北京外國語大學(xué)英語學(xué)院《812》英漢互譯（筆譯）歷年考研真題及詳解

目錄

2011年北京外國語大學(xué)英語學(xué)院812英

漢互譯（筆譯）真題及詳解

2012年北京外國語大學(xué)英語學(xué)院812英

漢互譯（筆譯）真題及詳解

2013年北京外國語大學(xué)英語學(xué)院812英

漢互譯（筆譯）真題及詳解

2014年北京外國語大學(xué)英語學(xué)院812英

漢互譯（筆譯）真題及詳解

2015年北京外國語大學(xué)英語學(xué)院812英

漢互譯（筆譯）真題及詳解

2011年北京外國語大學(xué)英語學(xué)院812英漢互譯（筆譯）真題及詳解

I.TranslatethefollowingpassagesintoChineseandwriteyourtranslationon

theanswersheet.(50points,25pointseach)

Passage1

ItistheunanimousviewofourcommitteethatAmericatodayfacesaserious

andintensifyingchallengewithregardtoitsfuturecompetitivenessand

standardofliving.Furtherweappeartobeonalosingpath.Wearehere

todayhopingbothtoelevatethenation’sawarenessofthisdeveloping

situationandtoproposeconstructivesolutions.

Thethrustofourfindingsisstraightforward.Thestandardoflivingof

Americansintheyearsaheadwilldependtoaverylargedegreeonthe

qualityofthejobsthattheyareabletohold.Withoutqualityjobsourcitizens

willnothavethepurchasingpowertosupportthestandardoflivingwhich

theyseek,andtowhichmanyhavebecomeaccustomed;taxrevenueswill

notbegeneratedtoprovideforstrongnationalsecurityandhealthcare;and

thelackofavibrantdomesticconsumermarketwillprovideadisincentive

foreitherU.S.orforeigncompaniestoinvestinjobsinAmerica.

Whathasbroughtaboutthecurrentsituation?Theansweristhatthe

prosperityequationhasanewingredient,aningredientthatsomehave

referredtoas“TheDeathofDistance”.Inthelastcentury,breakthroughsin

aviationcreatedtheopportunitytomovepeopleandgoodsrapidlyand

efficientlyoververygreatdistances.BillGateshasreferredtoaviationasthe

“WorldWideWebofthetwentiethcentury”.Intheearlypartofthepresent

century,weareapproachingthepointwherethecommunication,storageand

processingofinformationarenearlyfree.Thatis,wecannowmovenotonly

physicalitemsefficientlyovergreatdistances,andwecanalsotransport

informationinlargevolumesandatlittlecost.(276words,RisingAbovethe

GatheringStorms)

【參考譯文】

我們委員會一致認(rèn)為今天的美國，其未來的競爭力和生活水平面臨著嚴(yán)

峻的挑戰(zhàn)。未來我們似乎在往一條失敗的道路上行進(jìn)。所以我們今天在

這里希望提高民族對這一發(fā)展形勢的警惕，來尋求建設(shè)性的解決方案。

根據(jù)我們的調(diào)查結(jié)果，結(jié)論簡單明了。美國生活水平在今后的幾年中將

很大程度上依靠人們能獲得的工作的質(zhì)量。若工作質(zhì)量不高，公民將無

法擁有足夠的購買力來維持他們所希望的生活水平，或之前已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了

的生活水平；也不能產(chǎn)生稅收收入，為國家安全及衛(wèi)生保健提供強(qiáng)大的

支持；而國內(nèi)消費(fèi)市場不景氣的話，就不能激勵(lì)美國或國外公司在美國

投資，進(jìn)而不能產(chǎn)生新的工作。

是什么導(dǎo)致了目前的形勢？答案是因?yàn)榉睒s方程式增加了一個(gè)新的因

素，有些人把它叫做“距離消失”。在上個(gè)世紀(jì)，航海上的突破使遠(yuǎn)距離

人和貨物有效快速的移動(dòng)成為了可能。比爾蓋茨曾經(jīng)把航海當(dāng)做“二十

世紀(jì)的萬維網(wǎng)”。在本世紀(jì)早期，信息的溝通、存儲和處理接近自由，

現(xiàn)在，我們不僅能遠(yuǎn)距離有效的移動(dòng)具體物件，還能實(shí)現(xiàn)低成本，大批

量的信息運(yùn)輸。

Passage2

Germanyasawholeisunderemployed.Germansinworkputinanaverage

of1,430hoursin2006,thethird-lowestrateintheOECD.Evenafterthe

labour-marketreforms,long-termunemploymentremainswellabovethe

OECDaverage.Morethanhalfamillionimmigrantscannotdothejobsfor

whichtheytrainedbecauseGermanydoesnotrecognizetheirqualifications,

acaseofcredentialismgonewild.Acountryindemographicdeclinecannot

affordsuchwaste.By2035Germany’sGDPperpersonwillfallby8-15%

relativetothatinotherrichEuropeancountriesandinAmerica.

Toheadoffsuchrelativedecline,Germanyneedstore-engineernotonlythe

welfarestatebutitsattitudestowardsimmigrants,womenandpeopleover

60.Againstitsconservativeinstinctsithasmadeastart.Inthepasttenyears

ithaddonemoretointegrateminoritiesthanintheprevious40.When“guest

workers”fromTurkey,ItalyandGreecefloodedintoalleviatelabor

shortagesinthe1950sand60s,Germansthoughttheywouldeventuallyleave

again;duringthe1980sthegovernmenttriedtopaythemtogo.Nowit

acceptsthatGermanyisan“immigrationcountry”.Acitizenshiplawpassed

in2000whichsaidthatpeoplenotbornGermancouldbecomesowas

followedin2005byanimmigrationlawthatinchedopenthedoorsfor

skilledforeigners.

Thegovernmenthasmaintainedacautiousmomentum,balancingwelcome

withademandthatimmigrantsadapttoGermanways.Undera“national

integrationplan”orchestratedbythegrandcoalition,languagetrainingfor

immigrantsandtheirchildrenisbeingexpandedandbusinesseshave

promisedtocreateextratrainingplacesformigrants.Thecoalitionsetupa

standing“IslamConference”tonegotiaterelationsbetweenthereligionand

thestate.ItsmainsuccessesweretoestablishthatMuslimsseeno

contradictionbetweentheirfaithandGermany’sconstitution,andtoagreein

principletoteachIslaminstateschools,asJudaismandChristianityalready

are.(323words)

【參考譯文】

整體上德國就業(yè)不充分。在2006年，德國平均工作時(shí)間為1430個(gè)小時(shí)，

在經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織中工作時(shí)間倒數(shù)第三。甚至在勞動(dòng)市場改革后，

長時(shí)間的失業(yè)率仍遙遙超出經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織的平均水平。超過五十

萬的移民因德國不承認(rèn)其資格而不能從事他們已經(jīng)受訓(xùn)的工作，文憑主

義極度瘋狂。這在一個(gè)人口不斷減少的國家是實(shí)在再浪費(fèi)不起的。到

2035年德國的人均GDP將比其他富裕的歐洲國家和美國下降8—15%。

為了阻止這種相對下降，德國需要給其福利現(xiàn)狀重新注入活力，改變對

待移民婦女和60歲以上人群的態(tài)度。德國從其保守的本能起步，在過去

的十年中，在融合少數(shù)群體上比前四十年做的還多。在19世紀(jì)五六十年

代，當(dāng)土耳其、意大利和希臘的客籍工人涌入德國，本可以緩解其勞動(dòng)

力缺乏的狀況的時(shí)候，德國認(rèn)為他們最終會離去。在19世紀(jì)八十年代，

政府試圖出錢讓他們離開?，F(xiàn)在，德國接受了其作為移民國家的事實(shí)。

在2000年通過的公民法律中表明非德國本土出生的人可以成為德國公

民，接連出臺的2005年的移民法又規(guī)定大開對技術(shù)性國外工人的大門。

政府維護(hù)了一種謹(jǐn)慎的動(dòng)態(tài)，既表示了對移民者的歡迎，又與要求他們

適應(yīng)德國方式平衡起來。根據(jù)大聯(lián)盟安排的“民族融合計(jì)劃”，針對移民

及其后代的語言訓(xùn)練正在擴(kuò)大，而商業(yè)方面也保證將為移民提供更多的

接受工作訓(xùn)練的場所。大聯(lián)盟還成立了長期的“伊斯蘭會議”來協(xié)調(diào)宗教

與國家的關(guān)系，其取得的最大成績就是讓穆斯林消除其信仰對德國憲法

的矛盾，像猶太教和基督教一樣，大體上贊成在公立學(xué)校教授伊斯蘭

教。

II.TranslatethefollowingpassagesintoEnglishandwriteyourtranslationon

theanswersheet.(50points,25pointseach)

Passage1

美國公務(wù)員工資制度的建立，實(shí)質(zhì)上還是由市場決定的，各種有關(guān)工資

的法律制度是根據(jù)市場變化產(chǎn)生的。美國總統(tǒng)、州長、議員等公務(wù)員職

務(wù)還有人去干，這說明他們接受那樣的工資標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，因?yàn)闆]人強(qiáng)迫他們?nèi)?/p>

當(dāng)公務(wù)員，所以，現(xiàn)實(shí)中幾乎聽不到公務(wù)員抱怨自己的工資低。這好比

體育比賽，運(yùn)動(dòng)員參加比賽就要遵守早已制定好的比賽規(guī)則，不能到了

比賽場上，說規(guī)則對自己不利，要修改。

美國公務(wù)員工資雖然比私企低，但公務(wù)員的好處私企職工是無法比擬

的，如名聲好聽、可以建立起人脈關(guān)系、假期多、工作清閑、壓力小、

比較穩(wěn)定、失業(yè)幾率小等。(245字《美國公務(wù)員工資制度精要及啟示》)

【參考譯文】

WagessystemforAmericancivilservants,infact,dependsonmarket;all

sortsoflawsaboutwagesarebasedonthechangesinmarket.Sincesuch

civilservantpositionasAmericanpresident,governor,congressmenandso

onhavesomeonewhoiswillingtodothejob,thewagessystemisacceptable

bythem,fornooneforcesthemtobeacivilservant.Thus,inreality,we

cannothearthecivilservantscomplainingthelownessoftheirwages.Thisis

likeasportsgame;oncethesportsmanhasattendedthegame,theyshould

obeyalltheregulatedrules,andtheycannotaskforchangingtherulesafter

comingtothegamebyjustsayingtherulesisnotgoodforthem.

Althoughthecivilservantshavenosuchhighwagesthanintheprivate

company,theycangetincomparablebenefitsthataworkerintheprivate

companycannotobtain,suchasreputation,goodpersonalconnections,

variousvacations,easeinwork,smallworkpressure,relativelystabilityand

lowunemploymentrate.

Passage2

諸佛典皆在天竺。天竺言語，與漢異音。云其書為天書，語為天語。名

物不同，傳實(shí)不易。始者維祗難出自天竺，以黃武三年來適武昌。仆從

受此五百偈本，請其同道竺將炎為譯。將炎雖善天竺語，未備曉漢。其

所傳言，或得胡語，或以義出音，近于質(zhì)直。仆初嫌其詞不雅。維祗難

曰：“佛言，依其義不用飾，取其法不以嚴(yán)。其傳經(jīng)者當(dāng)令易曉，勿失

厥義，是則為善。”座中咸日：“老氏稱：‘美言不信，信言不美?！倌?/p>

亦云：‘書不盡言，言不盡意?！魇ト艘猓铄錈o極。今傳胡義，實(shí)宜

徑達(dá)?！笔且宰再适茏g人口，因循本旨，不加文飾。(245字)

【參考譯文】

BuddhistscripturescomefromIndia.ThepronunciationofIndia’slanguage

isdifferentfromChinese,thus,weregardthescripturesandthelanguage

theyuseasthebooksandthelanguageinheaven.Withdifferenteventsand

names,toexpresstheoriginalmeaningthroughtranslationisverydifficult.…

ThebeginnerWeiZhinan,whowasfromIndia,inthethirdyearofHuang

Wuemperor,cametoWuChang.FromhimIreceivedfivehundredBuddhist

scriptures,soIinvitedhiscompanionZhuJiangyantotranslatethese

scriptureswithme.JiangyanisgoodatIndia’slanguage,buthisChineseis

notgoodenough.Whenheinterpretedthescriptures,sometimesheusedHu

language(akindoflanguageusedbysomenorthminoritynationinChina)or

somesoundswhicharecreatedaccordingtothemeaning,whichmadehis

interpretationverystraightinmeaning.Atfirst,Icomplainedthathisuseof

wordswasnotgraceful.

WeiZhinansaid,“ThetranslationofBuddhistscripturesshouldexpresstheir

realmeaningwithoutmodification,andalsoshouldobservethephilosophyof

Buddhismstrictly.Agoodtranslatorshouldensurethatthetranslationisnot

onlyunderstoodbyothers,butalsoconformstotheoriginalmeaning.”Then

allthepeopleontheseatalsosaid,“LaoZieversaid,‘Beautifulwordsare

notbelievable,therealbelievablewordsarenotbeautiful.’Wealsohave

Confuciussaying‘thebookcannotsayeverything;ifcan,itwillloseits

originalmeaning.’Thesewisescholars’wordsaredeepandprofoundin

meaning.NowWeiZhinanexpressestherealmeaninginHu.Heinfacthas

hadanaccesstotheBuddhistscriptures.”Fromthenon,whenIlistentothe

interpretationofBuddhistscripturesbyothers,Iwillobservetotheoriginal

meaningwithoutmodificationinwords.

III.Essay-writing:(50points,25pointseach).

1．Englishwriting:Pleasereadthepassageandwriteallessay(nolessthan

300words)basedonthefollowingquestions:

1)Whatistheissuediscussedinthispassage?

2)Giveonemoreexampletoillustratetheauthor’spointofview.

3)Howtoresolvethelossintranslation?Why?

Oncetheprincipleisacceptedthatsamenesscannotexistbetweentwo

languages,itbecomespossibletoapproachthequestionoflossandgainin

thetranslationprocess.Itisagainanindicationofthelowstatusof

translationthatsomuchtimeshouldhavebeenspentondiscussingwhatis

lostinthetransferofatextfromSLtoTLwhilstignoringwhatcanalsobe

gained,forthetranslatorcanattimesenrichorclarifytheSLtextasadirect

resultofthetranslationprocess.Moreover,whatisoftenseenas‘lost’from

theSLcontextmaybereplacedintheTLcontext,asinthecaseofWyattand

Surrey’stranslationsofPetrarch.

EugeneNidaisarichsourceofinformationabouttheproblemsoflossin

translation,inparticularaboutthedifficultiesencounteredbythetranslator

whenfacedwithtermsorconceptsintheSLthatdonotexistintheTL.He

citesthecaseofGuaica,alanguageofsouthernVenezuela,wherethereis

littletroubleinfindingsatisfactorytermsfortheEnglishmurder,stealing,

lying,etc.,butwherethetermsforgood,bad,uglyandbeautifulcoveravery

differentareaofmeaning.Asanexample,hepointsoutthatGuaicadoesnot

followadichotomousclassificationofgoodandbad,butatrichotomousone

asfollows:

(1)Goodincludesdesirablefood,killingenemies,chewingdopein

moderation,puttingfiretoone’swifetoteachhertoobey,andstealingfrom

anyonenotbelongingtothesameband.

(2)Badincludesrottenfruit,anyobjectwithablemish,murderingaperson

ofthesameband,stealingfromamemberoftheextendedfamilyandlyingto

anyone.

(3)Violatingtabooincludesincest,beingtooclosetoone’smother-in-law,a

marriedwoman’seatingtapirbeforethebirthofthefirstchild,andachild’s

eatingrodents.NorisitnecessarytolooksofarbeyondEuropeforexamples

ofthiskindofdifferentiation.ThelargenumberoftermsinFinnishfor

variationsofsnow,inArabicforaspectsofcamelbehaviour,inEnglishfor

lightandwater,inFrenchfortypesofbread,allpresentthetranslatorwith,

ononelevel,anuntranslatableproblem.Bibletranslatorshavedocumented

theadditionaldifficultiesinvolvedin,forexample,theconceptoftheTrinity

orthesocialsignificanceoftheparablesincertaincultures.Inadditiontothe

lexicalproblems,thereareofcourselanguagesthatdonothavetensesystems

orconceptsoftimethatinanywaycorrespondtoIndo-Europeansystems.

Whorf’scomparison(whichmaynotbereliable,butiscitedhereasa

theoreticalexample)betweena‘temporallanguage’(English)anda‘timeless

language’(Hopi)servestoillustratethisaspect.

【答案】

Inthispassage,theissueoflossandgaininthetranslationprocessis

introducedanddiscussed.Accordingtotheauthor,duetothefactthatsome

termsorconceptsintheSLdonothavecorrespondingonesintheTL,orvice

versa,itisinevitablethatsomesenseintheSLwillbelost.However,onthe

otherhand,therewillbealsosomegainswhentherearemoreexpressionsof

onetermorconceptintheTLthanthoseintheSL.Takethetermsofcooking

inChineseandEnglishasanexample.InEnglish,thereisonlyonetermfor

“fry”.However,inChinese,therearedifferenttermsforit:pan-frying,stir-

frying,quick-fryinganddeep-frying.IfaChinesecookingbookistranslated

intoEnglish,somemeaningswillbeunavoidablylost.Ofcourse,when

somethingaboutEnglishcookingistranslatedintoChinese,thentheSTwill

giveamoredetailedinterpretation.

Fromthiscase,wecanseethatlossofmeaningalwaysoccursinthe

translationprocess.Thenhowshouldweaddressthisproblem?Nidasays

thattranslatorshouldstriveforfunctionalaswellasformalequivalence

betweenthesourcetextandthetargettext.Therefore,thesolutionto

addressingtheproblemoflossofmeaningisthatthetargettextshouldbeas

closeasthesourcetestasmuchaspossible.Inmanycases,thesetwo

equivalencescannotbeachievedatthesametime.However,aslongaswhat

thesourcetextwantstoconveyisexpressed,thenthelossproducedinthe

translationprocesscanbeallowed.Forinstance,thereareplentyoffour-

characteridiomsinChinesewhicharehardtotranslateperfectly.When

translatingthem,translatorshavetoabandonsomeformorsensewhile

conveyingtheunderlyingmeaning.Inconclusion,translatorsshouldmake

thetargettextclosetothesourcetexttothemaximumextent.Foragood

translationwork,theunavoidablelossofmeaningisallowedonthepremise

thatallthetranslatableinformationisdelivered

2．中文寫作：寫一篇300字左右的小論文(中文)，對以下現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行評

析，可添加自己的例子進(jìn)行論述。

Thislistidentifiesthreewordsusefulincomparativeculturestudieswhose

obviousorhabitualtranslationsineitherdirection(ChinesetoEnglishorvice

versa)areseriouslymisleading.

【參考范文】

在漢語和英語翻譯中，我們常會碰到這樣的問題：如果把漢語詞匯字對

字的翻譯成英語，那么翻譯過來的單詞已經(jīng)脫離了原文語義，造成誤

解。如“唯物主義”，若翻譯成“materialism”，則把漢語中表示一種基本

哲學(xué)概念的詞偷換成了英語里令人鄙視的生活態(tài)度詞匯。所以，看似翻

譯準(zhǔn)確，實(shí)則不然。其實(shí)，在漢英或英漢翻譯過程中這樣的情況比比皆

是。這種翻譯屬于望文生義，是由于譯者并未對這兩種語言的詞匯含義

真正理解所導(dǎo)致的誤譯。再舉一例，如中國菜“四喜丸子”，如果翻譯

成“fourhappyballs”，則變成了“四個(gè)開心球”，完全不符原義，會貽笑

大方。

為避免這樣的問題，需要譯者熟知漢英語言文化，有豐富的語言背景知

識，能準(zhǔn)確判斷語義，找到真正與原文相符的譯法。同時(shí)也要求譯者要

有嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膽B(tài)度，善于發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，進(jìn)行查證和研究?？傊?，切不可自以為

是，武斷地認(rèn)為譯語就是符合原文語義的。要帶著謹(jǐn)慎和批判的眼光認(rèn)

真對待每一處模糊的、可能出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤的地方。

2012年北京外國語大學(xué)英語學(xué)院812英漢互譯（筆譯）真題及詳解

I.TranslatethefollowingpassagesintoChineseandwriteyourtranslationon

theanswersheet.(50points,25pointseach)

Passage1

TowerofPower:MiracleorMirage?

InChina,onedoesn’thavetolookfartoseethecountry’scommitmentto

renewableenergy.IncitiessuchasBeijingandShanghai,rooftopsarenow

coveredwithsolarwaterheaters.OnthegrasslandsofInnerMongolia,

toweringwhitewindturbinesarepoppingupwhereonlycattle,sheepand

herdersonhorsebackonceroamed.Whilecoalconsumptionisexpectedto

climbmorethan3%annuallyforthenexttwodecades,thegovernmenthas

alsorequiredthatelectricalcompaniesaddasignificantamountofalternative

energytotheirportfolios.

Yet,someoverseasfirmsinsistthatChinaissimplyrepeatinganeconomic

developmentstrategythathaspropelledthecountry’srapidprogressinmany

othermanufacturingsectors.Thecountryhasbeenabletousethelureof

hugepotentialmarketstoenticeforeigncompaniestohandovertechnology

andknow-howinexchangeforlucrativedeals,laterusingthatknowledgeto

producecompetitiveproductscheaperthanthoseofoverseasoriginators.

Foreigncompaniesbuiltthegeneratorsforthefirststageofthemassive

ThreeGorgeshydroelectricdam,butthegeneratorcontractsrequiredthe

foreignmakerstotransfertechnologytoChinesepartners,whotookthelead

inlaterphasesofconstruction.Asimilarpatternappearstobeplayingoutin

alternativeenergy.Foreignwind-turbinemanufacturersheldnearly60%of

theChinesemarketin2006.Bylastyearthatpositionwasreversed,with

Chinesefirmstaking74%ofnewinstallations,saysJunYing,chiefChina

representativefortheconsultingfirmNewEnergyFinance.Infact,the

numberofChineseturbinemanufacturershasexpandedsorapidlythatthe

government,fearingaglut,warnedinthatapplicationsfornewfactories

mightnotbeapproved.(275words)

【參考譯文】

能源之塔：奇跡還是幻想？

在中國，不需遠(yuǎn)望就能看出這個(gè)國家發(fā)展再生能源的決心。在諸如北

京、上海等城市，屋頂上遍布太陽能熱水器。在中國內(nèi)蒙古的草地上，

高聳的白色風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)如雨后春筍般地出現(xiàn)在曾經(jīng)只有牛、羊和騎馬的

牧人漫游的地方。雖然在接下來的二十年里，耗煤量每年會以超過3%

的速度增長，但是政府已經(jīng)要求電力公司大力發(fā)展再生能源。

然而，一些海外公司堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為中國僅僅是重復(fù)使用一種經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展策略，

而這種經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展策略已經(jīng)促進(jìn)了這個(gè)國家其他許多制造部門的快速發(fā)

展。中國已經(jīng)能夠通過利用潛在的巨大市場來吸引外國公司，以此來獲

得科技和技術(shù)進(jìn)而獲利。之后，中國會用交換來的知識來制造出具有競

爭力的產(chǎn)品，而這些產(chǎn)品比原來海外生產(chǎn)者所制造的產(chǎn)品更加的便宜。

在建設(shè)巨大的三峽大壩的第一階段，發(fā)電機(jī)的建造是由外國公司完成，

但是建造發(fā)電機(jī)的合同同時(shí)要求外國制造者把技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓給中國合伙人。

在大壩后階段的建設(shè)中，中國合伙人會起帶頭作用。在再生能源開發(fā)方

面，中國采取了一種相似的模式。在2006年，外國渦輪機(jī)生產(chǎn)商在中國

幾乎占據(jù)60%的市場。截止到去年，這種形式已經(jīng)發(fā)生了扭轉(zhuǎn)，74%的

新發(fā)電機(jī)安裝是由中國公司完成的，中國新能源金融咨詢公司首席代表

君瑩說道。實(shí)際上，中國渦輪機(jī)生產(chǎn)商的數(shù)量增長的如此之快以至于擔(dān)

心供過于求的政府發(fā)出警告說可能不會再批準(zhǔn)新工廠的建造申請。

Passage2

WhatisLiberalEducation?

Aseducationaimstoperfectgentlemanship,tohumanexcellence,liberal

educationconsistsinremindingoneselfofhumanexcellence,ofhuman

greatness.Inwhatway,bywhatmeansdoesliberaleducationremindusof

humangreatness?Wecannotthinkhighlyenoughofwhatliberaleducationis

meanttobe.WehaveheardPlato’ssuggestionthateducationinthehighest

senseisphilosophy.Philosophyisquestforwisdomorquestforknowledge

regardingthemostimportant,thehighest,orthemostcomprehensivethings.

Suchknowledge,hesuggested,isvirtueandishappiness.Butwisdomis

inaccessibletomanandhencevirtueandhappinesswillalwaysbeimperfect.

Inspiteofthis,thephilosopher,who,assuch,isnotsimplywise,isdeclared

tobetheonlytrueking;heisdeclaredtopossessalltheexcellencesofwhich

man’smindiscapabletothehighestdegree.Fromthiswemustdrawthe

conclusionthatwecannotbephilosophers—thatwecannotacquirethe

highestformofeducation.Wemustnotbedeceivedbythefactthatwemeet

manypeoplewhosaythattheyarephilosophers.Forthosepeopleemploya

looseexpressionwhichisperhapsnecessitatedbyadministrative

convenience.Oftentheymeanmerelythattheyaremembersofphilosophy

departments.Anditisasabsurdtoexpectmembersofphilosophy

departmentstobephilosophersasitistoexpectmembersofartdepartments

tobeartists.Wecannotbephilosophersbutwecanlovephilosophy;wecan

trytophilosophize.(250words)

【參考譯文】

什么是自由教育？

作為對完美的貴族氣質(zhì)和對人的優(yōu)異的培育，自由教育在于喚醒一個(gè)人

自身的優(yōu)異與卓越。而自由教育通過何種道路和方式喚醒我們身上的卓

越？在此我們無法再更進(jìn)一步地思考自由教育的含義了。我們聽過柏拉

圖關(guān)于最高意義上的教育是哲學(xué)的提法。哲學(xué)是對智慧或?qū)﹃P(guān)于最重要

的、最高的或最全的事物的知識的追求；這種知識，按他的說法，是德

性和幸福。但由于智慧不屬于人，因此人的德性和幸?？偸遣煌晟频摹?/p>

盡管如此，哲學(xué)家，作為不完全智慧的人，還是被宣稱為唯一真正的國

王；他被宣稱為擁有所有人類心靈能夠達(dá)到的優(yōu)異，因而是最高水平上

的人。從這里我們必須得出我們不是哲學(xué)家的結(jié)論因?yàn)槲覀儫o法獲得這

種最高形式的教育。我們一定不能被自己經(jīng)常遇到一些自稱哲學(xué)家的人

所欺騙。因?yàn)樗麄儾捎玫氖且粋€(gè)對管理的方便來說有必要的廣義的表

述。他們通常不過是說他們是哲學(xué)系的。而認(rèn)為哲學(xué)系的就是哲學(xué)家，

和認(rèn)為藝術(shù)系的就是藝術(shù)家一樣荒謬。我們不能成為哲學(xué)家，但我們可

以熱愛哲學(xué)；我們可以努力進(jìn)行哲學(xué)化的思考。

II.TranslatethefollowingpassagesintoEnglishandwriteyourtranslationon

theanswersheet.(50points,25pointseach)

Passagel

起哄

東方社會有東方的起哄法，西方有西方的起哄法。

而且兩邊比較起來，還是東方社會里的人更愛起哄。

假如此說是正確的，那么真正的幸福就是讓人在社會的法理、公德約束

下，自覺自愿的去生活；需要什么，就去爭取什么；需要滿足之后，就

讓大家都得會兒消停。

這當(dāng)然需要所有的人都有點(diǎn)文化修養(yǎng)，有點(diǎn)獨(dú)立思考的能力，并且對自

己的生活負(fù)起責(zé)任來，同時(shí)對別人的事少起點(diǎn)哄。

這當(dāng)然不容易，但這是唯一的希望。

看到人們在為物質(zhì)自激，就放出人際關(guān)系的自激去干擾；看到人在人際

關(guān)系里自激，就放出物質(zhì)方面的自激去干擾；這樣激來擾去，聽上去就

不是個(gè)道理。(264字)

【參考譯文】

Creatingdisturbance

CreatingdisturbanceoccursinboththeEasternsocietyandtheWestern

society.Butpeopleindifferentsocietiesdoitdifferently.

ComparedwiththepeopleintheWesternsociety,peopleintheEastern

societyaremorelikelytocreatedisturbance.

Ifthisistrue,therealhappinessistobeobtainedbyallowingpeopletolive

theirlivesaccordingtotheirownideasundertheconstraintofthelegal

principleandsocialethnicsinthesociety;whatevertheyneed,theywill

striveforit;aftertheirneedsaresatisfied,stopmakingafuss.

Ofcoursetorealizethis,everybodyisexpectedtobeinpossessionofsome

culturalcultivationandcertainabilitytothinkindependently.Inaddition,

theyneedtoberesponsiblefortheirownlifeandnolongerinterfereinother

people’sbusiness.

Itisnoteasytodoaswhatissaid,buttheonlyhopeliesinit.

Itissimplyunjustifiabletodistractotherswithinterpersonalrelationship

whiletheyendeavortoattainmaterialfulfillment.Itisthesamethingwhenit

comestodivertingothers’attentiontomaterialsatisfactionwhiletheyare

dealingwithinterpersonalrelationship.

Passage2

初雪

雪花快飄，

白如石膏；

高地宰鵝，

這里飛毛！

所以今天早上我初次望見這個(gè)不常見的銀白世界時(shí)，我不禁衷心希望這

里的雪能多下幾場，這樣英國的冬天才能更增添幾分冬天的味道。于

是，我羨慕起那些居住在美國東部和加拿大的友人來了，他們那里年年

都能指望上一個(gè)像樣的冬天，都能說得出降雪的準(zhǔn)確日期，并能保證，

直至大地春回之前，那里的雪絕無退化為黑色泥漿的可能。但我馬上覺

得這樣還是不行。不消一周人們就會對它感到厭煩。甚至一兩天后魔力

就會消失，剩下的惟有白晝那種永無變化的耀眼陽光與刺骨嚴(yán)寒和凄涼

的夜晚。看來真正迷人的地方并不在雪的本身，不在這個(gè)冰雪覆蓋的景

象，而在它的初降，在這突然而靜悄的變化。(287字)

【參考譯文】

Firstsnow

Snow,snowfaster:

Whitealabaster!

KillinggeeseinScotland,

Sendingfeathershere!

Thismorning,whenIfirstcaughtsightoftheunfamiliarwhitenedworld,I

couldnothelpwishingthatwehadsnowoftener,thatEnglishwinterswere

morewintry.IbegantoenvymyfriendsinsuchplacesastheEasternStates

ofAmericaandCanada,whocancountuponasolidwintereveryyearand

knowthatthesnowwillarrivebyacertaindateandwillremain,without

degeneratingintoblackslush,untilSpringiscloseathand.AndthenIsaw

thatitwouldneverdoforus.Weshouldbesickofitinaweek.Afterthefirst

daythemagicwouldbegoneandtherewouldbenothingleftbutthe

unchangingglareofthedayandthebittercruelnights.Itisnotthesnow

itself,thesightoftheblanketedworld,thatissoenchanting,butthefirst

comingofthesnow,thesuddenandsilentchange.

III.Essay-writing:(50points,25pointseach).

1．Answerthequestionsafterreadingthefollowingpassage.(25分)

Back-translationasaTest

Toseewhetheranequivalentisnaturalordirectional,thesimplesttestis

back-translation.Thismeanstakingthetranslationandrenderingitbackinto

tilesourcelanguage,thencomparingthetwosource-languageversions.

Whennaturalequivalenceprevails,wecangofromFridaytoViernesthen

backtoFriday,anditmakesnodifferencewhichtermisthesourceand

whichtiletranslation.Thisisbecausethecorrespondenceexistedinsome

waypriortotheactoftranslation.Moretothepoint,thetransferofthe

Judeo-Christianseven-dayweekoccurredseveralmillenniabeforeouractof

translation,sotheoriginaldirectionalityhasnowcometoappearnatural.

Thatnaturalnessiscertainlyanillusion(inhistoricalterms,allequivalents

areprobablytheresultofasmuchforceandauthorityasisassumedin

Kade’sone-to-onetechnicalterms).Yettheillusionhashadastrong

ideologicalpullonmanytranslationtheories.Onthelevelofbadluck,we

canindeedgofrom“Fridaythe13th”to“martes13”andbackagain,andwe

canmakepeoplebelievethattheequivalenceissomehowwrittenintothe

natureofourculturalsystems.ThesamekindoftestmightworkforLejust

prix,andevenforDerPreisistheiss,ifwedefinecarefullythelevelsweare

operatingon.Buttheback-testingcannotbeextendedalltheway;the

mysteriesofthe“one-to-several”quicklyappear.Forexample,whydoesthe

Frenchapparentlynothave“Leprixjuste”(withtheadjectiveafterthenoun,

asisfrequentinthelanguage)?Andwhataboutthe“l(fā)ifelines”thatbecome

“jokers”and“wild-cards”butcouldbecomemanyotherthingsaswell?Can

theyalsobejustifiedasbeinginanywaynatural?Forthatmatter,what

shouldwesayaboutthe“Fridaythe13th”thatisrecognizedinTaiwan(we

aretold)notbecauseitwasalwaysintheculturebutbecauseittraveledthere

inthetitleofahorrorfilm?Somekindsofequivalencerefertowhatisdone

inalanguagepriortotheinterventionofthetranslator(hencetheillusionof

thenatural);othersrefertowhattranslatorscandointhelanguage(hencethe

directionalityoftheresult).Butonecouldalsoargue,historically,thatall

equivalenceisinsomewaydirectional.

“Directional”and“natural”arethetermsweareusingheretodescribethe

differentconceptselaboratedbytheoriesoftranslation;theyarenotwords

usedbythetheoriesthemselves.Theyneverthelesshelpmakesomesenseof

aconfusingterrain.Aswehaveseen,mostofthequestionscomingfrom

structuralistlinguisticsconcernstrictlynaturalequivalence,orthesearchfor

it.WhenwementionedSaussure’ssheepandmoutonexample,wetalked

aboutthewords“translatingeachother.”ThesamewouldholdforPolish

milkanduniversalbad-luckdays.Forthatlinguisticparadigm,itshould

makenodifferencewhichofthetermsisthesourceandwhichisthetarget.

Fortheabovedefinitionsoftranslation,ontheotherhand,equivalenceis

somethingthatresultsfromadirectionalmovement.

Referencetodirectionalitywasperhapsthemostprofoundwayinwhichthe

problemofstructuralistlinguisticswassolved.

Answerthefollowingquestions(inEnglish).

1．InwhatwayisbacktranslationatestoftheequivalencetotheST?

2．Giveonemoreexampletoillustratetheauthor’spointofview.

3．Whatdoesthetermmean;(1)“directional”;and(2)“natural”?

【答案】

1．Backtranslationrequiresanindependenttranslatortorenderthe

completedtranslationbacktothesourcelanguageandthencomparethetwo

versionsinsourcelanguage,soastofindouthowmuchthetwoversionare

correspondedwitheachother,indictionorinsense,soitcanbeatestof

equivalence.

2．Theauthorbelievesnaturalequivalencecomesfromdirectionalityandall

equivalenceisinsomewaydirectional.Forexample,theEnglishword

“slow”,ifindirectionalequivalence,iscorrespondedwith“l(fā)entement”in

French.Bothofthewordsareadverbsanddepictthesimilarstate.However,

asaroadsign,“Slow”means“Driveslowandcarefully”andinFrenchroad

sign,“l(fā)entement”israrelyused.Instead,theFrenchword“Ralentir”isused,

whichisaverbforthesimilarmeaning.Soinbilingualortranslatedroad

signs,“Slow”wouldbecorrespondedwith“Ralentir”.Andinthisway,the

sightof“Slow”inroadsignswillbenaturallyequivalentwith“Ralentir”in

Frenchandthispairwillhabituallybecomenaturalequivalence.

3．(1)Ithink“directional”meansconditionalcorrespondenceintranslation

whenawordorsituationhasseveralexplanationsandthetranslatorhasto

choosebetweenthe“several”tocorrespondwiththe“one”,sothiskindof

equivalenceisone-wayandcan’tbetranslatedback.

(2)While“natural”meansconventionalcorrespondencewhenthe

equivalencebetweentwowordsorsituationshavebecomeaconventionand

routineandthemeaningofthiswordorsituationcanbeintuitivelylinkedto

theother.Itisakindoftwo-waymovementandthiskindofequivalenceis

donelongpriortotheinterventionofatranslator.However,theoccurrenceof

natur