外刊經(jīng)貿(mào)知識選讀第1課

Lesson1China’sForeignTrade第1課中國的對外貿(mào)易ChinaintheMarketPlace市場經(jīng)濟(jì)中的中國（Excerpts）（摘錄）BarryCoulthurstexaminesthedevelopmentofChina’stradepolicyandthepresentstateoftheoverseaseconomiclinks巴里庫爾塞斯特對中國貿(mào)易政策的演變和當(dāng)前與海外經(jīng)濟(jì)往來狀況的研究ThepatternofChina’sforeigntradehaschangedsubstantiallysincethefoundingofthePeople’sRepublic.Duringthe1950sChinaexportedagriculturalproductstotheUSSR(UnionofSovietSocialistRepublics)andEastEuropeancountriesinreturnformanufacturedgoodsandthecapitalequipmentrequiredforthecountry’sindustrialisationprogrammewhichplacedemphasisonthedevelopmentofheavyindustry.TheGreatLeapForwardof1958-1959initiallyproducedgainsinagriculturalandindustrialproduction,butsubsequentlyresultedinseriouseconomicimbalances.Economicproblemswereexacerbatedbythreebadharvests(1959-1961)withtheresultthatnationalincomeandthevolumeofforeigntrade對外貿(mào)易額contractedduring1960-1962.自從中華人民共和國成立以來，中國對外貿(mào)易的模式發(fā)生了巨大的變化。20世紀(jì)50年代，中國向蘇聯(lián)和東歐國家出口農(nóng)產(chǎn)品換取制造品和資本設(shè)備，用于側(cè)重于重工業(yè)發(fā)展所必須的工業(yè)化項目。1958~1959年的“大躍進(jìn)”最初在工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)上帶來收益，但隨后又導(dǎo)致了嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)平衡。三年自然災(zāi)害(1959-1961)加劇了經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，造成1960-1962年間的國民收入和對外貿(mào)易額的減少。ThewithdrawalofSovieteconomicandtechnicalaidintheearly-1960scausedtradetoshiftawayfrom轉(zhuǎn)移theUSSRanditsComeconpartners(CouncilforMutualEconomicAssistance)towardsJapanandWesternEurope.AconsistentthemeofChina’sforeigntradepolicieshasbeenthestrongemphasiswhichhasbeenplacedondevelopingtraderelationswiththeThirdWorldcountries.20世紀(jì)60年代，蘇聯(lián)經(jīng)濟(jì)和技術(shù)援助撤走，導(dǎo)致了中國與蘇聯(lián)及經(jīng)互會成員國的貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)向于日本和西歐國家的貿(mào)易。中國對外貿(mào)易政策的一貫宗旨是重視與第三世界國家發(fā)展貿(mào)易關(guān)系。Thegrowthofforeigntradewasdisrupted擾亂againduringtheCulturalRevolution(1966-1976)whenagriculturalandindustrialproductionfellsharplyandtransportationconstraints限制becamemoreserious.“文化大革命”期間（1966-1976）工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)一落千丈，交通運輸限制更加嚴(yán)重，中國對外貿(mào)易的增長再次中斷。Foreigntrade,whichhasamajorroleintheFourModernizationsprogramme,hasgrownrapidlyoverthepastfewyears.AmajortradeagreementwithJapan,underwhichChinaexportscoalandoilinreturnforindustrialequipmentandtechnologywassignedinFebruary1978.Chinaalsosignedalong-termtradeagreementwiththeEEC歐共體（EuropeanEconomicCommunity)in1978whiletradewiththeUSAhasincreasedrapidlyinthewakeof繼什么之后thenormalizationofdiplomaticrelationsatthebeginningof1979.TheSino-USAagreementontraderelations,whichcameintoforce施行inFebruary1980,accords授予Chinamost-favourednationtreatment.最惠國待遇在實現(xiàn)四個現(xiàn)代化中起著很大作用的對外貿(mào)易在近幾年發(fā)展很快。1978年2月于日本簽訂了一個主要貿(mào)易協(xié)定，根據(jù)這個協(xié)定，中國向日本出口煤和石油換取工業(yè)設(shè)備和技術(shù)。1978年中國也與歐共體簽訂了長期貿(mào)易協(xié)定，繼1979年初與美國的外交關(guān)系正?；院?，中美貿(mào)易發(fā)展迅速。美國遵照1980年1月25日生效的中美貿(mào)易關(guān)系協(xié)定給與中國最惠國待遇。Breakdown分類AcommoditybreakdownofChina’stradeshowsthatfuels燃料accountedfor24percentoftotalexportsin1982,foodproductsfor13percent,textilefibresandmineraloresfor7percentandmanufacturedgoods(themostimportantproductsweretextiles,chemicalsandmachineryandtransportequipment)for55percent.SincethefoundingofthePeople’sRepublic,strongemphasishasbeenplacedonimportingcapitalequipmentinordertostrengthentheindustrialsector.Buttheleadingcategoriesofimportsin1982werefood,whichaccountedfor22percentofthetotal,lightmanufactureditemswithashareof20percentandmachineryandtransportequipmentwith17percent.中國的貿(mào)易商品分類表明，1982年燃料占總出口的24%，食品占13%，紡織纖維和礦砂占7%，制造品占55%（最重要的產(chǎn)品是紡織品、化工產(chǎn)品、機(jī)械及運輸設(shè)備）。自從新中國建立以來，中國一直重視進(jìn)口資本設(shè)備以便加強(qiáng)工業(yè)部門。但是1982年進(jìn)口的主要是食品，占進(jìn)口總額的22%，輕工業(yè)產(chǎn)品占20%，機(jī)械和運輸設(shè)備占17%。DuringthepastfewyearsamajorobjectiveoftheChineseauthorities權(quán)威、權(quán)力hasbeentoreduce減少theproportion比例ofagriculturalexports,whileincreasingthatofindustrialandmineralproducts.Awidevariety多樣性ofindustrialgoodsarenowexportedandChinesecapitalequipmenthasbeenusedbyanumberofdevelopingcountriestoestablishprojectsinareassuchasagriculture,forestry,lightindustry,foodprocessing,waterconservationandtransportandcommunications.過去幾年，中國當(dāng)局的主要貿(mào)易目標(biāo)一直是減少農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口的比例，增加工業(yè)和礦產(chǎn)品的出口比例。中國現(xiàn)在出口種類繁多的工業(yè)品，許多發(fā)展中國家采用中國的資本設(shè)備，用于農(nóng)業(yè)、林業(yè)、輕工業(yè)、食品加工業(yè)、水保護(hù)、交通和通信領(lǐng)域中的建設(shè)項目。TheBalanceShifts收支平衡變化TheUSdollarvalueofChineseexportsincreasedatanaveragerateofalmost18percentperannumbetween1978and1983,whileimportsincreasedbyapproximately大約11percentperannum.Asaresult,thevisibletrade’surplus有形貿(mào)易順差rosesharplyfromUS$1.4billionin1981toUS$4.4billionin1982andUS$3.7billionin1983.ExportsgrewmuchfasterthanimportsduringthisperiodnotonlybecauseofthestrongemphasisplacedonexportingbyChina’seconomicplanners,butalsobecauseanumberofindustrialprojectswerepostponedin1979.Official官方recognition承認(rèn)thatforeigntechnologycouldplayamajorroleinmodernisingtheChineseeconomyhadcausedimportstorisebymorethan50percentin1978placingunduestrainonthenationaleconomy.Grainimportshavefallensharplyoverthepastfewyears----Chinabecameanetgrainexporterin1984----andin1983thecountrystartedtoexportsoyabeansandcotton.1978-1983年建，中國出口額按美元計算，平均每年增長率近18%，每年進(jìn)口額增長率約是11%。因此有形貿(mào)易順差從1981年的14億美元猛增到1982年的44億美元，1983年是37美元。同期的出口比進(jìn)口增長快得多，這不僅是因為中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)決策者十分重視出口，還因為許多工業(yè)項目推遲到了1979年。官方認(rèn)識到，在中國經(jīng)濟(jì)走向現(xiàn)代化的過程中外國技術(shù)起著主要作用，這種認(rèn)識導(dǎo)致1978年進(jìn)口增長50%以上，給國民經(jīng)濟(jì)造成了不應(yīng)有的重負(fù)。在過去幾年糧食進(jìn)口急劇減少—1984年中國成為糧食凈出口國---1983年中國開始出口大豆和棉花。(所謂貿(mào)易順差是指在特定年度一國出口貿(mào)易總額大于進(jìn)口貿(mào)易總額，又稱“出超”。)Thepatternofforeigntradegrowthwasreversedin1984:thevalueofexportsincreasedby10percent,butimportsjumped38percentwiththeresultthatthevisibletradeaccountwasindeficitbyUS$1.1billion.Thestrongincreaseinimportslastyearisattributedto歸因于buoyant上升的economicactivityaswellastothesuccessoftheGovernment’stradeandforeigninvestmentpolicies.1984年外貿(mào)發(fā)展模式出現(xiàn)反向發(fā)展，出口值增長10%，進(jìn)口值急劇上升到38%，結(jié)果有形貿(mào)易支出出現(xiàn)逆差，達(dá)11億美元。去年進(jìn)口的大幅度上升歸因于政府的貿(mào)易政策和對外貿(mào)易政策的成功以及區(qū)域升溫的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動。DirectionofTrade貿(mào)易方向HongKongisChina’smajorexportmarketaccountingforapproximately26percentoftotalexportsin1983(thoughmuchisre-exportedtootherdestinationsfromthere).OtherimportantmarketsincludeJapan,withashareof20percentin1983,andtheUSAwithapproximately8percent.TheEEC’sshareofChina’sexportshasgenerallybeenaround11-12percentoverthepastfewyears(theleadingexportmarketswithintheEuropeanCommunityareGermanyandtheUnitedKingdom),whiletheproportion比例destined指定fortheComeconcountriesdeclinedfromalmost15percentin1978to6percentin1983.Thenon-oildevelopingcountries(excludingHongKong)accountedfor23percentofChina’stotalexportsin1983.香港是中國的主要出口市場，1983年約占總出口的26%（盡管許多出口商品從那里再出口到其他地方）。其他重要的出口市場包括日本，1983年占20%；還有美國，占總出口近8%。過去幾年歐共體占中國出口額大約11-12%（歐共體內(nèi)主要的出口市場是德國和英國），出口到經(jīng)互會國家的比例從1978年的約15%下降到6%。1983年非石油國家（不包括香港）占中國出口總額的23%。Insharpcontrast鮮明對比thedevelopingcountriesprovidedlessthan15percentofChina’simportsin1983.ThemostimportantsuppliersamongtheindustrialcountrieswereJapan,withashareof26percent,andtheUSAwith13percent.TheEEC’ssharein1983was15percentandthatofComecon8.2percent.1983年發(fā)展中國家給中國提供的進(jìn)口不到15%，與發(fā)達(dá)國家形成鮮明對比。工業(yè)國家中對中國來說最大的供應(yīng)國是日本，占26%；其次是美國，占13%。1983年歐共體國家占15%，經(jīng)互會國家占8.2%。Thesuccessfuloutcometonegotiations談判betweenBritainandChinaaboutthefutureofHongKongwillstrengthen加強(qiáng)Sino-Britishrelationsandisexpectedtoboost推動tradebetweenthetwocountries.AlargeBritisheconomicandtradedelegation代表團(tuán),headedbyLordYoung,MinisterwithoutPortfolio不管部大臣,visitedChinainMarch.ThevalueofChineseexportstoBritain,whichroserapidlybetween1977and1980,declinedin1981-1982,butrecoveredstronglyin1983;importsfromtheUnitedKingdomfollowedasimilarpattern相似的樣式.ThemostimportantChineseexportstoBritainin1983wereclothing,textilefibres,teaandfoodproductswhiletheleadingBritishexportsincludedironandsteel,machineryandtransportequipment,scientificinstruments,chemicalsandtextilefibres.中英關(guān)于香港未來談判的成功將會加強(qiáng)中英關(guān)系并有望促進(jìn)兩國貿(mào)易。有不管部大臣楊勛爵率領(lǐng)的一個大型英國經(jīng)濟(jì)和貿(mào)易代表團(tuán)3月份訪問了中國。中國出口到英國的總值在1977-1980期間迅速增長。1981-1982年間下滑，但1983年恢復(fù)很快；從英國的進(jìn)口基本上也是一樣。1983年中國出口到英國的最重要的物品是服裝、紡織纖維、茶葉和食品；英國的主要出口商品包括鋼鐵、機(jī)械及運輸設(shè)備、科學(xué)儀器、化工產(chǎn)品和紡織纖維。Chineseofficialsstresstheimportanceofintroducingadvancedtechnologytodomesticindustry國內(nèi)的工業(yè),buttheneedisfortechnologyofvarying不同的degreesofsophistication,notnecessarilyforadvancedtechnologyasthattermisunderstoodintheWest.中國政府重視向國內(nèi)的工業(yè)引進(jìn)先進(jìn)的的技術(shù)，但是需要的是各種各樣的高精尖技術(shù)，而不一定是西方人所理解的先進(jìn)技術(shù)。ReservesRise儲備增加Therearenoofficialstatisticscoveringtheinvisibleaccountofthebalanceofpayments收支平衡,butthesizeofthevisibletradesurplus（過剩的）during1981-1983andapronounced顯著的increaseinearningsfromtourismsuggestthatthecurrentaccount經(jīng)常項目hasbeeninsurplusoverthepastfewyears.關(guān)于國際收支的無形貿(mào)易收支目前還沒有官方統(tǒng)計資料，但是1981-1983年間的有形貿(mào)易順差規(guī)模以及公布的旅游收益增加表明，在過去幾年中經(jīng)常項目一直是順差。ForeignexchangereserveshaverisenrapidlyfromapproximatelyUS$2.5billionatend–1980toUS$17.0billionsufficient充分的,足夠的forapproximatelyeightmonths’imports)byOctober1984.ApproximatelyUS12billionofthecountry’sreservesareheldbythecentralbank,thePeople’sBankofChina,whilethebalanceiscontrolledbytheBankofChinawhichspecialisesinforeignexchangebusiness.Individualcitiesmusttrytobalancetheirforeignexchangeearningsandrequirements,butthereissomescope余地，機(jī)會forpurchasing購買additionalforeignexchangewithRenminbiyuan.Theauthorities權(quán)力部門arewillingtopermitarun-downinthecountry’sinternationalreservesoverthenextfewyearsasameansofacceleratingtheintroductionofforeigntechnology.外匯儲備從1980年底的近25億美元迅速上升到1984年10月的170億美元（足以用于近8個月的進(jìn)口）。約120億美元的外匯儲備由中央銀行及中國銀行擁有，剩余部分由專門從事外匯業(yè)務(wù)的的中國銀行控制。各個城市必須平衡各自的外匯盈余和所需，但是允許用人民幣購買額外的外匯。政府愿意在未來的幾年中允許減少國家的國際儲備，作為加速引進(jìn)外國技術(shù)的一種途徑。Chinahasshownamuchmoreflexibleapproachtoforeigntradeoverthepastfewyearsandhasadoptedaseriesofmeasuresdesignedtostrengtheninternationaleconomicco-operation.ForeigncountriesareencouragedtomountexhibitionsoftheirgoodsandChinaitselfhasparticipatedinanumberoftradefairsandexhibitionsheldabroad.Sincethelate1970sChinahasalsoadoptedforeigntradepracticeslong-establishedinmanyothercountries.Goodareproduceaccordingtoasampleprovidedbythecustomer,whilestrongencouragementisgiventocompensationtradewherebyaforeignsellersuppliesrawmaterials原料andequipmentandreceivesmanufacturedgoods,producedbytheequipmentprovided,inreturn.Compensationtradediffersfrombarterorcounter-tradeinsofarasthereisadirectlinkbetweentheequipmentsuppliedfromabroadandthemanufacturedproduct.Assemblymanufacturingbeganin1978andparticularformsofforeigntradeareeligiblefor符合條件的exemptionfromcustomsduties海關(guān)稅andtaxation.在過去的幾年中，中國的對外貿(mào)易表現(xiàn)出非常靈活的方式，并采取了一系列措施，用以加強(qiáng)國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作。鼓勵外國在中國舉辦商品展覽，中國自己也參與了一系列在國外舉辦的商品展覽交易會。自從20世紀(jì)70年代末以來，中國也采納了許多國家早已建立的對外貿(mào)易慣例。根據(jù)顧客所提供的樣品生產(chǎn)貨物，同時極力推行補償貿(mào)易，即外商供應(yīng)原材料和設(shè)備,并回收由這些設(shè)備生產(chǎn)的制造品。補償貿(mào)易不同于易貨貿(mào)易和反向貿(mào)易，因為在外國所提供的設(shè)備和制造品之間有著直接的聯(lián)系。始于1978年的制造業(yè)組裝和特殊的對外貿(mào)易形式可以免除海關(guān)稅和工商統(tǒng)一稅。(對等貿(mào)易也稱對銷貿(mào)易、反向貿(mào)易或互抵貿(mào)易，一般認(rèn)為這是一種以貨物或勞務(wù)（包括工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)和專有技術(shù)等無形財產(chǎn)）作為償付貸款手段的一種貿(mào)易方式。它把進(jìn)口和出口結(jié)合起來，組成相互聯(lián)系的整體交易，交易雙方都有進(jìn)有出。并求得各自的收支基本平衡。InvestmentEncouraged鼓勵投資Aseriesofpolicesdesignedtoencourageforeigninvestmenthaveaccompaniedthesetradereforms.Alawadoptedin1979definestheprinciplesgoverningtherightsandinterestsofparticipantsinjointventures合資.TheChinaInternationalTrustandInvestmentCorporation(CITIC),establishedin1979,co-ordinatesincomingforeigninvestment,promotesjointventuresbyassistingChineseandforeignenterprisestofindsuitablebusinesspartnersandalsohasresponsibilityfornegotiatingcontractsrelatingto100percentforeign-ownedenterprises.Whennegotiationsarecompleteandajointventurecontracthasbeenagreed,itissubmittedto被提交到theMinistryofForeignEconomicRelationsandTradeforfinalapproval.伴隨著這些貿(mào)易改革，中國政府制定了一系列鼓勵外國投資的政策。1979年采用的一項法律界定了指導(dǎo)合資企業(yè)參與者的權(quán)利及利益的準(zhǔn)則。建立于1979年的中國國際信托投資公司協(xié)調(diào)外來投資，通過幫助中外企業(yè)找到合適的商業(yè)伙伴推進(jìn)合資企業(yè)的發(fā)展，并負(fù)責(zé)與獨資企業(yè)通過談判簽訂合同。當(dāng)談判結(jié)束，統(tǒng)一簽訂合資企業(yè)合同時，該合同要提交到對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易部最后審批。China’scautious謹(jǐn)慎的,小心的approachtoforeignborrowingistobemaintained,atleastforthetimebeing.ThedebtproblemsconfrontinganumberofdevelopingcountrieshavereinforcedChina’sdeterminationtointroduceforeigntechnologybymeansof通過...方法directinvestmentandconcessionaryfinance（優(yōu)惠性融資；中國進(jìn)口大型項目經(jīng)常采用的由賣方提供某些方便的付款方式）ratherthanbyraisingsubstantialsumsofmoneyontheinternationalcapitalmarkets.Foreigninvestmentisadvantageousinsofaras因為itfacilitatesthetransferoftechnologyandskillsandavoidscreatinganoverhang威脅ofdebt.Theauthoritiesdonotconsideritappropriatetoincurlargeamountsofexternaldebtuntilanumberofpracticalbottlenecksintheeconomy,suchasaninadequatetransportnetworkandenergyconstraints,havebeentackled.China’saccessto有權(quán)使用substantial大量的sumsofmoneyfromtheWorldBankalsoreducestheneedtoborrowoncommercialterms.中國借用外款的謹(jǐn)慎態(tài)度還要繼續(xù)維持下去，至少暫時是這樣。許多發(fā)展中國家所面對的債務(wù)問題加強(qiáng)了中國通過直接投資和由賣方提供付款方式來引進(jìn)外資，而不是通過國際資本市場籌集大額資金來引進(jìn)外資的決心。外國投資具有優(yōu)越性，因為它可推進(jìn)技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓，避開債務(wù)威脅。中國當(dāng)局認(rèn)為，除非經(jīng)濟(jì)中的許多實際障礙，比如欠發(fā)達(dá)的交通網(wǎng)和能源限制得到解決，否則招致巨額外債是不適當(dāng)?shù)?。中國對世界銀行相當(dāng)數(shù)額的享用權(quán)也減少了按商業(yè)條件借款的必要性。ChinahasborrowedalmostUS$2billionfromtheWorldBankanditsaffiliates,butasubstantialproportionoftheseloansarestilltobedisbursed支出，付出.FigurescompiledbytheOECDandtheBankforInternationalSettlementsshowborrowingsfromwesterncommercialbanks商業(yè)銀行ofapproximatelyUS$2billion,butalsoshowthatthebulkof絕大部分China’sforeignobligationsconsistofnon-banktraderelatedcreditswhichexceedUS$4billion.中國從世界銀行及其附屬機(jī)構(gòu)借款近20億美元，但這些貸款的相當(dāng)比率還有待支付。經(jīng)濟(jì)合作和發(fā)展組織（OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment）與國際清算銀行收集的數(shù)字表明，中國從西方商業(yè)銀行的借款近20億美元，但是這些數(shù)字也表明，中國外債的絕大部分是出口信貸，共超過40億美元。（買方信貸和賣方信貸是出口信貸的兩種形式。P16）Whiletherearelimitedlendingopportunitiesintheshort-term,thereappearsconsiderablescope相當(dāng)大的范圍forforeignbankstoundertakeprofitablebusinessoverthelongerterm.TheneedtodevelopbusinessrelationshipswithChineseenterprisesandgovernmentofficials,whichhavepersuadedalargenumberofforeignbankstoopenrepresentativeofficesinBeijingorotherpartsofChina.盡管從短期來看，存在有限的借出機(jī)會，但是長遠(yuǎn)看來外國銀行進(jìn)行有利可圖的商業(yè)活動還是很有前景的。由于需要與中國企業(yè)和政府官員發(fā)展商業(yè)，一大批外國銀行在北京和中國的其他地方設(shè)立了代辦處。----FromChinaNowSpring1985,No.112----摘自《當(dāng)今中國》（1985年春，第112期）二、WordsandExpressionsinitiallyad.最初；開頭subsequentlyad.隨后；后來；接著exacerbatev.使加?。皇箰夯痗ontractv.收縮；縮小disruptv.擾亂；使中斷constraintn.約束；限制inthewakeof緊緊跟隨；在...后accordv.授予；給予breakdownn.分類sectorn.部分；部門categoryn.種類；類itemn.項目；項balancen.（收支等的）平衡；均衡perannum（拉丁語）每年unduea.過度的；不應(yīng)有的strainn.重負(fù)；過度的要求reversev.倒轉(zhuǎn)；反向indeficit赤字；逆差attributev.把...歸因于；把...歸于buoyanta.趨于上升的destinationn.目的地；終點destinev.預(yù)定；指定declinev.下降；減少outcomen.結(jié)果；結(jié)局boostv.推動；提高Lordn.（英）勛爵recoverv.恢復(fù)；復(fù)蘇instrumentn.儀器introducev.引進(jìn)varyinga.不同的；有差異的sophisticationn.（技術(shù)、產(chǎn)品等的）緊密；高級；尖端termn.術(shù)語；詞語statisticsn.統(tǒng)計資料pronounceda.顯著的；明顯的earning(s)n.收益；贏利tourismn.旅游業(yè)suggestv.（間接地）表示；暗示insurplus盈余；順差specializev.專門從事scopen.余地；機(jī)會run-downn.減少；減縮acceleratev.加快；增速flexiblea.靈活的approachn.（處理問題的）方式；方法mountv.舉辦；進(jìn)行（活動等）fairn.商品展覽會；商品交易會practicen.慣常做法；慣例compensationn.補償assemblyn.裝配；組裝eligiblea.在法律上合格的exemptionn.免稅；免除customsduties關(guān)稅；海關(guān)稅；進(jìn)口稅taxationn.稅；稅收governv.（法律、規(guī)律、準(zhǔn)則等）適用于；指導(dǎo)approvaln.批準(zhǔn)；核準(zhǔn)raise(money,funds)v.籌集（款項，資金）facilitatev.使變得（更）容易；使便利overhangn.威脅incurv.招致；引起bottleneckn.阻礙進(jìn)展的人（或事情、情況等）；障礙tacklev.對付；處理accessn.接近（或進(jìn)入）的機(jī)會；權(quán)；享用權(quán)affiliaten.附屬機(jī)構(gòu)loann.貸款disbursev.支付，支出bulkn.絕大部分；主體obligationn.債務(wù)creditn.信貸enterprisen.企業(yè)單位；公司三、重點詞語解釋1.pattern:model模式2.exacerbate:deteriorate使加劇，使惡化3.cameintoforce:tookeffect開始生效，實施4.objective:purpose目的5.buoyant:brisk趨于上升的，興隆的6.scope:opportunity余地，機(jī)會7.accelebrating:speedingup加速8.outcome:result結(jié)果9.breakdown:analysisrecord分類10.overhang:threat威脅，逼近四、英漢互譯短語1.industrialisationprogramme2.nationalincome3.volumeofforeigntrade4.visibletradeaccount5.invisibletradeaccount6.growthrate7.foreignexchange8.tradefairs1.貿(mào)易順差2.補償貿(mào)品3.合資企業(yè)4.經(jīng)常項目5.計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)6.出口定額7.增長點8.高科技產(chǎn)業(yè)四、英漢互譯短語答案1.industrialisationprogramme:工業(yè)化項目2.nationalincome:國民收入3.volumeofforeigntrade:對外貿(mào)易額4.visibletradeaccount:有形貿(mào)易收支5.invisibletradeaccount:無形貿(mào)易收支6.growthrate:增長率7.foreignexchange:外匯8.tradefairs:貿(mào)易展覽會1.貿(mào)易順差：tradesurplus2.補償貿(mào)品：compensationtrade3.合資企業(yè)：jointventure4.經(jīng)常項目：currentaccount5.計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)：plannedeconomy6.出口定額：exportquota7.增長點：growthpoint8.高科技產(chǎn)業(yè)：high-techindustries五、重點語句1.theoverseaseconomiclinks海外經(jīng)濟(jì)往來2.Thepattern模式ofChina’sforeigntradehaschangedsubstantially大量的…3.…ChinaexportedagriculturalproductstotheUSSRandEastEuropeancountriesinreturnfor作為...回報manufacturedgoods…4.TheGreatLeapForwardof1958-1959initially起初producedgainsin在...產(chǎn)生收益agriculturalandindustrialproduction…5.…thevolume量offoreigntradecontracted收縮…6.ThewithdrawalofSovieteconomicandtechnicalaidintheearly1960scausedtradetoshiftawayfrom從...向...轉(zhuǎn)變theUSSRanditsComeconpartnerstowardsJapanandWesternEurope.7.…industrialproductionfellsharply急速下降8.Foreigntrade…h(huán)asgrown增長rapidlyoverthepastfewyears.9.TheSino-USAagreement…cameintoforce開始實施…10.…fuelsaccountedfor占了24percentoftotalexportsin1982…11.theleadingcategories類別ofimports12.lightmanufactureditems輕工業(yè)制品13.TheUSdollarvalueofChineseexportsincreasedatanaveragerateof平均增長率為...almost18percentperannum每年14.…thevisibletradesurplusrosesharply急速增長…15.…foreigntechnologycouldplayamajorrolein在...占主導(dǎo)地位modernizingtheChineseeconomy…16.…Chinabecameanetgrainexporter糧食凈出口in1984…17.Thepattern模式offoreigntradegrowthwasreversedin1984…18.…importsjumped暴漲38percent…19.thevisibletradeaccountwasindeficit逆差….20.Buoyant趨于上升的economicactivity21.…muchisre-exported再出口tootherdestinations…22.theleading帶頭的exportmarkets23.…theportiondestinedfortheComeconcountriesdeclined下降fromalmost15percentin1978to6percentin1983…24.Themostimportantsuppliers供應(yīng)商…wereJapan,…25.Thesuccessfuloutcometonegotiations…isexpected被期望toboosttrade…26.ThevalueofChineseexports…recoveredstrongly大幅度恢復(fù)in1983…27.Chineseofficialsstresstheimportanceofintroducingadvancedtechnology介紹先進(jìn)技術(shù)todomesticindustry,…28.Varyingdegreesofsophistication尖端技術(shù).29.earning收入fromtourism30.…thecurrentaccounthasbeeninsurplus順差…31.Foreignexchangereserves外匯儲備32.…thebalance均衡iscontrolledbytheBankofChinawhichspecialises專業(yè)于...inforeignexchangebusiness.33.Individualcitiesmusttrytobalance平衡theirforeignexchangeearningsandrequirements.34.…topermitarun-down減少inthecountry’sinternationalreserves…35.…tomount舉辦exhibitions…36.tradefairs貿(mào)易展覽會，廣交會37.foreigntradepractices外貿(mào)實務(wù)38.exemptionfrom免除customsdutiesandtaxation39.Aseriesofpoliciesdesigned設(shè)定toencourageforeigninvestment40.raising籌集substantialsumsofmoney41.Thetransfer轉(zhuǎn)換oftechnology42.practicalbottlenecks瓶頸43.China’saccessto接近，享用權(quán)substantialsumsofmoneyfromtheWorldBank44.figurescompiled收集bytheOECD45.thebulkof絕大部分的China’sforeignobligations債務(wù)46.…toundertake著手做某事profitablebusiness…六、重點詞匯選擇題超額，過量課后問題：1、

What’sthemeaningof“thepatternofChina’sforeigntrade”?“ThepatternofChina’sforeigntrade”referschiefly(主要的)tothecommoditystructureofChina’sforeigntradeandhertradepartnershipwiththeworld.

外貿(mào)商品結(jié)構(gòu)和商貿(mào)合作伙伴2、

Whatkindofclauseisintroducedby“when”inthesentenceofthethirdparagraph,section1?Anadverbial(狀語)clauseoranattributive(定語)one?Anattributiveclause（狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞；定語修飾名詞）

Thisisatimewhenloveisinnocentwhentwopeoplecometogetherforlove,ratherthanahouse,caroragoodjob.

句中有兩個when引導(dǎo)的從句,第一個從句“whenloveisinnocent”修飾前面的時間名詞time,是一個定語從句;而第二個when引導(dǎo)的從句“whentwopeoplecometogetherforlove,ratherthanahouse,caroragoodjob”是描述前面的謂語“isinnocent”,是時間狀語從句,用于說明什么時候愛情才是純真的。3、“OfficialrecognitionthatforeigntechnologycouldplayamajorroleinmodernizingtheChineseeconomyhadcausedimportstorisebymorethan50percentin1978placingunduestrain（過度負(fù)擔(dān)）onthenationaleconomy.”(中國政府認(rèn)識到，國外技術(shù)對本國經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)代化作用重大，這使1978年中國的進(jìn)口額增長了50%以上，結(jié)果國民經(jīng)濟(jì)背上了沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)。)Whydidthemorethan50%riseinimportsof1978placeunduestrainonChina’snationaleconomy?Moreforeignexchanges(外匯)isrequiredformoreimports.AllsectionsofChina’snationaleconomywouldhavetoworkharderandbettertoexportandearnmorefortheimportsincreased.

4、

What’s“anetgrainexporter(糧食凈出口國)”?Doesitmeanonewhohasneverdoneanyimports?“Anetgrainexporter”shouldbeonewhohasdonebothimportsandexportsoftheitem,butfinallyexportedmorethanimportedwithinaperiodoftime.

石油出口大于石油進(jìn)口.反之就是石油凈進(jìn)口國.中國是石油凈進(jìn)口國.5、“ThestrongincreaseinimportslastyearisattributedtobuoyanteconomicactivityaswellastothesuccessoftheGovernment’stradeandforeigninvestmentpolicies.”(去年進(jìn)口額的大大增加不僅是由于政府貿(mào)易政策與對外投資政策的成功，而且是由于趨于上升的經(jīng)濟(jì)。)WhatdidChina’sforeigninvestmentpolicieshavetodowith（與…有關(guān)）herstrongincreaseinimports?Foreigncapital（外資）hasflowedinto(流入)Chinamostlyintheformofforeignindustrialinvestorstosetupproductionfacilities（生產(chǎn)設(shè)備）locally（在地方上，本地）togetherwiththeirChinesepartnersoralone.Forproductionefficiency（效率）andotherreasons,asaruletheybringintechnologyandequipmentfromabroadtoequip（裝備）themselves.Thus（因此）itwouldresultinariseinimports.

6、

“Chineseofficialsstresstheimportanceofintroducingadvancedtechnologytodomesticindustry,buttheneedisfortechnologyofvaryingdegreesofsophistication,notnecessarilyforadvancedtechnologyasthetermisunderstoodintheWest.”(中國官員強(qiáng)調(diào)向國內(nèi)工業(yè)部門引進(jìn)國外先進(jìn)技術(shù)的重要性，但他們需要是不同先進(jìn)程度的技術(shù)，而不是一定需要西方國家所理解的那種純粹的先進(jìn)技術(shù)。)What’stheimplication（含義）oftheunderlinedpartoftheparagraphquoted（引用）above?Chinaisadevelopingcountrywithherown（自己特色的）economiccondition.Inintroducingadvancedtechnologyintoourcountry,wewouldfirstchoosethosemostneededandapplicable(可適用的)atthepresentstage（階段，時期）ofoureconomicdevelopment.

7、“Theauthoritiesdonotconsideritappropriatetoincurlargemountsofexternaldebtuntilanumberofpracticalbottlenecksintheeconomy,suchasaninadequatetransportnetworkandenergyconstraints,havebeentackled.(在經(jīng)濟(jì)中的許多實際障礙——如運輸能力不足和能源缺乏——被克服之前，中國政府不贊成招來大筆外債的做法。)

WhydidChinarefusetoborrowmoreuntiltheirtransportcapacityandenergysupplyhavefurtherincreased?

China’sfinancialborrowingisforindustrializationandmodernization.Withoutwell-developedtransportnetworkandenoughenergysupply,however,industryandtheentire(整個的，全部的)economycouldnotbefurther（促進(jìn)，更多的）expanded(擴(kuò)大的，展開的)successfully.Therefore（因此）,it’snotimeforborrowingthemthen,whichcouldnotbeeffectively（有效的）usedandresultonlyinheavyinterestpayment.（外債意味著得償還高利息）

8、

“China’saccessto（有權(quán)使用）substantial（大量的）sumsofmoneyfromtheWorldBankalsoreducestheneedtoborrowoncommercialterms.”（中國可以在世界銀行中借貸巨額資金，這減少了中國以商業(yè)條件進(jìn)行借貸的數(shù)量）Whatdoes“borrowoncommercialterms”imply（暗示）here?AndwhydoesChinapreferloansfromtheWorldBank?“Commercial”carries(意味)themeaningofhavingprofit–makingastheaim.（以獲得利潤為目標(biāo)）“Toborrowoncommercialterms”istoborrowattheregularbusinessinterestrates(withoutanyspecialfavorreceivedfromthebank).ChinaborrowsfromtheWorldBankGroupforlowerinterestratesandotherfavorableconditions.六、課文重點難點段落翻譯1、DuringthepastfewyearsamajorobjectiveoftheChineseauthoritieshasbeentoreducetheproportionofagriculturalexports,whileincreasingthatofindustrialandmineralproducts.Awidevarietyofindustrialgoodsarenowe