高考閱讀理解解題指導(dǎo)

高考閱讀理解解題指導(dǎo)

高考《考綱》規(guī)定，閱讀理解部分要求考生能讀懂公告、說明、廣告以及書、報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡(jiǎn)短文段?？忌鷳?yīng)能：（1）理解主旨和要義；（2）理解文中具體信息；（3）根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義；（4）作出簡(jiǎn)單判斷和推理；（5）理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)；（6）理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。對(duì)于這幾種考查類型，我們?cè)谄綍r(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)和練習(xí)中都已經(jīng)有了基本的認(rèn)識(shí)和應(yīng)對(duì)方法。隨著高考的臨近，我們應(yīng)該如何進(jìn)一步提高解答閱讀理解題目的速度和準(zhǔn)確率呢？一、先題后文先瀏覽題目可以幫助我們有針對(duì)性地閱讀并快速找到答案。這種方法適用于所有體裁的閱讀理解文章，尤其適用于應(yīng)用文。例：（2015

全國(guó)卷ⅠA篇，保留原題題號(hào)，下同）MonthlyTalksatLondonCanalMuseumOurmonthlytalksstartat19:30...November7thTheCanalPioneers,byChrisLewis.JamesBrindleyisrecognizedas...December5thIcefortheMetropolis,byMalcolmTucker...February6thAnUpdateontheCotswoldCanals,byLizPayne...March6thEyotsandAits—ThamesIslands,byMirandaVickers......21.WhenisthetalkonJamesBrindley?A.February6th.

B.March6th.C.November7th.

D.December5th.22.WhatisthetopicofthetalkinFebruary?A.TheCanalPioneers.B.IcefortheMetropolis.C.EyotsandAits—ThamesIslands.D.AnUpdateontheCotswoldCanals.23.WhowillgivethetalkontheislandsintheThames?A.MirandaVickers.

B.MalcolmTucker.C.ChrisLewis.

D.LizPayne.本文是應(yīng)用文。文章主要介紹了在倫敦運(yùn)河博物館舉行的演講。全文230余詞，選文省略了大部分內(nèi)容。答案依次是C、D、A。通過瀏覽題目不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，三道題均為細(xì)節(jié)理解題。再閱讀文章可知，三道題都是只需要閱讀四個(gè)部分的小標(biāo)題及（或）首句就可以找到答案。也就是通過先看題目，再讀文章，利用跳讀的方法，只需讀40詞左右（而不是全文230余詞）就可以正確作答。二、順序?qū)ふ掖鸢妇€索，特殊情況除外通常一篇閱讀理解的數(shù)個(gè)題目的答案線索在文中是按先后順序出現(xiàn)的，特殊情況除外。例如，主旨大意題、標(biāo)題歸納題、文章出處題、寫作目的題等題目是建立在文章全部?jī)?nèi)容之上的，通常放在最后或最前面，解答這些題目的明顯依據(jù)視文章具體情況而定。因此，答題時(shí)要避免做每一道題都盲目地從頭到尾找線索，而應(yīng)在上一道題的答案線索下面找本道題的答案線索。意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)，我們?cè)谧鲱}過程中可以節(jié)約不少時(shí)間。例：（2015

全國(guó)卷IIB篇）Yourhousemayhaveaneffectonyourfigure.Expertssaythewayyoudesignyourhomecouldplayaroleinwhetheryoupackonthepoundsorkeepthemoff......Mindthecolors...Inonestudy,peoplewhoatemealsinablueroomconsumed33percentlessthanthoseinayelloworredroom...whilecoldcolorsmakeusfeellesshungry.Sowhenit'stimetorepaint,goblue....Downsizethedishes...Whenwechoosealargespoonoverasmallerone,totalintake(攝入)jumpsby14percent...5.Thetextisespeciallyhelpfulforthosewhocareabout_____.A.theirhomecomforts

B.theirbodyshapeC.housebuying

D.healthydiets6.Ahomeenvironmentinbluecanhelppeople_____.A.digestfoodbetter

B.reducefoodintakeC.burnmorecalories

D.regaintheirappetite7.Whatarepeopleadvisedtodoatmealtimes?A.Eatquickly.

B.Playfastmusic.

C.Usesmallerspoons.

D.Turndownthelights.8.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.IsYourHorseMakingYouFat?B.WaysofServingDinnerC.EffectsofSelf-Consciousness

D.IsYourHomeEnvironmentRelaxing?

本文是說明文。家里的環(huán)境可能會(huì)影響你的飲食，進(jìn)而影響你的身材。選文是文章第一、三、五段的部分內(nèi)容。答案依次是B、B、C、A。前三道題都是細(xì)節(jié)理解題，它們的線索依次出現(xiàn)在第一、三、五段。最后一道題是標(biāo)題歸納題，解題的主要依據(jù)是文章首句Yourhousemayhaveaneffectonyourfigure。三、排除干擾項(xiàng)一般來說，閱讀理解的選項(xiàng)大部分出自文章中的信息。正確選項(xiàng)是對(duì)原文的同義重復(fù)或者總結(jié)引申，干擾項(xiàng)則是對(duì)原文信息的曲解。為了使干擾項(xiàng)具有似乎可能性，干擾項(xiàng)可能會(huì)在原文中全部出現(xiàn)或者部分出現(xiàn)。有些干擾項(xiàng)雖然是無中生有，但卻可能是對(duì)原文信息的錯(cuò)誤聯(lián)想或者是根據(jù)字面意思展開的聯(lián)想。了解了干擾項(xiàng)的這些特征，在遇到一些干擾性特別強(qiáng)的題目時(shí)，我們也可以依據(jù)原文，層層剝絲，去偽存真。例1：（2015

浙江卷A篇）Onedaysoonafterschoolhadstarted,Isaidtothem,“NowI'mgoingtosaysomethingaboutreadingthatyouhaveprobablyneverheardateachersaybefore.Iwouldlikeyoutoreadalotofbooksthisyear,butIwantyoutoreadthemonlyforpleasure.Iamnotgoingtoaskyouquestionstofindoutwhetheryouunderstandthebooksornot.Ifyouunderstandenoughofabooktoenjoyitandwanttogoonreadingit,that'senoughforme.AlsoI'mnotgoingtoaskyouwhatwordsmean.”…42.Theteachertoldhisstudentstoread_____.A.forenjoyment

B.forknowledge

C.foralargervocabulary

D.forhigherscoresinexams

本文是夾敘夾議文。作者是一名老師，他想改變傳統(tǒng)的讓學(xué)生在師生面前大聲朗讀的方式，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生享受閱讀。選文是文章第二段。答案是A。正確選項(xiàng)是對(duì)原文readthemonlyforpleasure及toenjoyitandwanttogoonreadingit的同義重復(fù)，符合文章主旨和題干的要求。干擾項(xiàng)B和C分別是對(duì)原文Iamnotgoingtoaskyouquestionstofindoutwhetheryouunderstandthebooks和I'mnotgoingtoaskyouwhatwordsmean斷章取義；D項(xiàng)是對(duì)原文信息的錯(cuò)誤聯(lián)想。

例2：（2014新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷IB篇）

Passengerpigeons(旅鴿)onceflewovermuchoftheUnitedStatesinunbelievablenumbers.Writtenaccountsfromthe18thand19thcenturiesdescribedflocks(群)solargethattheydarkenedtheskyforhours.Itwascalculatedthatwhenitspopulationreacheditshighestpoint,thereweremorethan3billionpassengerpigeons—anumberequalto24to40percentofthetotalbirdpopulationintheUnitedStates,makingitperhapsthemostabundantbirdintheworld.Evenaslateas1870whentheirnumbershadalreadybecomesmaller,aflockbelievedtobe1milewideand320miles(about515kilometers)longwasseennearCincinnati.Sadly,theabundanceofpassengerpigeonsmayhavebeentheirundoing.Wherethebirdsweremostabundant,peoplebelievedtherewasanever-lastingsupplyandkilledthembythethousands.Commercialhuntersattractedthemtosmallclearingswithgrain,waiteduntilpigeonshadsettledtofeed,thenthrewlargenetsoverthem,takinghundredsatatime.Thebirdswereshippedtolargecitiesandsoldinrestaurants....24.Inthe18thandearly19thcenturies,passengerpigeons_____.A.werethebiggestbirdintheworldB.livedmainlyinthesouthofAmericaC.didgreatharmtothenaturalenvironmentD.werethelargestbirdpopulationintheUS26.Whatwasthemainreasonforpeopletokillpassengerpigeons?A.Toseekpleasure.

B.Tosaveotherbirds.C.Tomakemoney.

D.Toprot