中國古代文化(英文版)

Manyaccountsabouthowtheworldbeganbeginwith_______,orwithearthretrievedfrom________.ThemythologyinChinabeginswiththesplittingofa___________intohalfand__________isthecreatoroftheuniverse.AsPan-gudied,thepartsofhisbodybecamethe_________.Nuwawasnotjustthe_______ofhumans,butthegreat_________ofpeople.SpecialfeaturesofChinesemythologyareasfollows:1.Mythicalstoriesareentwinedwith______.Thehistoryofthelongperiodbeforerecordedhistoryispartlybasedon_______,whichisinterwovenwithmythology.2.Theysingthepraisesof______and______.Theyextol（贊美）___________and___________.cosmiceggPan-guelementsofnaturecreatorprotectorhistorywaterearthUnit1legendlaborcreationperseveranceself-sacrifice3.Theypraise________against_________.4.Theyeulogizetheyearningfor_________althoughitisstifledby________________.5.Theyencourage__________andwarnagainst_____.Theirwritersmayhavebeenmotivatedby________teachingsabouthumanityandrighteousness,andtheBuddhisttenetthatgoodwillberewardedwithgoodandevilrepaidwithevil.China'smythicalstories,eitherthosecreatedbytheprimitivepeopleorthosewrittenbylaterscholars,arefullof___________.rebellionoppressiontruelovefeudalethicalcodesgooddeedssinConfucianhumanfeelingsAccordingtoTaoism,theentireuniverseandeverythinginitflowwithamysterious,unknowableforcecalled________.TheTaohasmanydifferentmeanings.Itisthenamethatdescribes______________.ThemostimportanttextofConfucianismis___________.ByfarthemostinfluentialaspectofConfucianismremainsthe_________.

ThemostimportantworkoftheConfucianliteraryheritageis__________.ConfucianismplacesemphasisonsocialmatterswhileTaoismonsearchingfor_________________.AlthoughTaoismandConfucianismaredifferent,theyhavebothservedas____________forChinesepeople.theAnalectsAnalectstheAnalectsmeaningofexistencespiritualguidesUnit2theTaoultimatereality_____________________wasthegoalofConfucianism.AccordingtoConfucius,eachpersonshouldactwithvirtueinallsocialmatterstoensureorderandunity,bringinggoodto_______,_______andthe___________.BothTaoismandConfucianismbeganasphilosophies,eachlatertakingon__________overtones.AmongalltheancientChinesethinkers,________,anearlyTaoist,isfondofusingfablestoexplainhisideas.ThefableTravelinBoundlessFreedomimpliesthedifferencebetweenthe________andthe_______.InthefableZhuangZhouoraButterfly,the__________betweenZhuangZhouandabutterflyiscalledthe_____________of______.LearningtobehumanfamilystatewholeworldreligiousZhuangzigreatsmalldistinctionTransformationThingsThesetwoaspectsoftheDaocanbeidentifiedwiththetwosidesofthesamecointermedas________________.ThefourmostinfluentialschoolsofthoughtthatevolvedduringSpringandAutumnPeriodandWarringStatesPeriodwere__________,_______,________,and_______.Mohismresembles____________initsreverenceforhumanism.MasterMocalledfora_____________encompassingallhumanbeingsinequaldegree.Moziwasanassertorof________whosuggestedapracticeofapoliticalrelationshipof_____________ordependencebetweenstates.The________Schoolsoughtbyeverymeanspossibletostrengthenthestateandincreaseitsmilitarymight.absolute

freedomConfucianismTaoismMohismLegalismConfucianismuniversalloveunionismmutualbenefitLegalistInthebookHanFeiZi,hewasbentonorganizingsocietyona________basisandfindingmeanstostrengthentheirstates___________and_________.Healsoadvisedelaboratemeansforcontrollingpeople'slivesandactionsthrough______and___________._________isconsideredthefounderoftheschoolof_______.TheSchoolofNamesorLogiciansgrewoutof________,withaphilosophythatfocusedon________and_______.rationalagriculturallymilitarilylawspunishmentsZouYanYin-yangMohismdefinitionlogicSchoolofThoughtRepresentativesMasterpieces1Confucianism

ConfuciusMencius2LaoTzuZhuangzi3MoDiMozi4HanFei5GongsunLongGongsunLongzi6ZouYanZouzi7TheSchoolofDiplomacy8TheMiscellaneousSchoolLüshiChunqiuTheAnalectsMenciusTaoismTaoTeChingMohismLegalismHanfeiziSchoolofNamesorLogiciansSchoolofYin-YangZhangYi,SuQinLüBuweiZhuangziFourGreatClassicalNovels”ofChineseliteratureinclude_____________________,____________________,_______________________,________________TheliteraryinfluenceofRomanceoftheThreeKingdomsinEastAsiahasbeencomparedtothatoftheworksof___________hadonEnglishliterature.OnegreatliteraryachievementoftheTangDynastyis________.ManygreatpoemsinTangDynastyarethemodelsofthe________and___________.Besidesthemes,theformofTangpoetryisalso__________.TheverseofTangpoetryhasstrong________onphonologyandform.RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms

JourneytotheWest

DreamoftheRedChamberWaterMarginShakespearepoetryrealismromanticismUnit3diversifiedrestrictionTheverseofTangpoetryisdividedintotwocategories:___________and___________,bothofwhichcanbefurtherdividedinto_____________and______________ones.TraditionalChineseliteraturemostlyconsistsofworkswrittenin_______________,whichhasbeenthesubjectmatteroftheImperialExaminations,but_________topeopleofthelowerclass.The____________ispossiblythemostinfluentialbookofChinesephilosophy.Itisessentiallyabookof___________(占卜).___________isthesecondgreatsageofTaoism.Theoldestpoemsarecompiledin_________.Poetryreachedazenithin____________.___________isthegreatestromanticpoetand__________isoftenviewedasthegreatestrealisticpoetinancientChina.ZhuangZiBookofSongs

four-linedeight-linedfive-characterseven-characterclassicalChineseinaccessibleIChingorYìjing

divinationTangDynastyLiBaiDuFuTheearliestgovernmentschoolinChinaemergedinthe______Dynasty.Teachersthenwereall__________________andstudentswereallchildrenofthe______.__________wastheearliestfounderfor“PrivateEducation”.AftertheHandynasty,becauseoftheincreasedstatusofConfucianismanditsinfluence,theteachingof“______________”becamethebasiccontentforfamilyeducation.FromHantillQingDynasty,alltheteachingmaterialsandeducationaltrainingweregearedtowardsthepreparationfor________________.Unit4ShangConfuciuspoetryandritesgovernmentofficialsnobilityImperialexaminationT1InancientChineseeducation,bothgovernmentschoolsandprivateschoolsallplacedagreatemphasison__________and__________education,whichfocusedontheteachingof_________andthedevelopmentof_______.ThemostimportantteachingsubjectofConfuciuswas_________.“Sixarts”included_________,music,__________,chariot-riding,____________,computation.___________hasbeenregardedasthepioneerfounderoffamilyeducation.Confucius‘sgoalistocreate_________whocarrythemselveswith________,speakcorrectly,anddemonstrate________inallthings.Confucius‘smaineducationalthoughtsweretoteachstudentsaccordingtotheir__________,totreatstudentsequallyandto__________thinking.humanitiesculturalmoralitywisdommoralityritualarcherycalligraphyConfuciusgentlemengraceintegrityaptitudeinspireT2溫故知新Reviewtheoldinordertodeducenewthings.學(xué)思并重Learningandthinkingareequallyimportant.Teachaccordingtostudents’ability循序漸進(jìn)啟發(fā)誘導(dǎo)因材施教Learninasystematicandprogressiveway,fromabeginner’sleveltotheadvanced.InspirationandGuidance.Is

it

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delightful

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acquire

knowledge

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put

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time？學(xué)而時(shí)習(xí)之，不亦說乎？學(xué)而不思則罔，思而不學(xué)則殆Learningwithoutthoughtislaborlost;thoughtwithoutlearningisperilous.ChinaAncientAcademywasbornroughlyinthe___________andthrivedinthe___________andpopularizedinthe_____________________.TheAcademyusedtobefoundedby________,andinsomedynastiesitwasownedby______byvirtueofpurchasing,donationandexchange.ThemostfamousfourancientChineseacademiesinclude:______________,________________________,________________,and________________.____________istheonlyoneoftheancientChineseacademiesofClassicalLearningtohaveevolvedintoamoderninstitutionofhighereducation,whichwasnamed_______________.T4TangDynastySongDynastyMingandQingDynastiesindividualsstatesYueluAcademyWhite-DeerGrottoAcademyYingtianfuAcademySongyangAcademyYueluAcademyHunanUniversityTheWhiteDeerGrottoAcademywaslocatedin______Province.

Itwasrebuiltbytheprominentneo-Confucianist_______duringtheSouthernSongdynasty.YingtianAcademyhasexperiencedseveralnamesfromTangDynastytoNorthernSongperiod,including______________,____________,Academyofthe______________,________________________________________.________________attractedmanyfamousscholarsormasterstomakespeechessuchas_________and________,__________,FanZhongyanandZhuXi.T4JiangxiZhuXiYingtianAcademySuiyangAcademySouthernCapitalDirectorateofEducationoftheSouthernCapitalSongyangAcademyChengHaoChengYiSimaGuangTheFourGreatInventionsofancientChinaincluded_________,__________,__________and__________,whichwereknowninEuropebytheendof_______________.Paperwasfirstinventedby_________inthe___________Dynasty.ThetechniquesofpapermakingspreadtotheWestonlyafterTangtroopsweredefeatedbythe______in751.

Withtheinventionsofpaperandink,stamper

graduallybecamepopularduringtheJinDynasty,whichwastheearlyformof________________.Since______________wasacostlyandtime-consumingprocess,BiShengintheSongdynastyinvented______________.paperprintingcompassdynamitetheMiddleAgesCaiLunEasternHanArabsCarvedTypePrintingBlockPrintingMovableTypePrintingUnit5Dynamitereferstoakindofmixturewhichhas___________________________asitsmaincomponentsandcanburnquicklyorexplodewhenlighted.TherealbirthoftheprimitivedynamitepowderwasrecordedbyQingXuzioftheTangDynastyinthemethoddealingwithdynamitepowderinthecourseof________.

Itwasnotuntilthe10thcenturyorsothatdynamitepowderbegantobeusedasa________.Thecompassisaninstrumentusedtoindicatedirectionswiththehelpof__________.Accordingtothehistoricalrecords,thecompassbegantoserveasaninstrumentfor__________inasearlyasthelate11thcenturyandtheearly12thcentury.saltpeter,charcoalandsulfuralchemyweaponmagnetismnavigationDespiteChina'slonghistoryandmanydifferentgeographicalareas,itwasveryimportanttofollowabasicprincipleof___________and_____________inancienttimes.Threelettersinclude_____________,__________and_______________;Sixetiquettesinclude_________,__________,____________,_______________,______________________,___________________.Beforeweddingceremony,twofamilieswouldarrangeaweddingdayaccordingtoChinese_________________.Marriageswerechosenbasedupontheneedsof____________and_______,aswellastheneedofthefatherandhusband.

ThreeLettersSixEtiquettesBetrothalLetterGiftLetterWeddingLetterProposalBirthdatesBetrothalgiftsWeddinggiftsArrangingtheweddingWeddingceremonyTungShingreproductionhonorUnit6AsanimportantpartofChinesetraditionalculture,Chinese

traditionalmascotsrepresenthuman’s________toexorciseevilspiritsandlongforahappylife.ThetraditionalrepresentativemascotsincludetheChinese________andtheChinese_______.TheChinesedragonisreferredtoasthe_______creaturethatbrings_________and____________.TheChinesedragon__________powerandexcellence,valiancy

andboldness,heroismand___________(不屈不撓),nobilityanddivinity.Itismadeupofnine________.Dragonpatternisatraditional________

(圖案)fortheChinesepeoplewithrichcultural__________and_________significance.aspirationdragonphoenixdivineprosperitygoodfortunesymbolizesperseveranceentitiesgraphicconnotationsymbolicPhoenixisaChinese_________creatureandisusedtorepresentthe_________

inChineseculture.Phoenixisthesymbolof__________sign,________powerandnationalculture.Thephoenixisoftendepictedina____withamaleandafemalefacingeachother,symbolizinga______,theyin-yang,mutual______________intheuniverse.Themalephoenixnamed“Feng”istheyangand_____,whilethefemale“Huang”istheyinand______.TheFengandtheHuangtogethersymbolize_____________,andasa_______symbolsignifying“inseparablefellowship”.mythicalempressauspiciousimperialpairdualityinterdependencesolarlunareverlastinglovebridalThefourancientcitiesofChinainclude________,__________,__________,and_________.DuringJinDynasty,thegoldenImperialPalacewasestablishedin____________,whichwasthefirsttimeinBeijinghistorythatthecitybecameatrulysignificantcapital.In1271,KublaiKhanestablishedthe_______Dynastywith______________(currentlyBeijing)asthecapital.WhentheMongolsfinallyeliminatedtheSouthernSongandunifiedChina,Dadubecamethe________centerofthecountryforthefirsttimeinhistory.In1421_________formallytransferredthecapitalfromNanjingtoBeipingand,forthefirsttime,namedthecityBeijing.ZhongduYuanYuanDadupoliticalXi’anNanjiingZhuDiLuoyangBeijingUnit7ThehistoryofBeijing’scitywallprobablydatesbacktothelaterperiodofthe__________Dynasty.QingextendedMing’sWallwith______________(甕城)aroundeachGate.ThesystemofBeijing’soldtowncompriseswith4levels:OuterCity,__________,_____________,and__________________.Theinnercityhas_____citygates,whereastheoutercityhas______citygates.EachoftheGatesconsistsofaGate,a___________andanurn-shapedcity.ChaoyangGateisusedfor______topassthrough；ChongwenGateisfor_____；XuanwuGateisforthe___________；FuchengGateisfor_____andsoon.Shangurn-shapedcityInnerCityImperialCityForbiddenCityninesevenFortTowergrainwineprisonervancoalThemainfunctionofthecitywallis______________.Intraditionaltimes,theimperialmilitarywouldmarchoutofBeijingthrough___________,andreturnthrough____________.Thelargestgateis_____________.Thesmallestgateis____________.“Hutong”isoriginallytakenfrom_________wholiveda________lifeandoftengatheredtolivenear______resources.Accordingtoanotherexplanation,passagewaysfunctionedas______________against____riskswerecalledHutong.HutongfirstappearedinBeijingduringthe______Dynastyandrepresentsthecultureandlifestyleof___________Beijingcitizens,thecommonpeople.Siheyuanisatraditionalunique_____houseinthehutongsandwasdatedfromthe____Dynasty.militarydefenseDeshengGateAndingGateZhengyangGateXibianGateMongoliannomadicwaterIsolationbeltsfireYuantraditionalfolkMing“Si”refersto____________,“He”referstothe___________.Themainhouseispositionedtothe_______andfacingthe______.__________buildingisforunmarrieddaughtersandfemaleservants.Thecourtyarddwellingswerebuiltaccordingtothetraditionalconceptsofthe____________thatwerebelievedtocomposetheuniverse,andthe_______________ofdivinationfortheconsiderationofthe“fengshui”.thefoursidessurroundingnorthsouthBacksidefiveelementseightdiagramsIntheearliesttimes,teawasusedasa______________Withthepopularizationof________fromtheThreeKingdomstotheNorthernandSouthernDynasties,its__________effectmadeitafavoriteamongmonksinZa-Zenmeditation.Teaasadrinkprosperedduringthe_____Dynasty,andteashopsbecamepopular.Thecompletionof____________byLuYuwasthecornerstoneofChineseteaculture.Teacultureduringthe________Dynastywasdelicateandsumptuous.The_____Dynastylaidthefoundationforteaprocessing,typesanddrinkingstylesthatwehaveinherited.herbalmedicine.BuddhismTangTeaClassicsUnit8refreshingSongMingDuringtheQingDynastyfolkartenteredteashops,makingthempopular_______________.IntheMingDynasty,teawassoldto_____________and____________countries.Therearefourbasicstepstoselecttea,including______,_______,________,_________________________isanartuniquetoAsianculturesandisoneofthefourbasicskillsanddisciplinesoftheChineseliteratiinadditiontostringmusicalinstrument,strategicboardgameandpainting.RegardedasthemostabstractandelegantformofartinChineseculture,calligraphyisoftenthoughttobemostrevealingofone's__________.entertainmentcentersSoutheastAsianSouthAfricanobservesmelltasteseetheinfusedtealeavesChinesecalligraphypersonalityTheskillsrequiredforanadministrator/executivecanbeshowninone’scalligraphywhichdemandscareful________andconfident____________.Avirtuewellappreciatedinexecutivesistoexercisehumanistic____________and_______underthemercilesslawsandregulations.Calligraphycanhelpselectexecutivestosomeextentbecauseincontrollingcalligraphyonehasto______________thedefinedstructureofwordswhileremainingextremely__________expression.Calligraphyisamost_________yethighly__________exerciseindeedforone’s________and__________wellbeing.Totheartist,calligraphyisamentalexercisethatcoordinatesthe______andthe_____tochoosethebeststylinginexpressingthecontentofthepassage.planningexecutionimaginationtouchconformtocreativerelaxingdisciplinedphysicalspiritualmindbody____________,____________,____________,____________,____________aretheFiveConstantVirtueswhichwerethemostimportantonesintraditionalChina.___________isthefirstandmostimportantvirtueamongtheFiveConstantVirtues.Aboveallrighteousnessisaboutpreservingone’s________.Inageneralsense,proprietysignifies________________whichmaintainhierarchy.Wisdomconcernsnotonlyoneperson’s_______and_______,butalsohis_________________.BenevolencerighteousnessproprietywisdomfidelityBenevolenceintegritybehavioralnormsUnit9abilityaptitudemoralcultivationConfuciusalsopointedoutthattheacquisitionof“wisdom”liesin,________,whichcanbeobtainedfromboth______and_____.________isthebasiswithoutwhichothervirtueslosetheirauthenticity;hencetheyareinseparable.Fidelitymeansthat,externally,__________________________;andthatinternally____________________________.Thetraditionalidealwomanwasadependantbeingwhosebehaviorwasgovernedbythe“____________________________”.Itiswellknownthatwomenhave______positionsintraditionalChina.TosomeWuzetianwasan_______(獨(dú)裁者),______inherdesiretogainandkeeppower.Tootherssheactednodifferentlythanmost____________ofherday.Fidelitylearningbookslifeone’sdeedsmatchone’swordsone’swordsandmindareinunisonthreeobediencesandfourvirtuesinferiorautocratruthlessmaleemperorsThestory“ThreeMovesbyMencius’sMother”tellsoftheimportanceofaproper__________forthe________ofchildren.AsthepeaceandcultureenvoyfromTang,PrincessWenchengpavedthewayforthespreadof________intoTuboKingdombyhavingtheRamocheMonasterybuilt.Intheworldofflowers,______,________,________,and_____________,areknownasthefour