研究生英語寫作 第四次

Unit4（A）

DescribingGraphs&Tables整理pptStructureforWritingGraphsThemostcommongraphsyouaregoingtoseearelinegraphs&bargraphs

Linegraphsandbargraphsshowchangesover

time.piecharts

Piechartsshowpercentagesatpresent.

整理ppt

Areasoffocus:PresentinganoverviewofthegraphHighlightingmajorchangesorlackofchange(notdescribingeverychange)DescribinggeneraltrendsMakingcomparisonsorcontrasts(whenthereismorethanonefigure)AvoidingmechanicalwritingDescribingGraphs&Tables整理pptWemightcompareanoverviewofagraph,diagramortabletolookingdownonacityorlandscapefromanairplane.Theoutline,shapeandcolorofamountainrange,forexample,canbeseen,butitsdetailslikethekindsoftrees,rocksoranimalsusuallycannot.Thinkingeneralterms.PresentinganOverview(Introduction)整理pptWhatisyourpurpose?Whatdoyouintendtoshowinwritingaboutthisgraph/diagram?PresentinganOverview整理ppt

AgraphillustratesthetotalnumberofDVDsalesatashopin2007.Byanalyzingthegraph,weareabletoseetheinconsistentpurchasinghabitsofitscustomers.PresentinganOverview600500400300200100Jan.Feb.MarchAprilMayJuneJulyAug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.整理pptThediagrambelowdetailsthenumberofDVDssoldatashopbymonthin2007.Fromthediagram,wecanobservefluctuatingconsumertrendsinDVDsalesatthisparticularshop,whichmightreflectthegeneralpurchasinghabitsofDVDselsewhere.PresentinganOverview600500400300200100Jan.Feb.MarchAprilMayJuneJulyAug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.整理pptLookcloselyatthegraphbelow.Howwouldyoudescribethegraphinthreesentencesorless?Writeanoverviewofthegraphinyourjournal.

整理pptThelinechartbelowindicatestheproportionofthe65yearsandolderpopulationsintheUSA,SwedenandJapan.Ageneralrisingtrendinallthreecountriesisevident.SampleOverview整理pptsteadysalesfromJanuarytoMarchansharpdropinAprilahugedipbetweenAprilandMayaslowdeclinebetweenMayandAugustamajorrecoveryinSeptemberasteepincreasefromSeptembertoDecemberDescribingMajorChangesorLackofChange600500400300200100Jan.Feb.MarchAprilMayJuneJulyAug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.整理pptWorkwithapartner.Togetherdecidewhichchanges(orlackofchange)seemtobethemostimportant.Locateatleastfive.Alsodiscusswhyyouthinkthesechangesmighthaveorwilloccur.DescribingMajorChangesorLackofChange整理pptSweden’sagedpopulationjumpedabruptlyinthemid-1990s,anincreasethathascontinuedtothisday.TheagedgrowthintheUSAissteadyfromthe1990stothepresentandwillremainsountil2020.TheUSAstartsinfirstplaceandispredictedtoendinlast.Japan’snumberhasrisenslowlybutsteadilysincethelate1980sandwillcontinuetodosountil2030.Japanwillshootupdramaticallyinabout2030,takingitfromthirdtofirstplace.DescribingMajorChangesorLackofChange整理pptonetrendappearstobeadecreaseinDVDsalesinthewarmermonthsoftheyearandhighersalesincoldermonths.Inthiscase,thereisanobvioustendencywhichcouldberelatedtotheweather.abroadertrendmightpointouthighersalesintheearlyandlatetimesoftheyearanddecreasedsalesinthemiddlemonths.Itmightbeusefultopointoutthatthe……changesinthegraphdonotappeartoberandom;thereislittlefluctuationandaclearpatternofpurchasinghabitscanbeidentified.DescribingTrends/DrawingConclusions600500400300200100Jan.Feb.MarchAprilMayJuneJulyAug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.Bettertodiscusstrendstowardstheendofthedescription整理pptDescribingTrends/DrawingConclusionsGetbackwithyourclassmate.Locateafewgeneraltrendsinthislinegraph.Locateatleastoneforeachcountryandoneortwobroadoveralltrends.

整理pptDescribingTrends/DrawingConclusionsJapan’sproportionisrelativelyunchangedformorethan40yearsuntilthecurrentdramaticsurge.Sweden’sproportionisonanalmostcontinuousrisewithonlytwobriefperiodsofdecline.TheUSA’sagedgrowthisthemostconsistentofthethreeoverthe100yearsandincreasestheleast.ThoughboththeUSAandSwedenlooktoincreasesignificantlyinthefuture,theirgrowthwillbedwarfedbyJapan’sexplosioninabout2030.Theproportionsofallthreearesettoriseinthelate2020s.

整理pptWhenyoudescribeagraph,itisimportanttoavoidsoundingtoomechanical.Thepurposeofdescribingagraphisnotsimplytoreportnumbersandchanges.Awritermustremembertowriteinastylethatisdescriptiveandhuman.AvoidingMechanicalWriting600500400300200100Jan.Feb.MarchAprilMayJuneJulyAug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.整理ppt

ThegraphbelowshowsthenumberofDVDssoldinashopbymonthin2007. InJanuary,theDVDshopsold600DVDs.InFebruaryandMarch,thenumberofDVDssoldremainedconstantatabout580.ThenumberofDVDssoldfelltoabout525inAprilandthendeclinedgreatlydowntoabout290inMay. InJune,JulyandAugust,thenumberofDVDssolddeclinedslowlydowntoabout200,butinAugustandSeptemberthenumberofsalesrosedramaticallyuptoabout400.InOctober,NovemberandDecemberthenumberofDVDssoldcontinuedtoriseuntilithitapeakof600DVDssoldinDecember. ThesearethedetailsofthenumberofDVDssoldatashopin2007.ExampleofanOverlyMechanicalDescription整理ppt

AgraphillustratesthetotalnumberofDVDsalesatashopin2007.Byanalyzingthegraph,weareabletoseetheinconsistentpurchasinghabitsofcustomersatthisparticularstore. DVDsalesstartatarelativelyhighnumberof600inJanuary,andbusinessremainsstrongforanothertwomonthsbeforeageneraldeclinebeginstoappear.Bycontrast,themonthofAprilshowsamajordropoffasthenumberofDVDssoldplummetstobelow300.Thedownwardtrendcontinuesasthewarmermonthsapproach,hittingalowofunder200unitssoldinearlyAugust. TheendofthesummermonthsandtheusheringinofautumnbringsawelcometrendtotheshopownersascustomersreturnformoreDVDsastheweathercools.LateAugustandearlySeptemberrevealadramaticandabruptincreaseinsales,andbyearlyOctobertheshopisbacktobusinessasusualasthenumberofDVDssoldreturnstoarespectablenumberofabout400.ThereisacontinuousriseinNovemberandDecemberwhenthenumbersoarstoabove600DVDssold. Thegraphdemonstratessomeobvioustrends.DVDsalesareclearlymuchhigherinthecoldermonthsoftheyear,whilewarmermonthsbringmoreoutdooractivitiestoconsumerswhichexplainsthemajordecreaseinspringandsummersales.Thereturntonormalbusinessinthelatterpartof2007confirmsthatthedeclineinsalesisonlyatemporaryinconvenienceforthisshop.

Exampleofagraphdescription,soundinglessmechanical整理ppt AgraphillustratesthetotalnumberofDVDsalesatashopin2007.Byanalyzingthegraph,weareabletoseetheinconsistentpurchasinghabitsofcustomersatthisparticularshop.

DVDsalesattheshopstartatarelativelyhighnumberof600inJanuary,andbusinessremainsstrongforanothertwomonthsbeforeageneraldeclinebeginstoappear.Bycontrast,themonthofAprilshowsamajordropoffasthenumberofDVDssoldplummetstobelow300.Thedownwardtrendcontinuesasthewarmermonthsapproach,hittingalowofunder200unitssoldinearlyAugust. TheendofthesummermonthsandtheusheringinofautumnbringsawelcometrendtotheshopownersascustomersreturnformoreDVDsastheweathercools.LateAugustandearlySeptemberrevealadramaticandabruptincreaseinsales,andbyearlyOctobertheshopisbacktobusinessasusualasthenumberofDVDssoldreturnstoarespectablenumberofabout400.ThereisacontinuousriseinNovemberandDecemberwhenthenumberplateaustoabove600DVDssold. Thegraphdemonstratessomeobvioustrends.DVDsalesareclearlymuchhigherinthecoldermonthsoftheyear,whilewarmermonthsbringmoreoutdooractivitiestoconsumerswhichexplainsthemajordecreaseinspringandsummersales.Thereturntonormalbusinessinthelatterpartof2007confirmsthatthedeclineinsalesisonlyatemporaryinconvenienceforthisparticularshop.

Doesthisdescriptionpresentanoverviewofthegraph?

整理ppt

AgraphillustratesthetotalnumberofDVDsalesatashopin2007.Byanalyzingthegraph,weareabletoseetheinconsistentpurchasinghabitsofcustomersatthisparticularshop. DVDsalesattheshopstartatarelativelyhighnumberof600inJanuary,andbusinessremainsstrongforanothertwomonthsbeforeageneraldeclinebeginstoappear.Bycontrast,themonthofAprilshowsamajordropoffasthenumberofDVDssoldplummetstobelow300.Thedownwardtrendcontinuesasthewarmermonthsapproach,hittingalowofunder200unitssoldinearlyAugust. TheendofthesummermonthsandtheusheringinofautumnbringsawelcometrendtotheshopownersascustomersreturnformoreDVDsastheweathercools.LateAugustandearlySeptemberrevealadramaticandabruptincreaseinsales,andbyearlyOctobertheshopisbacktobusinessasusualasthenumberofDVDssoldreturnstoarespectablenumberofabout400.ThereisacontinuousriseinNovemberandDecemberwhenthenumberplateaustoabove600DVDssold. Thegraphdemonstratessomeobvioustrends.DVDsalesareclearlymuchhigherinthecoldermonthsoftheyear,whilewarmermonthsbringmoreoutdooractivitiestoconsumerswhichexplainsthemajordecreaseinspringandsummersales.Thereturntonormalbusinessinthelatterpartof2007confirmsthatthedeclineinsalesisonlyatemporaryinconvenienceforthisparticularshop.

Doesthisdescriptionhighlightmajorchanges,orlackofchanges?整理ppt

AgraphillustratesthetotalnumberofDVDsalesatashopin2007.Byanalyzingthegraph,weareabletoseetheinconsistentpurchasinghabitsofcustomersatthisparticularshop. DVDsalesattheshopstartatarelativelyhighnumberof600inJanuary,andbusinessremainsstrongforanothertwomonthsbeforeageneraldeclinebeginstoappear.Bycontrast,themonthofAprilshowsamajordropoffasthenumberofDVDssoldplummetstobelow300.Thedownwardtrendcontinuesasthewarmermonthsapproach,hittingalowofunder200unitssoldinearlyAugust. TheendofthesummermonthsandtheusheringinofautumnbringsawelcometrendtotheshopownersascustomersreturnformoreDVDsastheweathercools.LateAugustandearlySeptemberrevealadramaticandabruptincreaseinsales,andbyearlyOctobertheshopisbacktobusinessasusualasthenumberofDVDssoldreturnstoarespectablenumberofabout400.ThereisacontinuousriseinNovemberandDecemberwhenthenumberplateaustoabove600DVDssold. Thegraphdemonstratessomeobvioustrends.DVDsalesareclearlymuchhigherinthecoldermonthsoftheyear,whilewarmermonthsbringmoreoutdooractivitiestoconsumerswhichexplainsthemajordecreaseinspringandsummersales.Thereturntonormalbusinessinthelatterpartof2007confirmsthatthedeclineinsalesisonlyatemporaryinconvenienceforthisparticularshop.

Doesthisdescriptiondescribegeneraltrends?Endingadescriptionofagraphorchartwithtrendsisanexcellentstrategy!整理ppt

Tip!Don’texplaineverysmalldetailofagraph.Asmentionedabove,focusonthemajordevelopmentsandchanges.Beforeyouwrite,considerseveralquestions:whichchangesordevelopmentsstandout?Whichdonotappearassignificant?Howmuchinformationisenoughortoomuchforthereadertounderstandanddigestinashortessay?整理pptWhichwordsdon’tyouunderstand?LanguageofChange整理ppt LanguageofChange

Change Verbs NounsUp goup - rise arise increase anincrease recover arecovery - ahump jump ajump climb - skyrocket -

HighestPoint peak thepeak - ahighof godown - fall afallDown decrease adecrease descend adescent dip adip drop adrop plummet -

LowestPoint bottomout abottomingout - alowof leveloff alevelingoffNochange

remainconstant - remainsteady -整理pptDegreesofChangeDegreesofChange

AdjectiveForm

AdverbialForm considerable considerablygradual graduallyslight slightlysharp sharplysteep steeplyrapid rapidlyabrupt abruptlyslow slowlysubstantial substantiallysignificant significantlygreat greatlyconstant constantlyconsistent consistently整理pptPutthedegreeofchangeafterifitisaverbofchangeSalesdropped

considerably.Rainincreased

dramatically.PutthedegreeofchangebeforeifitisanounofchangeTherewasanabrupt

bottomingoutinJanuary.Thegraphshowsaslight

humpinthesecondhalfoftheyear.GeneralRules整理pptAnExample:Facebookstocksankadisastrous25percentonMonday,thesocialnetwork'sseconddayoftradingasapubliccompany.ThetimingcoincidedwiththeabsenceoffinancialgiantMorganStanley'sbackingofthestock,whichbalancedthemarketinitiallytoensurethatpriceswouldn'tplummetonFriday,theCaliforniaCompany’sopeningday.Thesocialmediacompany'ssharesfell$4.64to$33.67inthefirstminutesoftrading-adeclineofmorethan12percentfromFriday'scloseandabout24.4percentfromthesoaringhighof$45ashare.Mr.Zuckerberg'sportionofthestockfellnearly$2billionfromthefluctuationandtheclosingbellvaluedashareatameager$34.Thestocks

bouncedbetweenmillionsofbuyersalmostimmediately,callingintoquestiontheentiresystemofdefiningFacebook'struevalue.Nearly581millionsharesweretradedonFridayinthefiveorsohoursthatthestockwasopen.OnMonday,volumewasagainmassivewithmorethan52millionsharestradinghandsin15minutes.Asthestockfell,therewasalonglistofquestions--rangingfromwhetherthepriceoftheshareswastoohighortoolow.AFacebookspokeswomandeclinedtocommentonthesharepriceissue.NewsofthefalteringstockcomesjustdaysafterMrZuckerberg'sannouncementthathewedhislong-timegirlfriendPriscillaChan.ThecouplemetasundergraduatesatHarvardUniversityin2004.Mr.Zuckerberg,now28,dropped

outofcollegetoworkonFacebook,whileMrs.Zuckerberg,apediatrician,stayedtoearnherundergraduatedegreein2007.整理ppt

VocabandStructureof

PieCharts

Now

lookatwordsthatshowanumber.NumberAmountPercentageTotalProportionAllocationShareQuantity整理pptUsingverbstoexplainwhatweareshowing:

Theseareasrepresent...Theseareassymbolisethat...Thisaccountsfor...Thisindicatesthat...Thesefiguresdemonstratethat...Thisshowsthat...Theseareasillustratethat...Thesepercentagesdisplay...整理pptUsingwordstocomparetwoormorethings.Incomparisonto/withComparedto/withIncontrastto/withContrastedto/withComparati