ensure,Asian./?/：pleasure,conclusion.sc-①/sk/：scarlet②在i,e和y之前/s/：scenery,sciencesch-/?/：schedule英/′?edju:l/,美/′sked?ul/sh/?/：she,fish,shirt,washt①/t/ten,letter,mee