后三小時翻譯

, for asopposed in constraintfilter, , sustain , beup totheeffect failed as cannot assert,claim,argue,assume,maintain,contend,pointout ,beconvincedthat,accept ,prove ,,,,,,,difficulty,,,,consider,compensate , , , ,, , , , , , ,, , , , , ,, ,,;,,,47)follow,pure,,,;,,attract,,aswell,aswell , ,well- ,becharged , , ,, , add,addition ,inaddition ,additional ,tradition ,traditional , , , , , ,,,, ,takecare 50),(lost),,,, ,takecare 50),(lost),ata,takea ,, ,injury ,intellect ,intellectual ,intelligence ,wisdom , , , , , ,law ,preserve ,conserve ,institution ,view,special,specialize, , ;peculiar ,peculiarto ,particular ,ratherthan ,necessary ,essential ,essence, ,significant ,significance ,equipment,equip,packpackwithfacility , , ,onthe ,ontheother,ontheonehand ,concept ,notion ,real ,reality ina ,ina ,ina ,parallelto ,journal ,journalist ,base ,basic ,comment ,commenton ,cover a ,d ,y ,ag,n ,etn ,elyn ,dpndn, , ,beheldresponsible ,, ,news ,news , ,, , ,haveagrasp , ,haveagoodcommand ,, , , ,50),,,in, , ,,, , ,,;,,, , ,46) ,,,,,, ,,,,,; ,analogous , , ,,obligation ,beobligedtodosth ,beobligedtosb ,beobligatedtodo , ,,lead , , , ,; , , , , , ,contribute,makecontribution,, ,, ,,, , ,, ,,, , , , ,dedicate , , ,,production,, ;more,less,nomore,noless,morethan ,morethan/,morethan/,nomorethan=notanymore; , , , ,,makereflection earn, ,salarytelevision,means,feeling,convey ,nation,create ,event ,recent; ,increase ,increasingly ,bring ,publish , ,increase ,increasingly ,bring ,publish ,inonto ,relation ,relate ,relatedto ,concern ,concerning;lone,only ,survive ,underline ,undergo , , , ,takea ,ata a, , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , , eal , , , ,,itisnoexaggerationto , ,divided , , , ,,process ,procedure ,schedule ,real,reality ,realize ,diverse ,philosophy ,philosopher ,gratitude ,differentfrom ,vanish,abolish ,similar ,native ,local , , , ,62), ,, , , , nterestedin ,relationship ,relative ,relatively ,habit ,habitual ,though ometo ,believein,asortof ,linguistics ,physics ,aesthetics ,art ,fineart ,archaeology ,anthropology , , , ,cross- ,64)65), ,physician ,chemistry ,humanity , ,physician ,chemistry ,humanity ,form ,formula ,grammar ,pattern ,produce ,consequence ,consequently ,further ,ability,able,enable ,inability,ify,exchange,environment,deteriorate,subject ct,refuse,fancy 62)branch,inquire ,system

, , ,, , ,

, , 63)combin63)combine;,combined,coupled ,,,64) ,, , ,,,,, ,,,.;, 61)62);,,,71) ,,, , 72),,,, , ,;73) ,break,,out-, ,take 74) ,,,hundreds, ,,thousands,forthebetterpartof,,63),,,;,,,,,,,,;,,65),, ,triple,double75), , ,,,applyto,,,71),,,,,,,,variety,;72) , ,beboundup,bind,,, , ,,in, , owingto ,remarkable ,mass ,communication,community,expose,beexposedto ,introduce ,forthereasongivenabove pattern,spread,orso75),,,arise,,,giverise,,71),,,,,conform,,,;72)valid ,validate ,validity ,discipline ,internal ,quarrel ,among 73),,,,,designed,,,;74),refer ,in ,,generally,, ,;75),,,,,,,;71)71)look,,,,,;72),,put,,;73) , 74) 75),,,,, ,;71),in, ,;72),, , 73),, ,, ,;74),;75) ,;71) ,result,result ,tosome,;72) , ,in 73) ,anamount,,;74),,in,,;,,71)71) , ,indoing , , 72) , , , 73) , , , , , 74) , 75) , ; , 72)aswecall , , , ,aseries , , 73) , , ,,,,,74) 75) , ,vice ,74) 75) , ,vice , ,et (61)TheywanttoexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainThatourenvironmenthaslittleifanythingtodowithourabilitiescharacteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.Behavioristsincontrastsaythatdifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanyoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhitesenjoy.1991Thesupplyofoilcanbeshutoffunexpectedlyatanytimeandinanycasetheoilwellswillallrundryinthirtyyearsorsoatthepresentrateofuse.Newsourcesofenergymustbefoundandthiswilltaketimebutitisnotlikelytoresultinanysituationthatwilleverrestorethatsenseofcheapandplentifulenergywehavehadinthetimespast.Thefoodsupplywillnotincreasenearlyenoughtomatchthiswhichmeansthatweareheadingintoacrisisinthematterofproducingandmarketingfood.ThiswillbeparticularlytruesinceenergypinchwillmakeitdifficulttocontinueagricultureinthehighenergyAmericanfashionthatmakesitpossibletocombinefewfarmerswithhighyields.Untilsuchtimeasmankindhasthesensetoloweritspopulationtothepointwheretheplanetcanprovideacomfortablesupportforallpeoplewillhavetoaccept1992Thereismoreagreementonthekindsofbehaviorreferredtobythetermthanthereisonhowtointerpretorclassifythem.Tocriticiseitforsuchfailureisroughlycomparabletocriticisingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity.NowsincetheassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustThefirsttwomustbeequalforallwhoarebeingcomparedifanycomparisonintermsofintelligenceistobemade.Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidencebutonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherswithwhomheisbeingcomparedandonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.1993Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanation.Itisnotthatthescalesintheonecaseandthebalanceintheotherdifferintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthatthelatterismuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer.YouhaveallhearditrepeatedthatmenofscienceworkbymeansofinductionanddeductionthatbythehelpoftheseoperationstheyinasortofsensemanagetoextractfromNaturecertainnaturallawsandthatoutofthesebysomespecialskilloftheirowntheybuilduptheirtheories.Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocessesandthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.Probablythereisnotoneherewhohasnotinthecourseofthedayhadoccasiontosetinmotionacomplextrainofreasoningoftheverysamekindthoughdifferingindegreeasthatwhichascientificmangoesthroughintracingthecausesofnatural1994(71)Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.(72)callit,waslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofOvertheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.Galileo'sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversaoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.1995Thetargetiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.1996Someofthesecausesarecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextentself-ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.Thisseemsmostlyeffectivelydonebysupportingacertainamountofresearchnotrelatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthefuture.However,theworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeoftheworld'smorefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.Newformsofthoughtaswellasnewsubjectsforthoughtmustariseinthefutureastheyhaveinthepast,givingrisetonewstandardsofelegance.1997Actually,itisn't,becauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrights,whichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall.Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespect,extremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Whenthathappens,itisnotamistake:itismankind'sinstinctformoralreasoninginaction,aninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat.1998Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBang,firstputforwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreignasthedominantexplanationofthecosmos.Astrophysicistsworkingwithground-baseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindingssoon.Ifthesmallhotspotslookasexpected,thatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificidea,arefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysics,andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.1999Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.2000Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchFurthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmasscommunications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrializationwithallthefarreachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowedwasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovementsthemselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.2001Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-television,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury.Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorderkitchenrage.2002Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.(63)Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomous(self-governing)manoftraditionaltheory,andtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.2003Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamembermathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativeThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewell-studiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,WhorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtmaWhorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhich,initsstrongestform,statesthatlanguageimprisonsthemind,andthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.groupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radionewspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.48)Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein,afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989.whichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoiceIshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocratic( )wayaboutmoralHisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamanneraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.Theymayteachverywellandmorethanearntheirsalaries,butmostofthemmakelittleornoindependentreflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyers,ratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.Ontheother,itlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentontheButtheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.Infact,itisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestories,itispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirown2008hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.Heasserted,also,thathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserver,hehadnopowerofreasoning.(50)Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappiness,butmightpossiblybeinjurioustotheintellect,andmoreprobablytothemoral2009ItmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectOnlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted,andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheWhileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults.Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornoweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.Wearethusledtodistinguish,withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering,amoreformalkindofeducation--thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.2010Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverworkedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyonInEurope,whereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,thenon-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason.Ittendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.2011--thatbecausewenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts-andrevealitserroneouswhilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughthemyselfdothisorThisseemsajustificationforneglectofthoseinneed,andarationalizationofexploitation,ofthesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseattheCircumstancesseemtobedesignedtobringoutthebestinusandifwefeelfromourTheupsideisthepossibilitiescontainedinknowingthateverythingisuptous;wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayoflimitations,nowwebecomeauthoritiesofwhatispossible.2012Inphysics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextreme,andseeksatheoryofeverythingasinglegenerativeequationforallwesee.Here,Darwinismseemstoofferjustification,forifallhumanssharecommonorigins,itseemsreasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversitycouldalsobetracedtomoreconstrainedbegin.(48)Tofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehaviouraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms.(49)Thesecond,byJoshuaGreenberg,takesamoreempiricalapproachtouniversality,identifyingtraits(particularlyinwordorder)sharedbymanylanguages,whichareconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitiveconstraints.(grammarshouldshowpatternsoflanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilytreeorthepathwaytrackedthroughit,whereasGreenbergianuniversalitypredictsstrongco-dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesofword-order2013yetwhenonelooksatthephotographsofthegardenscreatedbythehomeless,itstrikesonethat,foralltheirdiversityofstyles,thesegardensspeakofvariousotherfundamentalurges,beyondthatofdecorationandcreativeexpression.Asacredplaceofpeace,howevercrudeitmaybe,isadistinctlyhumanneed,asopposedtoshelter,whichisadistinctlyanimalneed.Thegardensofthehomelesswhichareineffecthomelessgardensintroduceintoanurbanenvironmentwhereiteitherdidntexistorwasnotdiscernibleasmostofusgiveintoademoralizationofspiritwhichweusuallyblameonsomepsychologicalconditions,untilonedaywefindourselvesinagardenandfeeltheoppressionvanishasifbymagic.Itisthisimplicitorexplicitreferencetonaturethatfullyjustifiestheuseofthewordgardenthoughina"liberated"sense,todescribethesesyntheticconstructions.Inthemwecanseebiophiliaayearningforcontactwithnonhumanlifeassuminguncannyrepresentationalforms.2014Itisalsothereasonwhywhenwetrytodescribemusicwithwords,allwecandoisarticulateourreactionstoit,andnotgraspmusicitself.Byallaccountshewasafreethinkingperson,andacourageousone,andIfindcourageanessentialqualityfortheunderstanding,letalonetheperforman