詞匯學(xué)第四章課件

Chapter

4Word

Formation1Word-formationmajoraffixationprefixationsuffixationcompoundingcharacteristicsformationconversionconversionto

nounsconversiontoverbsconversion

toadjectivesminorblendingclippingacronymyback-formationsoundredupllicationcommonization

ofproper

names22023/9/232023/10/234.1

AffixationWhat

isaffixation?It

is

the

formation

of

words

by

adding

word-formation

or

derivational

affixes

to

bases.

Thisprocess

is

also

known

as

derivation,

and

wordscreated

in

this

way

are

called

derivatives.According

to

the

positions

affixes

occupy

inwords,

affixation

falls

into

two

subcategories:prefixation

and

suffixation.2023/10/244.1.1

PrefixationDefinition:it

is

the

formation

of

new

words

by

addingprefix

to

stems.Features:non-class

changingExceptions:class-changing

prefixesIn

modern

English,

there

are

small

part

ofprefixesthat

do

change

the

part

of

speech,

eg.a

in

asleep,

en

in

encourage.2023/10/25Now

look

at

the

following

words.

Can

youseparate

their

prefixed

from

their

root

orstem?

An

example

has

been

done

for

you.Wordprefixrootretellretellex-wifemisleadingmultimediaautomobilemicrocomputervice-chairmanObserve

the

words

and

their

roots

or

stems,

do

you

thinkevery

word

enjoys

the

same

part

of

speech

with

its

root

orstem?2023/10/26On

semantic

basis,

prefixes

are

divided

intoten

groups:①Negative

Prefixes否定前綴②Reversative

or

privative

prefixes逆反前綴③Pejorative

prefixes貶義前綴④Prefixes

of

degree

or

size表范圍和程度的前綴⑤Prefixes

of

orientation

and

attitude表方向和態(tài)度的前綴⑥Locative

prefixes方位前綴⑦Prefixes

of

time

and

order表時(shí)間和順序的前綴⑧Number

prefixes數(shù)字前綴⑨Conversion

prefixes轉(zhuǎn)化前綴⑩Miscellaneous

prefixes其他類型的前綴2023/10/274.1.2

SuffixationDefinition:suffixation

is

the

formation

of

new

words

by

addingsuffixes

to

stems.Features:unlike

prefixes

which

primarily

changes

the

meaning

ofthe

stem,

suffixes

have

only

a

small

semantic

role,

theirprimary

function

being

to

change

the

grammaticalfunction

of

stems.

In

other

words,

they

mainly

changethe

word

class.Classification:on

a

grammatical

basis,

suffixes

are

divided

into

nounsuffixes,

verb

suffixes,

adjective

suffixes,

etc.WordPart

ofspeechsuffixNew

wordPart

ofspeechteachv.-domfreedomn.childn.-lityrealityn.freeadj..-eseJapanesen.socialadj.-essprincessn.interviewv.-erteachern.princen.-ismsocialismn.realadj.-tiontranslationn.translatev.-eeintervieween.cookv.-hoodchildhoodn.Japann.-erycookeryn.2023/10/28In

the

following

table,

there

are

12

words

of

different

parts

ofspeech.

Match

the

words

with

the

corresponding

suffixes

toform

a

new

word.

Write

out

the

new

word

and

its

part

ofspeech.

An

example

has

been

done

foryou.2023/10/29Compare

the

two

lists

of

words.

Could

you

tell

how

theparts

of

speech

are

changed?The

different

parts

of

speech

in

list

one

arechanged

to

nouns

in

list

two.

So,

when

a

suffix

isadded

to

a

stem,

whatever

part

of

speech

it

hasbeen,

the

new

word

will

be

a

noun.

Thus

we

callthis

suffix

noun

suffix.

It

is

the

same

case

withadjective

suffix,

adverb

suffix,

and

verb

suffix.As

for

the

new

word,

if

it

is

originally

a

noun,

byadding

a

noun

suffix,

it

is

still

a

noun,

but

we

callit

a

denominalnoun,whileif

itis

originally

a

verb,the

new

noun

is

called

a

deverbal

noun.

It

is

thesame

case

with

de-adjective

noun.4.2

Compoundingpigtail2023/10/210dog-ear2023/10/211Definition:It

is

the

formation

of

new

words

by

joiningtwo

or

more

bases.What

is

acompound?It

is

a

lexical

unit

consisting

of

more

than

onebase

and

functioning

both

grammaticallyandsemantically

as

a

single

word.Types:

solid:

easygoing,

necklace hyphenated:

honey-bee,

go-between open:

easy

chair2023/10/212Characteristics:①

Phonological

features:compound

vs.

free

phrases②

Semantic

features:e.g.

French

leave;

Chinese

copy;

Dutch

treatTheir

meanings

do

not

just

follow

the

“1+1

Principle”,that

is

to

say,

their

meanings

are

not

the

combinationof

the

meanings

of

the

two

elements

in

the

compound.③

Grammatical

featurese.g.bad-mouthed/s;

new-borns④

Orthographical

featuresPersonal

preference2023/10/213Formation

:Noun

compounds;Adjective

compounds;Verb

compounds;2023/10/2144.3

ConversionDefinition:It

is

the

formation

of

new

words

by

convertingwords

of

one

class

to

another

class.Read

the

following

sentences;

try

to

make

thepart

of

speech

of

the

word

”up”.①Can

you

lift

that

box

up

onto

the

shelf

for

me?②We

climbed

slowlyup

the

hill.③Is

somethingup

with

John?

He

looks

reallysad.④Without

saying

another

word,

he

upped

andleft.⑤Susan

seems

to

be

on

an

up

at

the

moment.

I

hope

itlasts.Words

produced

by

conversion

are

primarilynouns,

adjectives

and

verbs

.

The

most

productive,however,

is

the

conversion

that

takes

place

betweennouns

and

verbs.

It

deserves

noting

that

conversionis

not

only

a

change

of

grammatical

function

of

thelexical

item

involved

but

with

it

the

different

range

of2023/m10/2eaning

that

it

originally

carried.15It

is

the

same

case

inEnglish.conversionConversion

tonounsVerb

to

nounAdjective

tonounConversion

toverbsMiscellaneousconversionsNoun

toverbAdjective

toverbMiscellaneousconversionsConversion

toadjectives2023/10/2162023/10/217More

words

about

conversion:In

some

cases,

conversion

is

accompanied

bycertain

changes

that

affect

pronunciations

orspelling

or

stress

distributions.

The

mostcommon

changes

are:①Voiceless

to

voiced

consonant②Initial

to

end

stress2023/10/2184.4

BlendingWhat

isblending?Blending

is

the

formation

of

new

words

bycombing

parts

of

two

words

or

a

word

plus

apart

of

another

word

.

Words

formed

in

thisway

are

called

blends

or

portmanteau

words.2023/10/219Try

to

draw

out

the

major

formation

of

theblends.brunch,

Oxbridge,

motel,

smog---

head

+

tailsitcom,telex---

head

+

headtelequiz,

medicare---

head

+wordeggwich,

videophone---

word

+

tail2023/10/2204.5

ClippingDefinitionClipping

is

to

shorten

a

longer

word

by

cutting

apart

off

the

original

and

using

what

remainsinstead.e.g.

plane

and

exam

are

often

used

in

place

ofaeroplane

and

examination

respectively.2023/10/221Clipping

wordsFullformfridgerefrigeratorgasgasolinetecdetectivefluinfluenzazoozoological

gardenpoppopular

music2023/10/222To

sum

up,

there

are

four

common

types

ofclipping:①Front

clipping②Back

clipping③Front

and

back

clipping④Phrase

clipping2023/10/2234.6

AcronymyDo

you

know

what

are

the

full

names

ofthe

following

words

in

Chinese.人大，政協(xié)，婦聯(lián)，高考，英專，鄧論，超市，中青旅， 公交Now,

let’s

loo