法律英語課件5

LessonFiveConstitution11/24/20231Nosocietycanmakeaperpetualconstitution,orevenaperpetuallaw.ThomasJefferson,Americapresident

沒有哪個社會可以制訂一部永遠(yuǎn)適用的憲法，甚至一條永遠(yuǎn)適用的法律。

美國總統(tǒng)杰斐遜T11/24/20232BackgroundCommonLaw-EquityLawSubstantiveLaw-ProceduralLawPublicLaw-PrivateLaw法律分類Constitution11/24/20233Historyof

theConstitutionArticlesofConfederationandPerpetualUnion

聯(lián)邦條例

(1777)11/24/20234重點專業(yè)詞匯ArticlesofConfederation

BILLOFRIGHTSDoctrineofconstitutionalsupremacyLifetimeappointmentBallotboxImpeachmentmisconductormalfeasance11/24/20235TreasonBriberyMisdemeanorHouseofRepresentativesSenateLegislative，Executive，JudicialAmendmentThedoctrineofjudicialreviewTherulesandregulations

11/24/20236HistoryoftheConstitutionTHEUNITEDSTATESCONSTITUTION(1789)11/24/20237PreambleArticleI-LegislativeDepartmentArticleII-ExecutiveDepartmentArticleIII-JudicialDepartmentArticleIV-States'RelationsArticleV-ModeofAmendmentArticleVI-PriorDebts,NationalSupremacyandOathsofOfficeArticleVII-Ratification11/24/20238RatificationoftheConstitution

DateStateVotes/Yes/No1December7,1787Delaware3002December11,1787Pennsylvania46233December18,1787NewJersey3804January2,1788Georgia2605January9,1788Connecticut128406February6,1788Massachusetts1871687April26,1788Maryland63118May23,1788SouthCarolina149739June21,1788NewHampshire574710June25,1788Virginia897911July26,1788NewYork302712November21,1789NorthCarolina1947713May29,1790RhodeIsland343211/24/20239PREAMBLEWethePeopleoftheUnitedStates,inOrdertoformamoreperfectUnion,establishJustice,insuredomesticTranquility,provideforthecommondefense,promotethegeneralWelfare,andsecuretheBlessingsofLibertytoourselvesandourPosterity,doordainandestablishthisConstitutionfortheUnitedStatesofAmerica.我們合眾國人民，為建立更完善的聯(lián)邦，樹立正義，保障國內(nèi)安寧，提供共同防務(wù)，促進(jìn)公共福利，并使我們自己和后代得享自由的幸福，特為美利堅合眾國制定本憲法。11/24/202310HistoryoftheConstitutionAmendments(1-27)THEFIRST10AMENDMENTSTOTHEU.S.CONSTITUTIONBILLOFRIGHTS權(quán)利和自由修正案11/24/202311PartOne:Theconstitutionassupremelaw"supremelawoftheland."

憲法是美國最高法律。WhenstateconstitutionsorlawspassedbystatelegislaturesorthenationalCongress

conflictwiththefederalConstitution,theyhavenoforce.沒有效力11/24/202312DecisionshandeddownbytheSupremeCourt……h(huán)aveconfirmedandstrengthened“Doctrineofconstitutionalsupremacy〞聯(lián)邦最高法院宣布的決定證實并加強(qiáng)了憲法至上原那么。11/24/202313FinalauthorityisvestedintheAmericanpeople.最終權(quán)力屬于美國人民…changethefundamentallawamendingtheConstitution

修改憲法draftinganewone

起草新憲法11/24/202314Theday-to-daybusinessofgovernmentisdelegatedbythepeopletopublicofficials.人民將日常政治工作委托給公務(wù)員。Elected選舉Appointed委任11/24/202315PublicofficialsPowerislimited.權(quán)力受限制。TheirpublicactionsmustconformtotheConstitutionandtothelawsmadeinaccordwiththeConstitution.他們的公共行為必須符合憲法和依照憲法制定的法律。11/24/202316Electedofficialsmuststandforre-electionatperiodicintervals,whentheirrecordsaresubjecttointensivepublicscrutiny.選舉產(chǎn)生的官員要接受定期重新選舉，其政績要受到公眾全面監(jiān)督。11/24/202317Appointedofficialsserveatthepleasureofthepersonorauthoritywhoappointedthem,andmayberemovedwhentheirperformanceisunsatisfactory.委任的官員應(yīng)該讓任命他們的人或機(jī)構(gòu)滿意。如果他們的政績令人不滿意，他們就會被撤職。ExceptionJusticesoftheSupremeCourtandotherfederaljudgesLifetimeappointment11/24/202318BallotboxTheAmericanpeopleexpresstheirwillthroughtheballotbox.美國人通過投票箱表達(dá)他們的意愿。11/24/202319Theprocessofimpeachment

彈劾程序removalofapublicofficialfromoffice將一個政府官員撤職Incaseofextrememisconductormalfeasance——嚴(yán)重失職或瀆職11/24/202320憲法第２條第４項：總統(tǒng)、副總統(tǒng)和合眾國的所有文職官員，凡受叛國、賄賂或其他重罪輕罪的彈劾并被判定有罪時，應(yīng)被免職。Treason叛國罪Bribery受賄罪Misdemeanor輕罪Otherhighcrimes其他重罪11/24/202321ImpeachmentHouseofRepresentativesvoteabillofimpeachment.眾議院投票通過彈劾議案Senate,withtheChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStatespresidingatthetrail.在參議院，由首席大法官主持審判眾議院是作為起訴人的角色，而參議院充當(dāng)彈劾法庭的角色11/24/202322ImpeachmentDrasticmeasure嚴(yán)厲措施Only13U.S.officialshavebeenimpeached只有13名聯(lián)邦官員受到彈劾JudgesAssociateJusticeoftheSupremeCourtSecretaryofWarSenatorpresident11/24/202323參議院的審理結(jié)果是：９名法官中，４人被宣判有罪而被免職，５人被宣布無罪；以無管轄權(quán)為由駁回了眾議院對參議員的起訴；以一票之差宣告約翰遜總統(tǒng)無罪；宣告陸軍部長無罪。11/24/202324AndrewJohnson站在南方種植園奴隸主的立場，實施了一系列重建南方的反動措施，遭到控制國會的共和黨激進(jìn)派的強(qiáng)烈反對。AndrewJohnson

(1808–1875)11/24/202325RichardNixonInlateJulyof1974,theHouseJudiciaryCommitteerecommendedthatNixonbeImpeachedonthreecharges:obstructionofjustice,abuseofpresidentialpowers,andtryingtoimpedetheimpeachmentprocessbydefyingtheirsubpoenas.RichardNixon（1913-1994）Watergatecrisis11/24/202326BillClinton

（1946-）ZippergateandClinton:Impeachment://11/24/20232711/24/202328ThreebranchesofthenationalgovernmentLegislative立法機(jī)關(guān)Executive執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)Judicial司法機(jī)關(guān)11/24/20232911/24/202330Part2:TheprinciplesofgovernmentThreemainbranchesofgovernmentareseparatedanddistinctfromoneanother.三個主要的政府機(jī)構(gòu)相互獨立和區(qū)別。Thepowersgiventoeacharedelicatelybalancedbythepowersoftheothertwo.給予一個機(jī)構(gòu)的權(quán)力受到另兩個機(jī)構(gòu)的微妙制約。11/24/202331Eachbranchservesasacheckonpotentialexcessesoftheothers.每一個部門都作為對其他部門可能濫用職權(quán)的制約。11/24/202332CongressandtheCourtsbalanceeachother.Congressmakeslaws,buttheCourtsinterpretthem.TheSupremeCourtdecidesifalawfitsthemeaningoftheConstitution.Congress-Courts

KeepingtheBalance11/24/202333Congress-President

KeepingtheBalanceThePresidenthasspecialwaystocheckCongressandCongresshasspecialwaystocheckthePresident.ThePresidentchecksCongresswhenhevetoesabill.Congresscancheckhimifa2/3majorityvotestooverridehisveto.11/24/202334憲法至上TheConstitution,law……,

andtreatiesenteredintobythePresidentandapprovedbytheSenate,standsaboveallotherlaws,executiveactsandregulations.憲法、按照憲法規(guī)定通過的法律以及總統(tǒng)簽署、參議院批準(zhǔn)的條約高于其他法律、行政法和條例。11/24/202335EqualAllmenareequalbeforethelaw.法律面前人人平等。Allmenareequallyentitledtolaw’sprotection.所有人都有權(quán)享有法律的保護(hù)。Allstatesareequal.所有的州都平等。11/24/202336Stategovernment，likethefederalgovernment,mustberepublicaninform,withfinalauthorityrestinginthepeople.與聯(lián)邦政府一樣，州政府形式上必須是共和制，最終權(quán)力歸于人民。11/24/202337Part3:ProvisionsofAmendmentChangeswouldbeneededfromtimetotimeiftheConstitutionweretoendureandkeeppacewiththegrowthofthenation.憲法要想保持活力并跟得上國家開展的步伐，就必須不斷改變。11/24/202338Theprocessofchangesshouldnotbefacile太容易permittingill-conceived

允許設(shè)計不周到hastilypassedamendments

倉促通過修正案Aminoritycouldnotblockactiondesiredbymostofthepeople11/24/202339AdualprocesstochangetheConstitutionCongressmayinitiateanamendment

國會提起憲法修改動議ThelegislaturesofstatesmayaskCongresstocallanationalconventiontodiscussanddraftamendments.

州立法機(jī)關(guān)要求國會召開國民大會討論并起草修正案Approvedby?ofthestates

?的州認(rèn)可后才能生效11/24/202340Asidefromthedirectprocessofchangingtheconstitutionitself,Theeffectofitsprovisionsmaybechangedbyjudicialinterpretation除了直接改變憲法本身外，通過司法解釋，可以改變憲法條款的效果。11/24/202341Thedoctrineofjudicialreview

司法審查原那么LandmarkcaseWilliamMarburyJamesMadisonvs.11/24/202342Elecionof1800FederalistsJohnAdamsAlexanderHamiltonDemocratic-republicans

ThomasJeffersonJamesMadisonInaugurationFebruary3,1801(Newpresident)11/24/20234316newcircuitcourtjudgeships42newjustice-of-the-peacepositions11/24/2023441789JudiciaryActsection13AuthorizedtheSupremecourt“toissuewritsofmandamusincaseswarrantedbytheprinciplesandusagesoflaw,toanycourtsappointedorpersonsholdingofficeundertheauthorityoftheUnitedStates〞11/24/202345AsthepersonresponsibleforthefailureofMarburytoreceivehiscommission,Marshallprobablyshouldhaverescuedhimselfinthecase.11/24/202346Marshall’sownappointmenttotheSupremecourtwasunderacloud.ThehighlypartisancasethreatenedtheintergrityoftheSupremeCourtitself.11/24/202347HasMarburyalegalrighttothecommissionhedemands?ChiefJusticeJohnMarshall

(1755-1835)

11/24/202348MarburywasentitledtothecommissionsincethepositionshadbeenlegallycreatedbytheCongressandMarburyhadbeennominatedbythepresidentandconfirmedbytheSenateinaccordancewiththelaw.11/24/202349IfMarburyhasalegalrighttothecommissionandifthatrighthasbeenviolated,doesthelawaffordhimalegalremedy?11/24/202350Alegalrightisuselessifitiswithoutalegalremedy.11/24/202351IfthelawaffordsMarburyalegalremedy,isitamandamusissuingfromthesupremecourt?11/24/202352Thesupremecourtlackedjurisdictiontohearthecase.ButdidnotSection13oftheJudiciaryActof1789specificallyauthorizedtheSupremeCourttoissuewritsofmandamustopersonsholdingofficeundertheauthorityoftheUnitedStates?11/24/202353Section13wasunconstitutionalandthereforeinvalid.Originaljurisdiction:foreignambassadorscasesinvolvingstates11/24/2023541789JudiciaryActsection13AuthorizedtheSupremecourt“toissuewritsofmandamusincaseswarrantedbytheprinciplesandusagesoflaw,toanycourtsappointedorpersonsholdingofficeundertheauthorityoftheUnitedStates〞11/24/202355InMarburyvs.Madison,ChiefJusticeJohnMarshallestablishedtheprincipleofjudicialreviewoftheconstitutionalityofactsofCongress.11/24/202356judicialreview

司法審查權(quán)ThepoweroftheCourttointerpretactsofCongressanddecidetheirconstitutionality.司法審查權(quán)是聯(lián)邦最高法院解釋國會行為并確定國會行為合憲性的權(quán)力。11/24/202357judicialreview

司法審查權(quán)ThepoweroftheCourttoexplainthemeaningofvarioussectionsoftheConstitutionastheyapplytochanginglegal,political,economicandsocialconditions.司法審查權(quán)包含最高法院解釋憲法各局部在改變法律、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會環(huán)境方面作用的權(quán)力。11/24/202358AseriesofCourtdecisionshashadtheeffectofalteringthethrustofconstitutionallaw,withnosubstantivechangeintheConstitutionitself.最高法院裁決……有改變憲法指向的效果，但并沒有使憲法本身發(fā)生實質(zhì)性變化。11/24/202359Congressionallegislation,passedtoimplementprovisionsofthebasiclaw,ortoadaptittochangingconditions,alsobroadensandchangesthemeaningoftheconstitution.國會為執(zhí)行根本法或使根本法適應(yīng)改變的環(huán)境而制定的法律，也拓寬和改變了憲法的含義。11/24/202360Therulesandregulationsofmyriadagenciesofthefederalgovernmentmayhaveasimilareffect.聯(lián)邦政府各機(jī)構(gòu)制定的規(guī)章制度也具有類似的作用〔拓寬和改變了憲法的含義〕。Acidtest法律和規(guī)章符合

憲法本身的立法

意圖和目的11/24/202361Questionsaboutthetext11/24/202362MapofUSA11/24/202363TheContentsofTheBillofRightsA.FirstAmendment:addressestherightsoffreedomofreligion(prohibitingCongressionalestablishmentofareligionoveranotherreligionthroughLawandprotectingtherighttofreeexerciseofreligion),freedomofspeech,freedomofthepress,freedomofassembly,andfreedomofpetition.B.SecondAmendment:guaranteestherightofindividualstopossessfirearms.SeeDistrictofColumbiav.Heller.11/24/202364C.ThirdAmendment:prohibitsthegovernmentfromusingprivatehomesasquartersforsoldiersduringpeacetimewithouttheconsentoftheowners.TheonlyexistingcaselawregardingthisamendmentisalowercourtdecisioninthecaseofEngblomv.Carey.D.FourthAmendment:guardsagainstsearches,arrests,andseizuresofpropertywithoutaspecificwarrantora"probablecause"tobelieveacrimehasbeencommitted.SomerightstoprivacyhavebeeninferredfromthisamendmentandothersbytheSupremeCourt.11/24/202365F.FifthAmendment:forbidstrialforamajorcrimeexceptafterindictmentbyagrandjury;prohibitsdoublejeopardy(repeatedtrials),exceptincertainverylimitedcircumstances;forbidspunishmentwithoutdueprocessoflaw;andprovidesthatanaccusedpersonmaynotbecompelledtotestifyagainsthimself(thisisalsoknownas"TakingtheFifth"or"PleadingtheFifth").Thisisregardedasthe"rightsoftheaccused"amendment,otherwiseknownastheMirandarightsaftertheSupremeCourtcase.Italsoprohibitsgovernmentfromtakingprivatepropertyforpublicusewithout"justcompensation,"thebasisofeminentdomainintheUnitedStates.1