虛擬語(yǔ)氣的全面講解

虛擬語(yǔ)氣虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示說(shuō)話人的愿望、假設(shè)、猜測(cè)或建議，而不表示客觀存在的事實(shí)。虛擬語(yǔ)氣通過(guò)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來(lái)表示，下面對(duì)虛擬語(yǔ)氣在各種句式中的用法分別介紹。句式復(fù)合句狀語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句名詞性從句主語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句SubjunctiveMood條件狀語(yǔ)從句其他狀語(yǔ)從句If條件句含蓄條件句簡(jiǎn)單句一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在簡(jiǎn)單句中的應(yīng)用

用“may十動(dòng)詞原形〞表示“祝愿〞、“但愿〞．may須置于句首，例如：Mayyoubehappy!

Mayyousucceed!

Mayyouhaveagoodtime!

其他表示愿望、祝愿或詛咒;命令。

Godblessyou.Heavenforbid!work!Bemorecareful！Yougoout!

名詞性從句

主語(yǔ)從句條件狀語(yǔ)從句含蓄條件句二、復(fù)合句定語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句其他狀語(yǔ)從句If條件句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)時(shí)，條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“過(guò)去式〔be的過(guò)去式用were〕〞，而主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“would〔should,could,might〕+動(dòng)詞原形。〞ExampleIfIhadtime,Iwouldcertainlygotothemovies.IfIwereyou,IshouldstudyEnglish.

Ifhehadtime,hewouldattendthemeeting.練習(xí)題例：1)

Ifmyfather__________herenow,he_________tellmewhattodo.

A.

were,wouldBwere,willCis,wouldDis,will2)

IfI________abee,I__________workmuchharder.Awere,wouldBwere,shallChad,willDhave,should3)

IfI_______muchmoney,I_________buyahouse.Ahave,willBhad,shouldChad,willDhave,should4)

He__________learnmorequicklyifhe_________harder.Awill,workBwould,workedCwould,workDwill,worked5)

IfI__________you,I_________dothat.Awas,wouldn'tBwere,wouldn'tCam,won’tDwere,won’tAABBB表示與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)時(shí)，條件狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“had+過(guò)去分詞〞，主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“would〔should,could,might〕+have+過(guò)去分詞〞。Eg:Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldn’thavefailedintheexamination.Ifshehadworkedharder,shewouldhavesucceeded.Thericewouldnothavebeenburntifyouhadbeenmorecareful.練習(xí)1)

Ifyou___thedoctor’sadvice,youwouldhaverecognizedalready.A.followedBwouldfollowCfollowDhadfollowed2)

Ifmylawyer____herelastSaturday,he___mefromgoing.Ahadbeen,wouldhavepreventedBhadbeen,wouldpreventCwere,wouldpreventDwere,wouldhaveprevented3)

I___ifshe____me.Awouldhaveoverslept,didn'tcallBwouldhaveoverslept,hadn’tcalledCoverslept,hadn'tcalledDwouldoverslept,didn'tcall4)

----Ifhe___,he___thatfood.----Luckilyhewassenttothehospitalimmediately.Awaswarned,wouldnottakeBhadbeenwarned,wouldnothavetakenCwouldbewarned,hadnottakenDwouldhavebeenwarned,hadnottaken5)

She_____tothepartyifshe_____invited.Awouldhavegone,hadbeenBwouldgo,wasCwouldhavegone,wasDhasgoneDABBA表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)時(shí)，條件從句和主句所用的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞懷“表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)〞的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞相同，或者條件從句中用“wereto/should+動(dòng)詞原形〞or過(guò)去式。Ifyoucametomorrow,wewouldhavethemeeting.

Ifitweretoraintomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff.Ifheshoulddoit,hewoulduseanotherway.1)

It’squiteimpossiblethatitwillraintomorrow.Butifit____,Iwouldstillgotothepark.AshouldrainBwouldrainCrainDhadrained2)

Idon’tthinkthatIshallfail.ButifI____,Iwouldtryagain.AshouldfailBwouldfailCfailedDhadfailed3)

_____Tomorrow,whatshouldwedo?AIfitrainsB.ShoulditrainC.woulditrainD.WereitrainingIII.

在不同時(shí)間下，虛擬語(yǔ)氣的三種形式，公式。I.與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反WeremightIf+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去式動(dòng)詞would過(guò)去式助動(dòng)詞，主語(yǔ)+could+VShouldII.與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反mightwould+have+過(guò)去分詞If+主語(yǔ)+had+過(guò)去分詞,主語(yǔ)+could

ShouldIII.與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反Weremightif+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去式助動(dòng)詞shouldwereto+v主語(yǔ)+would+VShould+v.Could

注：１〕虛擬語(yǔ)氣中助動(dòng)詞be一律用were，不用was。２〕在與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，“if＋主語(yǔ)＋should+Ｖ+…＋表示可能的假設(shè)當(dāng)條件狀語(yǔ)從句行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間來(lái)調(diào)整。

Ifyouhadworkedhard,youwouldbeverytired.Iftheyhadlefthomeinearlymorning,theywouldarriveinhalfanhour.IfIwereyou,Iwouldn‘thavemissedthefilmlastnight.Ifyouhadspokentohimlasttimeyousawhim,youwouldknowwhattodonow.(過(guò)去---現(xiàn)在.)(過(guò)去—將來(lái))(現(xiàn)在----過(guò)去)(過(guò)去---現(xiàn)在)以上句型可以轉(zhuǎn)換成以下形式:省略if,用“were,had,should+主語(yǔ)〞.例如:WereIinschoolagain,Iwouldworkharder.

Hadyoubeenhereearlier,youwouldhaveseenhim.

Shouldtherebeameetingtomorrow,Iwouldcome.

但在虛擬條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動(dòng)詞的縮略形式,如我們可以說(shuō):

Wereitnotfortheexpense,IwouldgotoItaly.

但不能說(shuō)

Weren'titfortheexpense,IwouldgotoItaly.含蓄條件句是指句中沒(méi)有明顯的虛擬條件句，而是利用其他手段來(lái)暗示存在虛擬條件。但是這類(lèi)隱含式虛擬條件句往往都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為if引導(dǎo)的條件句。常來(lái)表示含蓄虛擬條件的手段有:(二)、含蓄虛擬條件句

一)用介詞短語(yǔ)代替條件狀語(yǔ)從句用without/butfor〔要不是、如果不是〕/butthat(假設(shè)非)/incaseof〔假設(shè)，如果發(fā)生〕/Intheabsenceof〔如果沒(méi)有〕/undermorefavorablecondition表示“要不是〞、“如果沒(méi)有〞等，表示條件虛擬

例句：Butfortheleadershipoftheparty,wecouldnotbelivingahappytoday.=Iftherehadn’tbeentheleadershipoftheparty,wecouldnotbelivingahappytoday.

1.Withoutair,nothingcouldlive.要是沒(méi)有空氣，什么也不能生存。

2.Butforyourhelp,Icouldn'thavedoneit.

3.Intheabsenceofwaterandair,nothingcouldlive.如果沒(méi)有水和空氣，什么也不

4.Butthatshewasafraid,shewouldhavesaidno.

Ifonly引導(dǎo)的是省略了表示結(jié)果的主句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)構(gòu)，現(xiàn)已成為慣用法，表達(dá)愿望一種不真實(shí)的條件，譯成“要是……就好了！〞

從句用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，對(duì)過(guò)去沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的或不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，從句就用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。

IfonlyIhadtakenhisadvice.我要是聽(tīng)他的話就好了．

IfonlyIwereabird．我如果是一只鳥(niǎo)就好了．IfonlyIcouldspeakseveralforeignlanguages.二)虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于ifonly引導(dǎo)的感慨句中三〕動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned/或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/hoped/wished/planned/+不定式的一般式表示虛擬。四〕情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式暗示虛擬語(yǔ)氣Musthavedone一定做了(用肯定句)Couldhavedone可能〔疑問(wèn)句〕本能夠做但沒(méi)做〔肯定句〕May/mighthavedone也許做了Should/oughttohavedone本應(yīng)該做了Shouldn't/oughtn’ttohavedone本不該做Needn’thavedone本不必做Couldhehavebeentoldthetime?有人告訴他時(shí)間了嗎？我本能夠幫你，但當(dāng)時(shí)很忙。IcouldhavehelpedyoubutIwasbusythen.

Ididn’tpasstheexam,(本不應(yīng)該玩如此多的)Ioughtnottohaveplayedsomuch.

Ididn’thearthephone,Imusthavebeensleeping..在主語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)構(gòu)用“should十動(dòng)詞原形〞的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等．句型：Itis/was+形容詞/過(guò)去分詞/名詞+that……+should+do一〕虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于主語(yǔ)從句．常用的形容詞*natural,appropriate(適當(dāng)?shù)?,advisable(適宜的),preferable(可取的),better(更好*necessary,important,imperative(急需的),urgent(急迫的),essential(本質(zhì)的),vital(必不可少的)*probable,possible*desirable(極好的)

常用的過(guò)去分詞:*required(需要的),demanded(要求),requested(被請(qǐng)求的),desired(要求)*suggested(建議),recommended(推薦)*ordered(命令)常用的名詞：apity、ashame，nowonder，etc例如

Itisnecessarythatweshouldcleantheroomeveryday.

Itwasapitythatyoushouldbesocareless．

Itwillbedesiredthatsheshouldfinishherhomeworkthisafternoon．

在上述三種主語(yǔ)從句中，should意為“應(yīng)該〞,“竟然〞，可以省去，但不可換用would.主句所用動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)不限．

注意：這種從句表示的是事實(shí)．如果說(shuō)話人對(duì)這種事實(shí)表現(xiàn)出驚奇的情感，就可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣．反之，如果不表示驚奇等情感．That從句也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣，例如：

Itisstrangethathedidnotcomeyesterday.

Itisapitythatyoucan’tswim．二)虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于賓語(yǔ)從句1.“wish〞在賓語(yǔ)從句中V-ed….表現(xiàn)在wish+主語(yǔ)〔賓語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)〕+had+v-ed表過(guò)去could/would/might+V.表將來(lái)“wish+賓語(yǔ)從句〞表示不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,漢語(yǔ)可譯為“可惜……〞.“……就好了〞,“悔不該……〞,“但愿……〞等.Iwishitwerespringalltheyearround.

Iwishyoucouldgowithus.

Wewishwehadarrivedtheretwohoursearlier.例：1.-----Doyouhaveatypewriter?-----No,butIwishI______.AhaveBhadCdoDhadhadb.

2IwishI_____mytimewhenIwasyoung.Adidn’twasteBshouldn'thavewasteChadn’twastedDwouldn'thavewasted

3.

Iwishwe_______withmybrotherwhenhefliestoEnglandnextweek.AcouldgoBhadgoneCwillgoDaregoingV-ed表現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)wouldrather+主語(yǔ)(從句中)+had+過(guò)去分詞表過(guò)去例

a.Iwouldratheryoucametomorrowthantoday.b

Iwouldratheryouhadn'tsaidthat.c.Iwouldpreferhedidn’tstaytheretoolong.2>would/hadratherwouldsooner/prefer+objectclause在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的用法表示希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備。注意：suggest表示“暗示〞時(shí)不需要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣；insist表示“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為〞時(shí)也不需要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣e.g.:Herpalefacesuggestthatsheisill.Heinsiststhathedidn’tstealmoney.3>作advice,order,demand,plan,propose,suggest,request,insist等表示“方案，要求，命令〞動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句,其后賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形〞.Eg:Theydemandedthattheaggressortroops(should)bewithdrawnimmediately.Heinsistedthatallofusshouldcleantheblackboardafterclass.HeorderedthatthestudentswashtheclothseveryweekbyThemselves.作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名詞的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形〞.例如:

Weallagreedtohissuggestionthatwe(should)gotoBeijingfor

sightseeing.

Myideaisthatwe(should)exercisefirst．三)虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句

如果從句表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，指現(xiàn)在狀況，那么用過(guò)去時(shí)，指將來(lái)那么用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)例如：Helooksasifhewereanartist.

HespeaksEnglishsofluentlyasifhehadstudiedEnglishinEngland．

Evenifhewerehere，hecouldnotsolvetheproblem．

四)虛擬語(yǔ)氣在asif(asthough)，evenif(eventhough)等引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用．Sheoftenlaughsspontaneously,andhergoodhumorbreaksoutasbrightlyasifitwereapartofthesunshineabove.她常常發(fā)出發(fā)自內(nèi)心的微笑，而且她那美好的情緒像天上一道明亮的陽(yáng)光一樣，常常流露出來(lái)。

Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.他們交談著，就好似他們是我年老的朋友一樣。

Shelooksasifshewouldcry.她看起來(lái)好似要哭了例如：

Sheputablanketoverthebabyforfearthatheshouldcatchcold.她在那個(gè)嬰兒身上蓋上了毯子以免他著涼。

Thebadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.Hekeptquietlesthe(should)disturbher.

IdidthissothatImighthaveacoupleofweekstopreparemypaper.

由連接詞incase,sothat,inorderthat,unless,lest,forfearthat引起的狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬形式，即should(might,would)+動(dòng)詞原形，注意：在以lest引導(dǎo)的從句，謂語(yǔ)用should+動(dòng)詞原形，should有時(shí)可省.假設(shè)前inorderthat/sothat的主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句也可用can/may+動(dòng)詞原形。AskhertohurryupwiththeletterssothatIcansignthem1>這種從句常用在Itis(high)time(that)…句型中，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式，或should十動(dòng)詞原形(should不能省略，be用were)來(lái)表示，意為“(現(xiàn)在)該……〞。abouttimeshould+VItis+time+that+主語(yǔ)＋V-ed/werehightime

(六)虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于定語(yǔ)從句例如：

Itis(high)timeweleft(shouldleave).

ltishightimeweweregoing.a.It’sabouttimethatyou______yourstore.AcloseBclosedChaveclosedDhadclosedb.

It’shightimethathe_______tothinkhowtodealwiththemoney.AwouldbeginBbeganCbeginDwillbegin1_B2__B1.

Iadvisedthatsister____atherdeskallday.

A.

mustn'treadBnotreadCdoesn't’treadDneedn’tread2.

ThesituationrequiredthatChina______itsdoortotheoutsideworld.AmustopenBshouldopenChavetoopenDhastoopen3.

I__youamorevaluablepresentforyourbirthday.Iwasshortofmoneyatthattime.AmusthavebroughtBwouldhaveboughtChadboughtDwouldbuy4.

----Doyouwanthimtolendyousomemoney?-----Iwishhe______.AhadBdidCwouldDshould

5.____hecome,theproblemwouldbesettled.AWouldBShouldC.ShallD.If6.

Itwasrequiredthateachstudent____enoughfoodonthetrip.

A.hadbetterbringBwouldbringCbroughtDbring7.You_______themeetingyesterday.Whyareyouabsent?AhadseenBmighthaveseenCweretoseeDwouldsee8.

Shedidn'tcomeyesterday,oryou______him.AhadseenBmighthaveseenCweretoseeDwouldsee9.

______you_____lastWednesday,youmightknowitwell.AWere,tocomeB.If,cameC.Had,comeD.Did,come10.

Iwasillthatday,otherwiseI______thesportsmeet.A.wouldhavetakenpartinBtookpartinChadtakenpartinDwouldtakepartin11.

Shecouldn’thaveansweredtheque