藥學(xué)英語(yǔ)第4版課后練習(xí)判斷題翻譯及答案

muchofourpresentphysiologicalknowledgehasbeenfoundfromtheexperimentsandstudiesonhumanbeings.我們目前的生理知識(shí)已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)從實(shí)驗(yàn)和研究人類(lèi)。Fthecellaregroupedtogethertoformtissueswhich,thus,consistofalotofcells.細(xì)胞被組合在一起形成的組織，因此，包括大量的細(xì)胞。Flivingcellsbreakdownglucoseandfatstoprovideenergyforotheractivities,whicharecalledcatabolism.活細(xì)胞分解葡萄糖和脂肪提供能量等活動(dòng)，被稱(chēng)為分解代謝。Fthewhitecellsplayanimportantroleindefenseagainstinfection.白細(xì)胞在抗感染防御中起重要作用。Ytherightatriapumpsdeoxygenatedbloodtothelungswhereitabsorbsoxygenfromtheair.右心房缺氧血液泵至肺部，它吸收空氣中的氧氣。Fthenervoussystemuseselectricalsignalstotransmitinformationveryrapidlytospecificcells.神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)利用電信號(hào)將信息傳送到特定的細(xì)胞。Tthelevelofsodiumincreasesintheextracellularfluid,thecardiacmusclecellsbecometooexcitableandmaycontract.細(xì)胞外液中的鈉水平升高，心肌細(xì)胞的興奮性，可能成為合同。Fthesecretionsofinsulinfallwiththedecreasingoftheconcentrationofglucose.胰島素的分泌量隨葡萄糖濃度的降低而下降。Tanegativefeedbackloopisacontrolsystemthatactstomaintainthelevelofsomevariablewithinagivenrangefollowingadisturbance.負(fù)反饋回路是一種控制系統(tǒng)，該控制系統(tǒng)在給定的范圍內(nèi)，在給定的范圍內(nèi)保持一定的變量的水平。Toncehomeostaticconditionslosethemaintenance,thebodywillsuffer.一旦失去維持穩(wěn)態(tài)條件，全身遭殃。TtheAmericanmassmediahasdoneagoodjobtomakeantibioticspopularamongpeople.美國(guó)大眾媒體做了一個(gè)很好的工作，使抗生素在人們中流行。Ttheinadequaciesandpotentialdangersofantibioticsarenotaswidelyknownastheirvirtues.抗生素的不足之處和潛在的危險(xiǎn)也不普遍被稱(chēng)為他們的美德。Tanantibiotics-mindeddoctorisonewhoisoftenhesitanttoprescribeantibioticsforhispatients.一個(gè)有抗生素的醫(yī)生是一個(gè)經(jīng)常為病人開(kāi)藥的人。Fnotallantibioticsareprescriptiondrugs.并非所有抗生素都是處方藥。Tover-the-counterproductsofantibioticsoftengivepeoplemoretrobleastheycanbeeasilyavailable.抗生素處方產(chǎn)品往往會(huì)給人更多的煩惱，因?yàn)樗麄兛梢院苋菀撰@得。Fmumps,mealesandcommoncoldsareallvirusinfectionsandcannotbecuredbyantibiotics.流行性腮腺炎、麻疹和感冒都是病毒感染，不能用抗生素治愈。Tmicroorganismsresistanttoantibioticsandotherchemotherapeuticdrugscanbedividedintotwotypes:naturalandacquired.耐抗生素和其他化學(xué)藥物的微生物可以分為2種類(lèi)型：天然和獲得。Fthedurationandextentofuseofacertainantibioticsinagivenlocationwouldresultinstrainsofbacteriaresistanttotheantibiotics.特定部位使用抗生素的持續(xù)時(shí)間和程度會(huì)導(dǎo)致抗生素耐藥性的菌株。Tbacteriostaticdrugsaremorepreferredthanbactericidalonesinpreventingthedevelopmentofresistance.抑菌藥物比防止耐藥性的發(fā)展，殺菌更優(yōu)先。Fanaphylacticreactionhappenslessfrequentlyandislesswhentheantibioticsisgivenbymouth.過(guò)敏反應(yīng)發(fā)生的那么頻繁，少時(shí)是通過(guò)口服抗生素。Teachitisfacedwithanewpathogen,theimmunesystemwillgeneratenewproteinsknownaseffectiveantibodies.每一個(gè)都面臨著一個(gè)新的病原體，免疫系統(tǒng)會(huì)產(chǎn)生新的蛋白質(zhì)被稱(chēng)為有效抗體。Fwhenanewpathogenentersthebody,theimmunesystemwillselectivelydeploystheexistingantibodies,andmassscreenitsantibodyrepertoiretoidentifytheonesthatworkbest.當(dāng)一個(gè)新的病原體進(jìn)入體內(nèi)，免疫系統(tǒng)會(huì)選擇性地使用現(xiàn)有的抗體，其抗體庫(kù)篩選和質(zhì)量鑒定工作最好的。Tbylookingforsignsofadesiredactivityinalmostanything,combinatorialchemistrygeneratealargenumberofrelatedcompoundsandthenscreenthecollectionfortheoneswithmedicalvalue.通過(guò)尋找一個(gè)幾乎所有的期望活動(dòng)的跡象，組合化學(xué)產(chǎn)生了大量的相關(guān)化合物，然后篩選與醫(yī)療價(jià)值的集合。Twiththemoreefficientscreeningtestsandburgeoningknowledgeaboouthowamolecule'sbiologicalactivitiesarelikelytobechanged,thetraditionalapproachofdiscoveringnewdrugshasbeenimproved.與更有效的篩選試驗(yàn)和新興的知識(shí)關(guān)于如何分子的生物活性是有可能改變的，發(fā)現(xiàn)新藥物的傳統(tǒng)方法進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)。Fwiththeparallelsynthesisusedtoidentifywhichsmallsegmentofanygivenlargeproteinboundtoanantibody,MarioGeysengeneratedavarietyofshortproteinfragmentsbycombiningmultipleaminoacidsindifferentpermutations.用于確定任何給定的大蛋白結(jié)合到抗體的小片段的平行合成，MarioGeysen產(chǎn)生各種短蛋白片段結(jié)合在不同的排列多個(gè)氨基酸。Taparallelsynthesisandaspilt-and-mixsynthesisaredifferentinthatinaspilt-and-mixsynthesis,alltheproductsareassembledseparatelyintheirrespectivereactionvessels.平行合成和拆分和組合合成是不同的，在一個(gè)灑了混合合成，所有的產(chǎn)品組合分別在各自的反應(yīng)容器。Finacombinatorialsynthesis,withtherequirementsthatcompoundsarerequiredtobelinkedtothebeadsandlatertobedetachedfromthem,thechemicalreactionsactuallymakethesynthesisprocessmorecomplicated,whereasthepurificationeasier.在一個(gè)組合的合成，與所需的化合物的要求，以被鏈接到的珠子，并與它們分離后，化學(xué)反應(yīng)，實(shí)際上使合成過(guò)程更復(fù)雜，而純化更容易。Finmanylaboratories,robotsareusedintheroutineworkofparallelsynthesistodeliversmalllamountsofreactivemoleculesintoappropriatewells,thusmakingtheprocessmoreaccurateandlesstedious.在許多實(shí)驗(yàn)室，機(jī)器人用于提供小數(shù)量的活性分子在適當(dāng)?shù)耐査蛊叫泻铣傻娜粘９ぷ?，從而使過(guò)程更準(zhǔn)確和更繁瑣。Finaparallelsynthesis,eachcompoundremainsinitsowncontainer;whileinaasplit-and-mixsynthesis,therelatedcompondsaremixedupinthesamereactionvessel.在一個(gè)平行的合成，每個(gè)化合物仍在自己的容器；而一一拆分與組合合成，在同一反應(yīng)容器的相關(guān)化合物混合起來(lái)。Tinordertosolvethedifficultiesofidentifyingthecompoundsmadeinaparallelsynthesis,scientistspulloutfromthemixturethebeadsthatbearbiologicallyactivemoleculesanddeterminethemolecularmakeupofthecompoundattached.為了解決在一個(gè)平行合成的化合物進(jìn)行鑒定的困難，科學(xué)家從混合物中取出生物活性分子的混合物，并確定該化合物附著的分子結(jié)構(gòu)。T90%to95%ofplantsonthisplanethavenotbeeninvestigatedsofar.90%到95%的植物在這個(gè)星球上還沒(méi)有被調(diào)查至今。TtoincorporatenaturalproductsinthemodernHTSprogrammes,anaturalproductlibraryisnotuseful.將天然產(chǎn)物納入現(xiàn)代高溫超導(dǎo)方案，天然產(chǎn)物庫(kù)是不有用的。Fnaturalproductshavebeenasourceofdrugsanddrugleads.天然產(chǎn)物是藥物和藥物的來(lái)源。Tthetraditionalwayofdiscoveringdrugfromnaturalproductisbioassay-guided.從天然產(chǎn)物中發(fā)現(xiàn)藥物的傳統(tǒng)方法是生物測(cè)定法。Tacademiaandsomesemi-academicresearchorganizations,usuallyapplymodernapproachestonaturalproductdrugdiscovery.學(xué)術(shù)界和一些半學(xué)術(shù)研究組織，通常采用現(xiàn)代方法來(lái)天然產(chǎn)物藥物發(fā)現(xiàn)。FcephalosporinCisanantiviralcompound.頭孢菌素C是一種抗病毒化合物。Fmostofthe877smallmolecularnewchemicalentitiesintroducedasdrugsduring1981-2002wereformnaturalproductderivativesotherthannauralproductmimic.877大部分小分子新化學(xué)實(shí)體藥物中均形成了1981-2002天然產(chǎn)物的衍生物比其他產(chǎn)品模仿自然。Tmederndrugdiscoveryapproachesusesshorttimeandgreateramountsofcompounds.現(xiàn)代藥物發(fā)現(xiàn)方法使用時(shí)間短和更大量的化合物。Fdiscoveryoftheactive(determinedbyvariousbioassays)naturalmolecule,whichitselforitsstructuralanaloguescouldbeanidealdrugcandidateiscalled"lead"discovery.對(duì)主動(dòng)發(fā)現(xiàn)（通過(guò)各種生物檢測(cè)確定）的天然分子，其本身或其結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)似物可能是一個(gè)理想的候選藥物被稱(chēng)為“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)”的發(fā)現(xiàn)。Tdereplicationistheprocseebywhichonecaneliminatere-isolationofsimilarcompoundsfromvariousextracts.表的過(guò)程，可以消除各種提取物類(lèi)似化合物重新隔離。Tthepresenceofgunpowderresidueonamurderdefendant'shandreallyrequiresquantitativeanalysis.在一個(gè)謀殺案被告的手上火藥殘留的存在確實(shí)需要定量分析。Ftheterm"analyticalscience"ignorestheroleofinstrumentapplicationsinthisfield.“分析科學(xué)”一詞，忽略了儀器在這一領(lǐng)域中的作用。Tquantitativeanalysisisusuallybaseonqualitativeanalysis.定量分析通常是在定性分析的基礎(chǔ)上。Taselectivereactionusuallyoccursonlywiththesubstancesofinterest.選擇性反應(yīng)通常只發(fā)生在感興趣的物質(zhì)。Fquantitativetestsaremorecomplicatedandreliablethanqualitativeanalysis.定量測(cè)試比定性分析更為復(fù)雜和可靠。Tquantitativemeasurementcanalsoserveasqualitativemeasurementinmodernchemicalsystem.定量測(cè)量也可作為現(xiàn)代化工系統(tǒng)的定性測(cè)量。Tthefast-screeningphaseintestingbannedsubstancesrequiresquantitativeanalysis.檢測(cè)禁用物質(zhì)的快速篩選階段需要定量分析。FGC-MSisoftenemployedinthelastphaseofquantificationbecauseofitsprecisionandsophistication.氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用中常采用量化的最后階段由于其精度和復(fù)雜性。Fmanychemicalreactionsexhibitselectivityratherthanspecificity.許多化學(xué)反應(yīng)表現(xiàn)出選擇性，而不是特異性。Tthebasictaskforanalyticalchemistryistoidentifyanddeterminethequanityofthesubstances.分析化學(xué)的基本任務(wù)是識(shí)別和確定的物質(zhì)的量。FonDecember15th,1820,thefristeditionofthepharmacopoeiaoftheunitedstateswaspublishedinthesenatechamberoftheU.S.capitolbuilding.1820年12月15日，對(duì)美國(guó)藥典第一版發(fā)表在美國(guó)首都大廈參議院。Fin1888,theUSPconventionpublishedthefristnationalformularyunderthetitlethenationalformularyofunofficialpreparations(NF).1888、USP大會(huì)發(fā)表第一國(guó)家處方集的標(biāo)題官方準(zhǔn)備國(guó)家處方集（NF）下。FUSP'spresident,andothermembersoftheboardoftrusteesaswellasthecouncilofexpertsvotetoelectthemembersofUSPconventionandtheyareresponsiblefortheupdatingof,asneeded,USP'sconstitutionandby-laws.美國(guó)總統(tǒng)和其他成員的董事會(huì)以及專(zhuān)家委員會(huì)投票選舉美國(guó)藥典公約成員，他們負(fù)責(zé)更新，根據(jù)需要，USP的憲法和法律。Fmorethan350stakeholderforumsandprojectteamscontributetothestandards-settingactivitiesofthecouncilofexperts.350多個(gè)利益相關(guān)者論壇和項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)為專(zhuān)家委員會(huì)的設(shè)置活動(dòng)做出貢獻(xiàn)。Fintheunitedstates,thefederalfood,drugandcosmeticact(FD&CAct)definestheterm"officialcompendium"astheofficialUSP,theofficialNF,theofficialhomeopathicpharmacopeiaoftheunitedstates,butthesupplementtothemarenotincluded.在美國(guó)，聯(lián)邦食品，藥品和化妝品法（FD&CAct）中定義“官方綱要”作為官方USP，官方的NF，美國(guó)官方順勢(shì)療法藥典，但他們補(bǔ)充不包括。FtheFD&CActstipulatesthatthearticledifferentinstrength,quality,orpuritymaystillhavesamenameifthedifferenceisstatedontheariticle'slabel.FD&C法案規(guī)定，文章不同的強(qiáng)度、質(zhì)量或純度仍可能如果差異是對(duì)本文的標(biāo)簽說(shuō)明有相同的名字。Tasspecifiedbythedietarysupplementhealthandedducationactof1994,theUSP-NFgeneralchapterisregardedastheofficialcompendiafordietarysupplements.如按1994的膳食補(bǔ)充劑健康與教育法規(guī)定的國(guó)家處方集總章，作為膳食補(bǔ)充劑的官方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。FifapractitionerwritesaprescriptionforacompoundedpreparationthatisnamedinaUSP-NFmonograph,whentested,mustconformtothestipulationsofthemonographsonamed.如果一個(gè)醫(yī)生寫(xiě)的一個(gè)復(fù)合制劑，在USP-NF的專(zhuān)著，測(cè)試時(shí)命名的處方，必須符合規(guī)定的專(zhuān)著，所以命名。Tthepharmacopeiadiscussioncroup'sharmoniousworkmakesitpossibletoreducemanufacturers'sburdenofperforminganalyticalproceduresindifferentways,usingdifferentacceptancecriteria.藥典討論組的協(xié)調(diào)工作就有可能減少以不同的方式執(zhí)行分析程序制造商的負(fù)擔(dān)，使用不同的驗(yàn)收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。TWHO,asanobserverofPDG,harmonizesthethreeimportantpharmacopeias:european,japanese,andunitedstatespharmacopeias.WHO為PDG觀察員，協(xié)調(diào)三個(gè)重要藥典：歐洲，日本，和美國(guó)藥典。Finpractice,doctorsonlyprescribetotheirpatientsthedrugsapprovedbyFDAassafeandeffctive.在實(shí)踐中，醫(yī)生只開(kāi)給病人通過(guò)FDA批準(zhǔn)的藥物安全性和有效性。Finthepackageinsert,"nottobeusedinchildren,sinceclinicalstudisehavebeeninsufficienttoestablishrecommendationsforitsuse"meansthedrugcannotbeprescribedtochildren.在包裝，不能用于兒童，因?yàn)榕R床研究已不足以建立其使用”的建議意味著藥物不能用于兒童。Fmanydrugsareusedbycliniciansinthetreatmentofconditionslistedinthepackageinsert.許多藥物被用于在包裝插入物的條件的治療中使用的醫(yī)生。FtheFDAcannotrequireapharmaceuticalfirmtoincludeanewuseforthefrugproductintheinsertevenifithasbeenclinicallytestedandfoundusefulforagivenproblempartlybecauseoftheconcernforthefirm'seconomiccondotion.FDA要求制藥公司不包括在插入弗魯克產(chǎn)品的新用途即使它已在臨床測(cè)試，發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)給定的問(wèn)題，部分是因?yàn)閷?duì)公司的經(jīng)濟(jì)條件的關(guān)系。Tnowitisgenerallyrecognizedthataphysician'sfailuretousedrugapprovedaseffectetreatmentforaspecificdiseasecanbeconstruedasamalpractice.現(xiàn)在人們普遍認(rèn)為，醫(yī)生不使用藥物批準(zhǔn)用于治療特定疾病的影響可以解釋為一種弊端。Fassuggested,aphysicianshouldbeinformedabouttheavailabilityofthedrugfromthepackageinsertandhisdecisiontouseitornottouseitwillbeonrationalbase.如建議，醫(yī)生應(yīng)告知有關(guān)的藥物的可用性，從包裝插入和決定使用它或不使用它將是在合理的基礎(chǔ)。TthepurposeoftheFDAcontrolofthepackageinsertistoabsolvethephysicianfromresponsibilityforharmresultingthispatient,sothefailureistofollowtherecommendationsinthepackageinsertnecessarilywillrenderhimlegallyculpable.對(duì)包裝食品及藥物管理局控制的目的是免除醫(yī)生從產(chǎn)生T病人損害責(zé)任，所以失敗是按照說(shuō)明書(shū)的建議，一定會(huì)使他在法律上有罪。Fthepackageinsertshouldbeviewedasausefulguidetothephysician,withitsrecommendationsasanequalfootingwithotherpublicationsandresearchreports,butthephysician'sdecisionontherapyshouldbebasedoncumulativeknowledgederivedfrommanysources.該軟件包應(yīng)該被看作是一個(gè)有用的指南，醫(yī)生，其建議與其他出版物和研究報(bào)告的平等地位，但醫(yī)生的決定，治療應(yīng)根據(jù)來(lái)自許多來(lái)源的累積知識(shí)。Tthepediatrician'signoranceofthe"orphanclause"intheinsertandhisjudgmentthathispatientrequiresaparticularmedicationforoptimaltreatmentwillplaceshiminunusuallegeljeopardy.在插入和他的判斷，他的病人需要最佳治療一個(gè)特殊的藥物會(huì)使他不尋常的法律危險(xiǎn)的“孤兒”條款的兒科醫(yī)生的無(wú)知。Fonlywhentheprogramsinpediatricclinicalpharmacologydevelopedtoensurethatalldrugsusedininfantsandchildrenareadequatelytestedforsafetyandefficacycantheproblemof"therapeuticorphans"besolved.只有當(dāng)在兒科臨床藥理學(xué)的程序開(kāi)發(fā)，以確保所有的藥物用于嬰幼兒和兒童的安全性和有效性進(jìn)行充分的測(cè)試