2021-2022學(xué)年高二英語上學(xué)期期末試題專項(xiàng)練06-閱讀理解之說明文（解析版）

2021-2022學(xué)年高二英語上學(xué)期期末試題專項(xiàng)練

專題06-閱讀理解之說明文

Passagel（2021?河北?石家莊一中高二期末）

RoboticistsattheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegohavedevelopedanaffordable,easytousesystemtotrack

thelocationofflexiblesurgicalrobotsinsidethehumanbody.Thesystemperformsaswellascurrentstateofthe

artmethods,butthewholesystem,includingtherobot,magnetsandmagnetlocalizationsetup,costsaround$100.

Manycurrentmethodsalsorequireexposuretoradiation,whilethissystemdoesnot.

ThesystemwasdevelopedbyTaniaMorimoto,aprofessorofmechanicalengineeringattheJacobsSchool

ofEngineeringatUCSanDiego,andmechanicalengineeringPh.D.studentConnorWatson.

"Continuummedicalrobotsworkreallywellinhighlyconstrained（受限的）environmentsinsidethebody,^^

Morimotosaid."Butitbecomesalothardertotracktheirlocationandtheirshapeinsidethebody.,,The

researchersusedexistingmagnetlocalizationmethods,whichworkverymuchlikeGPS,todevelopacomputer

modelthatpredictstherobot'slocation.

GPSsatellitesping（發(fā)送）smartphonesandbasedonhowlongittakesforthesignaltoarrive,theGPS

receiverinthesmartphonecandeterminewherethecellphoneis.Similarly,researchersknowhowstrongthe

magneticfieldshouldbearoundthemagnetplacedintherobot.Theyrelyonfoursensorsthatarecarefully

spacedaroundtheareawheretherobotoperatestomeasurethemagneticfieldstrength.Basedonhowstrongthe

fieldis,theyareabletodeterminewherethetipoftherobotis.

MorimotoandWatsonwentastepfurther.Theythentrainedaneuralnetworktolearnthedifferencebetween

whatthesensorswerereadingandwhatthemodelsaidthesensorsshouldbereading.Asaresult,theyimproved

localizationaccuracytotrackthetipoftherobot."Ideallywearehopingthatourlocalizationtoolscanhelp

improvethesekindsofgrowingrobottechnologies.Wedowanttopushthisresearchforwardsothatwecantest

oursysteminaclinicalsettingandeventuallytranslateitintoclinicaluse,“Morimotosaid.

1.Whatbelearntaboutthesystemaccordingtothetext?

A.It9scomplex.B.Ifslow-cost.

C.Ifsdelicate.D.It9sradioactive.

2.WhatisParagraph4mainlyabout?

A.Thesystem'sworkingprinciple.

B.ThefunctionofGPSsatellites.

C.Thereasonforinventingthesystem,

D.Thenecessityofinventingthesystem.

3.WhatdoMorimotoandWatsonexpectofthesystem?

A.It'llbeenvironmentally-friendly.B.It'llbesoldontheInternetsoon.

C.rilbeeasyforustooperate.D.It'llbetestedwithrealpatients.

4.Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?

A.Adiary.B.Aguidebook.

C.Amagazine.D.Anovel.

【答案】1.B2,A3.D4.C

【分析】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了一種微型機(jī)器人，可以負(fù)載藥物在人體內(nèi)進(jìn)行治療，并對其原理

工作的實(shí)施操作進(jìn)行了說明。

1.【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“RoboticistsattheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegohavedevelopedan

affordable,easytousesystemtotrackthelocationofflexiblesurgicalrobotsinsidethehumanbody.Thesystem

performsaswellascurrentstateoftheartmethods,butthewholesystem,includingtherobot,magnetsand

magnetlocalizationsetup,costsaround$100.（加州大學(xué)圣迭戈分校的機(jī)器人專家開發(fā)了一種價(jià)格低廉、易于

使用的系統(tǒng)，可以跟蹤柔性手術(shù)機(jī)器人在人體內(nèi)的位置。該系統(tǒng)的性能和目前最先進(jìn)的方法一樣好，但是

整個(gè)系統(tǒng)，包括機(jī)器人、磁鐵和磁鐵定位設(shè)置，大約花費(fèi)100美元。）”可知，這項(xiàng)機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)價(jià)格低廉，

故選B項(xiàng)。

2.【解析】段落大意題。根據(jù)第四段"GPSsatellitesping（發(fā)送）smartphonesandbasedonhowlongittakesfor

thesignaltoarrive,theGPSreceiverinthesmartphonecandeterminewherethecellphoneis.Similarly,

researchersknowhowstrongthemagneticfieldshouldbearoundthemagnetplacedintherobot.Theyrelyon

foursensorsthatarecarefullyspacedaroundtheareawheretherobotoperatestomeasurethemagneticfield

strength.Basedonhowstrongthefieldis,theyareabletodeterminewherethetipoftherobotis.（GPS衛(wèi)星可以

定位智能手機(jī)，根據(jù)信號到達(dá)的時(shí)間，智能手機(jī)上的GPS接收器可以確定手機(jī)的位置。同樣，研究人員知

道放置在機(jī)器人體內(nèi)的磁鐵周圍的磁場應(yīng)該有多強(qiáng)。他們依靠四個(gè)傳感器，這些傳感器小心地分布在機(jī)器

人操作的區(qū)域，以測量磁場強(qiáng)度。根據(jù)磁場的強(qiáng)度，他們可以確定機(jī)器人的尖端在哪里。戶可知，第四段

用GPS的原理引出該機(jī)器人的工作原理，并說明兩個(gè)原理是相同的，故選A項(xiàng)。

3.【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段"MorimotoandWatsonwentastepfurther.Theythentrainedaneural

networktolearnthedifferencebetweenwhatthesensorswerereadingandwhatthemodelsaidthesensorsshould

bereading.Asaresult,theyimprovedlocalizationaccuracytotrackthetipoftherobot.<4Ideallywearehoping

thatourlocalizationtoolscanhelpimprovethesekindsofgrowingrobottechnologies.Wedowanttopushthis

researchforwardsothatwecantestoursysteminaclinicalsettingandeventuallytranslateitintoclinicaluse,“

Morimotosaid.（森本和沃森更進(jìn)一步。然后，他們訓(xùn)練一個(gè)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以了解傳感器讀取的數(shù)據(jù)與模型認(rèn)

為傳感器應(yīng)該讀取的數(shù)據(jù)之間的區(qū)別。結(jié)果，他們提高了跟蹤機(jī)器人尖端的定位精度?！袄硐肭闆r下，我

們希望我們的定位工具能夠幫助改善這類不斷發(fā)展的機(jī)器人技術(shù)。我們確實(shí)想推進(jìn)這項(xiàng)研究，這樣我們就

可以在臨床環(huán)境中測試我們的系統(tǒng)，并最終將其轉(zhuǎn)化為臨床應(yīng)用。”森本說。）“可知，森本和沃森期望這個(gè)

研究可以運(yùn)用于臨床，故選D項(xiàng)。

4.【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“RoboticistsattheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegohavedevelopedan

affordable,easytousesystemtotrackthelocationofflexiblesurgicalrobotsinsidethehumanbody.（力口州大學(xué)圣

迭戈分校的機(jī)器人專家開發(fā)了一種價(jià)格低廉、易于使用的系統(tǒng)，可以跟蹤柔性手術(shù)機(jī)器人在人體內(nèi)的位置。）》

結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知本文主要向作者介紹了一種微型機(jī)器人，可以負(fù)載藥物在人體內(nèi)進(jìn)行治療，并對其原理

工作的實(shí)施操作進(jìn)行了說明。此類文章為科研文，一般會(huì)出現(xiàn)在雜志中，故選C項(xiàng)。

Passage2（2021?河北?正定中學(xué)高二期末）

InJune,2021,agroupofstudentsfromeighthighschoolsinWinnipeg,thecapitalofCanada'sManitoba

province,willbegintest-launching（試發(fā)射）asatellitethesizeofaRubik'scube.

Theone-kilogramWin-Cubesatellite,namedforitshomecityanditsshape,willbeputintoloworbit.Once

inspace,itcanperformforafewmonthsoruptoseveralyears,communicatinginformationthatcouldhelpfind

thesignsofearthquakes.

Thereare80similarsatelliteprojectsworldwide,butthisisthefirsthigh-schoolbasedprogramofitskindin

Canada.30Manitobahighschoolstudentsarehavingahandindesigningandbuildingthesatellite,incooperation

withaerospace（航空航天的）expertsand10studentsfromtheUniversityofManitoba,andwithsupportfrom

twootherorganizations.

TheWin-Cubeprojectisnotsomethingthatgoesonapieceofpaper;itisreal-worldengineering,allowing

highschoolstudentstohaveanopportunitytolearnmoreabouttheexcitingworldofengineeringthroughtheir

participationinthischallengingprogram.Itisalsotakenasawonderfulexampleoftheuniquepartnershipswithin

Manitoba.Designing,buildingandlaunchingasatellitewithhigh-schoolparticipationwillbringthisworld-class

educationalprojectintorealityandManitobaclosertospace

“TheseManitobahighschoolstudentsdeservecongratulationsfbrtheirenthusiasm,innovation（倉U新）,anda

stronglovefbrdiscovery,saidEducation,CitizenshipandYouthMinisterPeterBjomson."Wewanttomake

sciencemorerelevant,interestingandattractivetohighschoolstudentsbyshowingthemhowclassroomstudies

canrelatetopracticalexperienceintheworkplaceor,inthiscase,inspace,“Bjomsonadded.

TheWin-Cubeprogramismainlyaimedatinspiringastrongdesirefbrdiscoveryonthepartofthestudents.

ItalsoshowsManitoba'sdevotiontoresearchandinnovationandthedevelopmentofaskilledworkforce——all

importantdriversofknowledge-basedeconomicgrowth.

5.WhatcanwelearnfromMr.Bjomson?.

A.ThoseManitobahighschoolstudentsareworthpraising.

B,Thestudyofspacecanbepracticallymadeinclassrooms.

C.Manitobahighschoolsarefamousfbrthestudyofspace.

D.Scientificresearchistoofarawayfromhighschoolstudents.

6.Whatistheprimarypurposeoftheproject?.

A.Tofindtheearlysignsofearthquakes.

B.Torelatestudiestopractical.

C.Tohelphighschoolstudentsstudyreal-worldengineering.

D.lbinspireastrongdesirefbrdiscoveryamongthestudents.

7.Accordingtothepassage,whatcanweknowabouttheWin-Cubesatellite?.

A.ItisnamedafterManitobaanditsshape.

B.Itisintendedfbrinternationalcommunication.

C.ItisdesignedlikeaRubik'scubebothinshapeandsize.

D.Itischallengedbyuniversitystudentsaroundtheworld.

8.Whatmaybethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.ManitobaSchoolB.Win-CubeProgram

C.SpaceCo-operationD.SatelliteLaunching

【答案】5.A6.D7.C8.B

【分析】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了一個(gè)主要目的是激發(fā)學(xué)生探索的強(qiáng)烈欲望的“贏立方”項(xiàng)目。

5.【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段第―句“TheseManitobahighschoolstudentsdeservecongratulationsfor

theirenthusiasm,innovation（創(chuàng)新）,andastronglovefordiscovery（這些馬尼托巴省高中生的熱情、創(chuàng)新和對

發(fā)現(xiàn)的強(qiáng)烈熱愛值得祝賀）“可知，據(jù)比約姆森先生所說，這些馬尼托巴省的高中生值得表揚(yáng)。故選A。

6.【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句"TheWin?Cubeprogramismainlyaimedatinspiringastrong

desirefordiscoveryonthepartofthestudents.，'贏立方”項(xiàng)目的主要目的是激發(fā)學(xué)生探索的強(qiáng)烈欲望?？芍?/p>

這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的主要目的是激發(fā)學(xué)生對發(fā)現(xiàn)的強(qiáng)烈渴望。故選D。

7.【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“willbegintest-launching（試發(fā)射）asatellitethesizeofaRub汰's

cube”（將開始試射一顆魔方大小的衛(wèi)星）和第二段第一句"Theone-kilogramWin-Cubesatellite,namedforits

homecityanditsshape（一公斤重的“贏立方”衛(wèi)星，因其故鄉(xiāng)和形狀而得名）“可知，Win-Cube衛(wèi)星在形狀和

大小上都設(shè)計(jì)得像魔方。故選C。

8.【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“InJune,2021,agroupofstudentsfromeighthighschoolsinWinnipeg,the

capitalofCanada'sManitobaprovince,willbegintest-launching（試發(fā)射）asatellitethesizeofaRubik's

cube”（2021年6月，加拿大馬尼托巴省首府溫尼伯市的8所高中的一群學(xué)生將開始測試發(fā)射一顆魔方大小

的衛(wèi)星。）可知，第一段開始引入“贏立方”衛(wèi)星，根據(jù)第二段第一句"Theone-kilogramWin-Cubesatellile,

namedforitshomecityanditsshape,willbeputintoloworbit.”（一公斤重的“贏立方”衛(wèi)星將被送入低軌道。

Win-Cube衛(wèi)星以其所在城市及其形狀命名。）可知，第二段開始介紹“贏立方”衛(wèi)星，根據(jù)最后一段第一

句“TheWin-Cubeprogramismainlyaimedatinspiringastrongdesirefordiscoveryonthepartofthe

students.”（“贏立方”項(xiàng)目的主要目的是激發(fā)學(xué)生探索的強(qiáng)烈欲望。）可知，從第二段到最后一段都是對“贏

立方”項(xiàng)目的介紹。所以選項(xiàng)B是最好的標(biāo)題。故選B。

Passage3（2021?天津一中高二期末）

Lastmonth,amodernizedFisheriesActbecamelawinordertosetthestageforrebuildingthe

abundance（豐富的）offishinCanada'soceans.Forthefirsttimesinceitsstartin1868,rebuildingplansarenow

requiredforreducedfishpopulations.TheactalsoendstheimportandexportofsharkfinsinCanada.

Aroundtheworld,ithasbeenalegalrequirementtorebuildfishpopulationsandpreventthemfrom

becomingreduced.Besides,therearethesocial,culturalandeconomicbenefitsthatcomealongwithit.Thanksto

authoritieswhoputstressonrebuildingfishpopulations,theactnowlaysastrongfoundationforsupporting

healthyoceansforgenerationstocome.

TheactbansimportingandexportingsharkfinsinCanada.Finsfromasmanyas73millionsharksendupin

theglobalsharkfintradeeveryyear,includingmanyendangeredspecies.Canadahasbeenthelargestimporterof

sharkfinsoutsideofAsia.ThisactisahugevictoryforsharksandforthemanyCanadians,advocacy（支持）

groupsandpoliticianswhojoinedtogethertofightforthebanonthiscruelpractice.

Billionsofpeopleworldwidedependonouroceansfortheirfoodandlivelihood.Byrebuildingitsfisheries,

Canadaishelpingleadthewaytowardhealthierandmoresustainableoceans.Infact,inCanada,only34%offish

populationsarehealthywhilemorethan13%aredangerouslyreduced.Thenewactshouldchangethis,requiring

thatrebuildingplansbecreatedforallfishpopulationsinthecriticalzone.Theactalsocontainsmodernfisheries

managementpractices,suchasecosystem-basedapproachesandhabitatprotectionmeasures.Rebuildingfish

populationscanalsoincreaseincomesandjobsincoastalcommunities.

OceanaCanadaworkedcloselywithFisheriesandOceansCanada,FirstNations,advocacygroups,fishers

andotherstobringthechangestotheacttosuccessandwillcontinuetoadvocatefisheriesrebuildinginCanada.

9.Whatcanwelearnabouttheaimofthenewact?

A.ToincreaseCanada'sfishpopulations.

B.TomakerulesforfishtradeinCanada.

C.Tocleanoceansforthesurvivaloffish.

D.Tosetaprotectedareaforsharkspecies.

10.What'stheauthor'sattitudetowardspassingthenewact?

A.Indifferent.B.Unclear.C.Positive.D.Opposed.

11.Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“thiscruelpractice^^inParagraph3referto?

A.Thebanonglobaltrade.

B.Theglobalsharkfintrade.

C.Importingandexportinggoods.

D.Pollutinghabitatsofendangeredspecies.

12.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

A.Carryingoutthenewactisanimpossibletask.

B.Oceanprotectionneedsajointeffortacrosstheworld.

C.Canadaisdeterminedtotaketheleadinglobalfishingmarket.

D.AnumberofpartiestakepartinrebuildingCanada'sfisheries.

【答案】9.A10.C11.B12.D

【分析】本文是一篇說明文。主要講述一項(xiàng)現(xiàn)代化的漁業(yè)法案成為法律，以及該項(xiàng)法案的主要內(nèi)容和重大

意義。

9.【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Lastmonth,amodernizedFisheriesActbecamelawinordertosetthe

stageforrebuildingtheabundance（豐富的）offishinCanada'soceans.”上個(gè)月，一項(xiàng)現(xiàn)代化的漁業(yè)法案成為

法律，為恢復(fù)加拿大海洋的魚類數(shù)量奠定了基礎(chǔ)。由此可知，新法案就是為了增加加拿大魚類種群的，故

選Ao

10.【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Aroundtheworld,ithasbeenalegalrequirementtorebuildfish

populationsa...theactnowlaysastrongfoundationforsupportinghealthyoceansforgenerationstocome.“在世

界各地，恢復(fù)魚類數(shù)量并防止它們減少已成為一項(xiàng)法律要求。此外，隨之而來的還有社會(huì)、文化和經(jīng)濟(jì)利

益。多虧了政府對魚類種群重建的重視，該法案現(xiàn)在為支持后代健康的海洋奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。因?yàn)橥ㄟ^

該項(xiàng)法律有很多好處，所以作者應(yīng)該是支持新的法案，故選C。

11.［解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)上文“TheactbansimportingandexportingsharkfinsinCanada.Finsfromasmany

as73millionsharksendupintheglobalsharkfintradeeveryyear,includingmanyendangeredspecies.該法案

禁止加拿大進(jìn)口和出口魚翅。每年有多達(dá)7300萬條鯊魚的魚翅被用于全球魚翅交易，其中包括許多瀕危

物種。ThisactisahugevictoryforsharksandforthemanyCanadians對于鯊魚和許多加拿大人、倡導(dǎo)團(tuán)體和

政客來說，這是一個(gè)巨大的勝利，由此可知“thiscruelpractice”是指代上文的鯊魚的魚翅交易活動(dòng)，故選B。

12.【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“OceanaCanadaworkedcloselywithFisheriesandOceansCanada,First

Nations,advocacygroups,fishersandotherstobringthechangestotheacttosuccessandwillcontinueto

advocatefisheriesrebuildinginCanada.,,加拿大Oceana與加拿大漁業(yè)和海洋、第一民族、倡導(dǎo)團(tuán)體、漁民

和其他人密切合作，使該法案取得成功，并將繼續(xù)倡導(dǎo)加拿大的漁業(yè)重建。由此可推斷，許多團(tuán)體伙伴一

起合作參與魚類重建計(jì)劃，故選D。

Passage4（2021?湖北?荊州中學(xué)高二期末）

PosingforapictureandflashingtheVsignmayexposeyourfingerprints,givingcriminalsan

opportunitytostealyourimportantinformation.

ResearcherswiththeNationalInstituteofInformaticsinJapansuccessfullygotfingerprintinformationfrom

apictureduringanexperiment,eventhoughthesubjectwasphotographedfromthreemetersaway,accordingto

thenewspaper.

“Onceyousharethemonsocialmediathenthey5regone.Unlikeapasswordyoucan'tchangeyourfingers.,,

Biometric（生物統(tǒng)計(jì)的）securityisreachingthemainstreamwithmorethan50percentofmobilephones

settoincludefingerprintrecognitionforthefirsttimein2017.Thetechnologyisalsousedinimmigrationcontrol

andforaccesstohigh-securitycontrolledareas.

Photosthatincludebothpeople'sfacesandfingersrunahigherriskofrevealingpersonalinformation,and

theriskforcelebritiesisevenhigher.

Chineseexpertsinfingerprintidentificationconfirmedthepossibility,"Technically,wecanuse

high-definitionvideocamerastoobtainpeople'sfingerprints,'*saidDr.YinDesenoftheFirstInstituteofthe

MinistryofPublicSecurity.Healsosaidthatpeople'sexternalfeaturesareeasilyrecorded.However,comparedto

video,itismoredifficulttoobtainfingerprintsthroughjustonephoto.

Accordingtoexperts,criminalsareabletousecounterfeitfingerprintstocommitcrimes,suchasstealing

fingerprintpasswordsandsigningagreements.Yinwarnedthatpeopleshouldpaymoreattentionwhentheyleave

fingerprintsorusethemaspasswords.

13.Whatisthedifferencebetweenpasswordsandfingerprints?

A.Passwordscanbechanged.

B.Itissimpletorecognizefingerprints.

C.Fingerprintshaveahighersecuritylevel.

D.Passwordsdependonusers'experience.

14.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnotmentionedastheuseofbiometricsecurity?

A.Fingerprintrecognition.

B.Immigrationcontrol.

C.Vehicleidentification.

D.High-securitycontrolledarea.

15.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“counterfeit“probablymeaninthelastparagraph?

A.Reliable.B.False.

C.Genuine.D.Unique.

16.Whatcanweinferfromthetext?

A.Peopleshouldusepasswords.

B.Allthephotosrunahighriskofexposingpersonalinformation.

C.Passwordscanbemoreeasilystolenthanfingerprints.

D.It'seasiertogiveawayinformationoffingerprintsthroughvideo.

【答案】13.A14.C15.B16.D

【分析】本文是說明文。文章講述了在當(dāng)代社會(huì)，人們的指紋信息很容易泄露，應(yīng)多加注意。

13.【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。通過文章第三段“Unlikeapasswordyoucarftchangeyourfingers.（與密碼不同，

您不能更改手指指紋。）“可知密碼和指紋的區(qū)別在于密碼可以更改，而指紋不能。故選A項(xiàng)。

14.【解析】推理判斷題。通過文章第四段“Biometricsecurityisreachingthemainstreamwithmorethan50

percentofmobilephonessettoincludefingerprintrecognitionforthefirsttimein2017.Thetechnologyisalso

usedinimmigrationcontrolandforaccesstohigh-securitycontrolledareas.（生物統(tǒng)計(jì)安全正在成為主流，超

過50%的手機(jī)將在2017年首次實(shí)現(xiàn)指紋識別。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)還用于移民管制和進(jìn)入高度安全管制地區(qū)。）”可

知該項(xiàng)技術(shù)將用于指紋識別，移民管制以及高度安全控制區(qū)，沒有提及用于車輛識別。故選C項(xiàng)。

15.【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞后文“tocommitcrimes,suchasstealingfingerprintpasswordsandsigning

agreements.”可知犯罪分子通過偽造的指紋進(jìn)行犯罪，比如盜取指紋密碼和簽署協(xié)議。所以“counterfeit”的

詞義是偽造的。故選B項(xiàng)。

16.［解析】推理判斷題。通過文章第六段“However,comparedtovideo,itismoredifficulttoobtainfingerprints

throughjustonephoto.（然而，與視頻相比，僅僅通過一張照片就很難獲得指紋。）“可以推知，通過視頻傳

遞指紋信息更容易。故選D項(xiàng)。

Passage5（2021?甘肅?永登一中高二）

Globalwarmingdoesmorethanjustkillplantspecies—italsochangesthewayplantsgrow.

ResearchersatMartinLutherUniversityHalle——Wittenberg（MLU）joinedforceswiththeLeibnizInstitutefor

PlantBiochemistry（IPB）todiscoverthemolecular（分子）processofplantgrowth.InCurrentBiology,ascientific

journal,theypresentedtheirfindingsonhigh-temperatureplantgrowth.Thiscouldleadtodevelopingplantsthat

cansurviveglobalwarming.

Plantsreacttoevensmalltemperaturechanges,buttheyareunabletomovetonewlocations."When

temperaturesrise,plantsgrowtaller...tocoolthemselvesoff.Theirstemsbecometaller,andtheirleavesbecome

narrowerandgrowfartherapart.Yet,thismakestheplantmoreunstableoverall,,,explainsProfessorMarcelQuint,

anagriculturalscientistatMLU.Unstableplantsbendfasterintherainandproducelessfoodthat'salsoless

nutritious.

There'sstilllotstoleamaboutplantreactionstotemperatures.4tWearejuststartingtounderstandhowplants

feelthechangesintemperature…,“Quintsays.Earlierstudieshaveshownthattheprotein（蛋白質(zhì)）PIF4directly

controlsplantgrowthandisalsodependentontemperature.Whenit'scold,PIF4islessactive,meaningtheplant

doesn'tgrow.Athighertemperatures,PIF4activatesgrowth-promotinggenes,andtheplantgrowstaller.Thisis

newinformation,saysQuint.

Tounderstandit,theystudiedthegrowthofthalecress(擬南芥)seedlings.Normally,itsseedlingsform

shortstemsat20℃.Thesestemsbecomemuchlongerat28℃.Theydiscoveredahormone(荷爾蒙)that

activatesthePIF4athightemperatures,thusproducingtheprotein.

Thefindingsmayhelptodevelopplantsthatremainstableevenathightemperaturesandproducemany

crops.

17.WhydidtheresearchersatMLUandIPBconducttheirresearch?

A.Tostudythenegativeeffectsofglobalwarming.

B,Tofindouthowplantshelpreduceglobalwarming.

C.Toobservehowglobalwarmingaffectsplantgrowth.

D.Tounderstandthewaysthatplantscauseglobalwarming.

18.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph2?

A.Lowtemperatureshavelittleimpactonplants.

B.Plantspreferdryweathertorainyweather.

C.Plantsareverysensitivetochangeinsoil.

D.Hightemperaturesreducecropproduction.

19.WhatdoweknowaboutPIF4?

A.Itmainlyexistsinthalecressseedlings.

B.Itworksdifferentlyatdifferenttemperatures.

C.Itisakindofgenethatcontrolsplantgrowth.

D.Itisaplanthormonethatworksathightemperatures.

20.Whowillprobablybenefitmostfromthefindings?

A.Farmers.B.Teachers.

C.Researchers.D.Environmentalists.

【答案】17.C18.D19.B20.A

【分析】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要講述全球變暖不僅僅殺死了植物物種，它還改變了植物的生長方式，

有的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，全球變暖導(dǎo)致農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量減少，且營養(yǎng)含量降低。因此研究人員研究植物的生長過程，并

發(fā)現(xiàn)在更高的溫度下，PIF4激活促進(jìn)生長的基因，植物就會(huì)長高.這一發(fā)現(xiàn)可能有助于培育即使在高溫下

也能保持穩(wěn)定的植物，并生產(chǎn)出許多農(nóng)作物。

17.［解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“ResearchersatMartinLutherUniversityHalle一Wittenberg(MLU)

joinedforceswiththeLeibnizInstituteforPlantBiochemistry(IPB)todiscoverthemolecular(分子)processof

plantgrowth.InCurrentBiology,ascientificjournal,theypresentedtheirfindingsonhigh-temperatureplant

growth.Thiscouldleadtodevelopingplantsthatcansurviveglobalwarming.”哈雷?維滕貝格馬丁路德大學(xué)

(MLU)的研究人員與萊布尼茨植物生物化學(xué)研究所(IPB)合作，發(fā)現(xiàn)了植物生長的分子過程。在科學(xué)雜志《當(dāng)

代生物學(xué)》上，他們展示了他們關(guān)于高溫植物生長的發(fā)現(xiàn)。這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致培育出能夠在全球變暖中生存的

植物。由此可知，他們做此研究就是為了觀察全球變暖怎樣影響植物生長的，故選C。

18.【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Plantsreacttoevensmalltemperaturechanges,buttheyareunableto

movetonewlocations."Whentemperaturesrise,plantsgrowtaller...tocoolthemselvesoff.Theirstemsbecome

taller,andtheirleavesbecomenarrowerandgrowfartherapart.Yet,thismakestheplantmoreunstableoverall,

explainsProfessorMarcelQuint,anagriculturalscientistatMLU.Unstableplantsbendfasterintherainand

producelessfoodthafsalsolessnutritious.^^植物即使對很小的溫度變化也有反應(yīng)，但是它們不能遷移到新的

地方?！皽囟壬邥r(shí)，植物會(huì)長得更高……它們的莖變得更高，葉子變得更窄，離得更遠(yuǎn)。然而，這使得

植物整體上更加不穩(wěn)定，”MLU的農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)家馬塞爾?昆特教授解釋說。不穩(wěn)定的植物在雨水中彎曲得更快，

產(chǎn)出的食物也更少，營養(yǎng)也更少。由此可知溫度升高會(huì)影響植物的產(chǎn)量，故選D。

19.【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Earlierstudieshaveshownthattheprotein(蛋白質(zhì))PIF4directly

controlsplantgrowthandisalsodependentontemperature.Whenit'scold,PIF4islessactive,meaningtheplant

doesn'tgrow.Athighertemperatures,PIF4activatesgrowth-promotinggenes,andtheplantgrowstaller.Thisis

newinformation,saysQuint:,早期研究表明，PIF4蛋白直接控制植物生長，也依賴于溫度。當(dāng)天氣寒冷時(shí)，

PIF4就不那么活躍，這意味著植物無法生長。在較高的溫度下，PIF4激活生長促進(jìn)基因，植物長高。Quint

說，這是新的信息。由此可推斷，PIF4在不同溫度下所起的作用是不同的，故選B。

20.【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Thefindingsmayhelptodevelopplantsthatremainstableevenat

hightemperaturesandproducemanycrops.^^這些發(fā)型可能有助于培育出即使在高溫下也能保持穩(wěn)定的植物,

并生產(chǎn)出多種作物。由此可推斷，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)對農(nóng)民是有益處的，故選A。

Passage6(2021?江西?南昌縣蓮塘第一中學(xué)高二期末)

Ifyoufeellikeyoucan'tevenconsiderconsumingacandybarwithoutcheckingitscaloriccontent,

you'reright.Thesamethinggoesforjustabouteverypieceofpackagedfoodyouseeinstores,pluseverybottled

orcannedbeverage:ANutritionFactslabelshowsdetailedinformationontheamountsoffat,sugar,sodiumand

morefoundinside.Butwhileyourfavoritesodasandsandwichfixingshavethistypeofin-your-facetransparency,

youmayhavenoticedthatalcoholisnotthecase.Why?

Theanswerliesinthepowersbehindthat.WhiletheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)regulatesthe

safetyoffood,includingnon-alcoholicbeverages,itdoesn'tgovernthealcoholindustry.Itisbecauseofthe

AlcoholandTobaccoTaxandTradeBureau(TTB),anagencythatdoesn'trequirelabeling.Thereasonsbehind

differentlabelingrequirementsoftheFDAandTTBgobacktoProhibition.

Whilebeer,wineandspiritscompaniesaren'tlegallyrequiredtoprintthenutritionalinformationontheir

products,consumeradvocateshavebeencallingfortheTTBtochangethat.Andithas,sortof.In2013,theTTB

madenutritionlabelsoptionalforalcohol.Butsomehealthexpertsdon'tfeelthemovewasbraveenough.

SaraBleich,apublichealthresearcher,said,“Manyadultstakeinalotofcaloriesfromalcohol,andthey

havenoidea."HerworkrevealedthattheaverageAmericanregularlyconsumes400caloriesadayfromalcohol

alone.Thepublicshouldbegiventhepowertomakeinformeddecisionsabouttheirhealth.

Atpresent,substancesthatpeoplemightbesensitivetohavetobelabeled,butotheringredientsdonot.

Winesthatcontain14percentalcoholormorehavetodisplayalcoholcontent,whilewinesfrom7to14percent

don'thavetolistalcoholcontent.Whataboutwineswithlessthan7percentalcohol?Thosearen'tregulatedbythe

TTBatall—thoseareunderthecontroloftheFDAandsothey'rerequiredtodisplayNutritionFactslabels.

Changeisgoingonthough,atleastthebeerindustryhasagreedtovoluntarilydisplaynutritionfactsnext

year.Cheers!

21.WhatdoesParagraph2mainlytalkabout?

A.Thereasonwhyalcoholisfreeoflabeling.

B.ThedifferentresponsibilitiesoftheFDAandTTB.

C.TheinfluenceofProhibitiononthefoodindustry.

D.ThehistoricalbackgroundoftheTTB'sestablishment.

22.WhatdidtheTTBencouragethealcoholindustrytodoinresponsetoconsumeradvocates?

A.Makealcoholproductsmoreaffordable.

B.Labelalcoholproductswithnutritionfacts.

C.Addmorenutritionalelementstoalcoholproducts.

D.Giveconsumersavarietyofoptionsfbralcoholproducts.

23.WhatwasSaraBleich'sattitudetowardsalcohollabeling?

A.Approving.B.Doubtful.C.Concerned.D.Ambiguous.

24.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthecurrentlabelingrules?

A.Theyareoutdated.B.Theyareunnecessary.

C.Theymightmakepeoplesensitive.D.Theyareabitmessyandcomplicated.

【答案】21.A22.B23.A24.D

【分析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要就為什么酒精沒有標(biāo)簽這一現(xiàn)象展開了說明，解釋了這背后的原因以

及現(xiàn)行的酒精標(biāo)簽所存在的一些問題。

21.【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Theanswerliesinthepowersbehindthat.WhileiheFoodandDrug

Administration（FDA）regulatesthesafetyoffood,includingnon-alcoholicbeverages,itdoesn'tgovernthe

alcoholindustry.ItisbecauseoftheAlcoholandTobaccoTaxandTradeBureau（TTB）,anagencythatdoesn't

requirelabeling.Thereasonsbehinddiffere