高考英語復(fù)習(xí)：語法專題 專題2　正反解讀名詞學(xué)案（含答案）

專題2正反解讀名詞1.Shehasturneddownseveral(invitation)tostaratshowsinordertoconcentrateonherstudies.

2.Chengduhasdozensofnewmillionaires,Asia'sbiggestbuilding,andfancynewhotels.Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareitstop(attract).

3.Anysmellmightattractnatural(enemy)thatwouldtrytoeatthelittlepanda.

4.Then,handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou'llfeelarealsenseof(achieve).

5.Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfew(day)withhissister.

考點一名詞的數(shù)規(guī)則1單數(shù)名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)名詞的基本規(guī)則①以-o結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時,常在詞尾加-s,但下列名詞要加-es:Negroes,heroes,echoes,potatoes,tomatoes(趣味記憶:黑人英雄在回聲中吃土豆、西紅柿)。但下列以-o結(jié)尾的名詞既可以加-es,也可以加-s:zeros(zeroes)零,mosquitos(mosquitoes)蚊子,volcanos(volcanoes)火山。②以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時,一般直接加-s,但下列以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞需要把f或fe去掉,加-ves:selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves。(趣味記憶:為了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿著刀子和樹葉站在架子上,把狼劈成兩半)。但下列以-f結(jié)尾的名詞既可以去掉f加-ves,也可以直接加-s,它們是:handkerchiefs(handkerchieves)手帕,scarfs(scarves)圍巾。③合成名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)時,通常只將里面所含的主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù),如果沒有主體名詞,則將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。sons-in-law女婿;passers-by過路人;story-tellers講故事的人。規(guī)則2有些物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞在表示具體或特定事物時,可具體化為可數(shù)名詞,其前面需要有不定冠詞。常見的這類詞有:apleasure/pity/surprise/success/failure/shame,anhonour/abrightfuture/astrongcharacter/agreathelp/awasteoftime。TheWorldAthleticsChampionshipsheldinBeijingarerecognizedasagreatsuccess.人們公認(rèn)在北京舉行的世界田徑錦標(biāo)賽是一項非常成功的賽事。規(guī)則3有些名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式表達(dá)不同的意思。chicken雞肉/chickens小雞;fish魚,魚肉/fishes各種魚;paper紙/papers試卷,報紙,文件;water水/waters水域;room空間/rooms房間;time時間/times次數(shù),倍數(shù),時代;arm手臂/arms武器……規(guī)則4有些名詞形式上雖是單數(shù),但表示的是復(fù)數(shù)含義。people,police,cattle,staff,public,“the+adj.”或“the+分詞”(表示一類人或物)。考點二名詞所有格規(guī)則1表示有生命名詞的所有格時,在詞尾加“'s”。theboy'sbag,men'srooms。此外,表示時間、距離、長度、重量、價格、世界、國家、城市等無生命名詞的所有格也可在詞尾加“'s”來表示所屬關(guān)系,意為“……的”。atwentyminutes'walk,atenmiles'journey,twopounds'weight,tendollars'worth。規(guī)則2若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾s,只加“'”。theworkers'struggle。規(guī)則3of屬格:無生命名詞的所有格用of結(jié)構(gòu)。amapofChina,theendofthisterm,thecapitalofourcountry,thecolouroftheflowers。規(guī)則4如果兩個名詞并列,且分別加“'s”,則表示“分別有……”;若只有后一個名詞加“'s”,則表示兩個“共有”。John'sandMary'srooms(兩間);JohnandMary'sroom(一間)。規(guī)則5省略格:在表示店鋪、教堂、診所的名稱或某人的家時,名詞所有格的后面常省略它所修飾的名詞。atthedoctor's在診所;atmysister's在我姐姐(妹妹)的家。規(guī)則6雙重所有格:of+名詞“'s”結(jié)構(gòu)。afriendofmyfather's,worksofLuXun's。誤區(qū)之一名詞“數(shù)”的誤用(1)【誤】Duringthepastfewdays,manyvisitorjustlikemehavecomeheretoexperiencethedistinctivescenery.【正】Duringthepastfewdays,manyvisitorsjustlikemehavecomeheretoexperiencethedistinctivescenery.[分析]visitor是可數(shù)名詞,被many修飾,故用復(fù)數(shù)形式。句意:在過去的幾天當(dāng)中,許多和我一樣的游客來到這里,體驗這里與眾不同的風(fēng)景。(2)【誤】Thebeautyofthevillageconsistsinitscleanairsandpeacefulenvironment.【正】Thebeautyofthevillageconsistsinitscleanairandpeacefulenvironment.[分析]air是不可數(shù)名詞,沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,故airs改為air。誤區(qū)之二物質(zhì)、抽象名詞“具體化”的誤用【誤】Shewentintomyroomandgotbigsurprisewhenshesawallthosebooksonthefloor.【正】Shewentintomyroomandgotabigsurprisewhenshesawallthosebooksonthefloor.[分析]surprise本來是不可數(shù)名詞,此句中轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞,意為“一件令人驚訝的事”,故在big前加a。句意:她走進(jìn)我的房間,當(dāng)她看到地板上的那些書時,大吃一驚。誤區(qū)之三名詞“格”的誤用【誤】Agirlcomesin.She'sgotasmall,brown,leatherwalletinherhand.Shethinksit'sPeter.【正】Agirlcomesin.She'sgotasmall,brown,leatherwalletinherhand.Shethinksit'sPeter's.[分析]it指代wallet,與Peter不能構(gòu)成同一關(guān)系,根據(jù)句意可知,此處應(yīng)是“彼得的錢包”,故Peter應(yīng)改為所有格形式Peter's。誤區(qū)之四名詞作定語的誤用【誤】Thereisfiercecompetitionamongthethreeshoesshopsinthestreet.【正】Thereisfiercecompetitionamongthethreeshoeshopsinthestreet.[分析]此處指商店的性質(zhì),用名詞的單數(shù)形式作定語。Ⅰ.單句填空1.Whenyouarefacedwithchallenges,youshouldbelievethat(confident)iswhatmakesadifference.

2.Atthepressconference,agovernmentspokesmanexpressedhisgreatconcernforthe(safe)ofthethreetrappedworkers.

3.I'msureitisofgreatusetokeepadiaryinEnglishforthe(improve)ofwritingabilities.

4.In1971,afternearlytwohundred(failure),Tu'steamfoundanextractthatwas100%effectiveagainstthemalariaparasites—artemisinin.

5.Hedidn'tputthethingswheretheybelonged,forwhichreasonhegothis(punish).

6.Theuniversityisveryfamous,sotherewerealotof(applicant)fortheposition.

7.Hisfriendadvisedhimtowritedowntheuseful(express)inhisnotebooksothathecouldusethemwhennecessary.

8.MuchsimplerasChinesegrammaris,Chinesehasatoneandwritingsystemthatismoredifficultfor(learn)tomaster.

9.—Canyoutellusyourrecipefor(happy)andalonglife?

—Livingeverydaytothefull,definitely.10.Recent(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.

11.Althoughthese(measure)arenoteffectiveforever,theyarevitalfornow.

12.Hecelebratedthe(arrive)ofthenewyearwithapartyforhisfriends.

13.Janeknewfrompastexperiencethather(choose)oftieshardlyeverpleasedherfather.

14.Wefearthatwedonothavethe(strong)andcouragetofacethetruthofoursituation.

15.Whilemyfriend,George,wasreadinginbed,two(thief)climbedintohiskitchen.

Ⅱ.單句改錯1.Theinstructorkeptrepeatingtheword,“Speedup!”“Slowdown!”

2.Myuncletellsmethatthekeytohissuccessishonest.

3.Ifwegoonatripabroad,wecanbroadenourviewandgainknowledgeswecannotgetfrombooks.

4.WhenIwasaveryyoungchildren,myfathercreatedaregularpractice.

5.Theteenageyearfrom13to19werethemostdifficulttimeforme.

Ⅲ.語法填空Overtheyears,Ihavemetsomeinterestingpeople.Twoof1.mostinterestingpeopleweretwoelderlysisters,JoanandBernice,2.wayoftalkingaboutpeopleinspiredme.

Itwasalwaysa3.(pleasant)tovisitthesetwosisters.Justbeinggreetedatthedoorwasajoy.Theycouldn'tbe4.(happy)whenseeingme.Ialwaysheardaboutthepeoplewhoweretherebeforeme.Everyperson5.(talk)aboutinapositiveway.Theconversationwouldgosomethinglikethis,“Oh,Kay,soandsowashereyesterday,she6.(be)justthe‘saltoftheearth’,isn'tshe?”Theothersisterwouldreply,“Ohyes!Youjustcan'tbelieve7.wonderfulsheis.”Ineverheardtheysaidanegativewordaboutanyone.NEVER!

Iunderstoodwhythesetwohadsomuchcompanywhenotherpeoplecomplainedthatnoonecaredabout8.(they).Itwastheirattitude9.people.Therewasnodoubtthatwhenthenextpersoncametovisit,hewasgoingtohearhowIwasthe“saltoftheearth”.

Whatawonderfulexamplethesetwoelderlysistersweretome!Iwillalwaysbe10.(thank)thatIhadtheopportunitytoknowthem.

專題2正反解讀名詞【高考鏈接】1.invitations根據(jù)句意“她拒絕了幾個邀請”可知,此處需要填名詞,而且invitation是可數(shù)名詞,前面有several修飾,故用復(fù)數(shù)形式。2.attraction空格前有形容詞,因此要用其名詞形式。3.enemiesenemy是可數(shù)名詞,其前沒有冠詞,故用復(fù)數(shù)形式。naturalenemies天敵。4.achievement空格前面是介詞of,故使用名詞作介詞的賓語。5.daysfew用來修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),故填days?！緦崙?zhàn)演練】Ⅰ.單句填空1.confidence句意:當(dāng)面對挑戰(zhàn)時,你應(yīng)該相信信心是發(fā)揮作用的因素。所填詞在that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中作主語,故應(yīng)該用名詞,confidence意為“信心”。2.safety句意:在記者會上,一個政府發(fā)言人表達(dá)了他對三名被困工人安全的深切關(guān)心。定冠詞the后應(yīng)用名詞,故填safety。3.improvement句意:我確信用英語寫日記對于提高寫作能力很有幫助。根據(jù)句意及設(shè)空前的the可知填名詞。4.failures句意:在1971年,在經(jīng)歷了將近兩百次失敗后,屠的團(tuán)隊發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種提取物——青蒿素,它對抗瘧疾100%有效。5.punishment句意:他沒有把東西放回原處,為此他受到了懲罰。his是形容詞性物主代詞,后面應(yīng)接名詞,punishment意為“懲罰”,為不可數(shù)名詞。6.applicants句意:這所大學(xué)很有名氣,因此有很多申請者來應(yīng)聘這個崗位。applicant意為“申請者”,為可數(shù)名詞,其前有alotof修飾,因此應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。7.expressions根據(jù)語境可知,所填詞在句中作writedown的賓語,應(yīng)該填提示詞的名詞形式,根據(jù)them可知用復(fù)數(shù)形式。8.learners句意:……漢語的音調(diào)和書寫體系對學(xué)習(xí)者來說更難掌握。設(shè)空處作介詞for的賓語,應(yīng)用名詞;根據(jù)句意,此處指“學(xué)習(xí)者”,且不止一個,故應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。故填learners。9.happiness句意:“你能告訴我們你幸福、長壽的訣竅嗎?”“確切地說,就是充實地度過每一天?！蔽挥诮樵~for后面,并且和alonglife并列,因此需要用名詞。happiness作“幸?！敝v為不可數(shù)名詞,故答案為happiness。10.stu