2022年考研外語(yǔ)考試真題及答案45

2022年考研外語(yǔ)考試真題及答案

一、PartI:Vocabulary(20minutes,10points,0.5pointeach)

1、Psychologicalstudiesshowthatsomepeopleare

quick-tempered.

A.atheart

B.onpurpose

C.inperson

D.bynature

2、Ifapersontalksabouthisweakpoints,hislistener

isexpectedtosaysomethinginthewayof.

A.assures

B.encouragement

C.persuasion

D.confirmation

3、Hewashighschoolandcollegeinstructorstrying

toteachhimhowtothinktousethe"scientificmethod“rather

thanteachinghimthestructureofthesubject.

A.putupwith

B.givenwayto

C.fallenbackon

D.fedupwith

4、Thefilmwas'Cezanne，,a50-minuteonthepainter

andhiswork.

A.mediation

B.medication

C.meditation

D.metrication

5、Youcan,tworkforsixhourswithoutasingle

break-it'simpossible!

A.continuously

B.continually

C.frequently

D.often

6>Thehumouroftheplaywastoofortheyoung

audienceandtheyrarelylaughed.

A.detailed

B.feeble

C.subtle

D.slender

7、Itiswel1knownthatachilddoesnotreachemotional

securityagoodmanyyearsafterphysicalmaturity.

A.for

B.during

C.aslongas

D.until

8、Man'sunderstandingandhismasteringofmatterandenergy

hisclaimtosuperiority；providehimwiththebasisfor

enrichinganddeepeninghumanexperience.

A.designate

B.deserve

C.justify

D.illustrate

9、Theytoinvestigatethecircumstancesatthetime

oftheaccidentanditisnowtoolatetoproveanything.

A.ignored

B.intended

C.neglected

D.disregarded

10>Peoplethatverticalflighttransportswould

carrymillionsofpassengersasdotheairlinersoftoday.

A.convinced

B.anticipated

C.resolved

D.assured

二、SectionBlnthissection,therearetensentenceswith

onewordorphraseunderlinedeach.Chooseoneofthefour

choicesmarkedA,B,CandDthatbestkeepsthemeaningofthe

sentenceifitissubstitutedfortheunderlinedword.

1>Shedidn'topenlyattacktheplan,butheroppositionwas

(implicit)inherfailuretosayanythinginsupportofit.

A.explicit

B.obvious

C.decisive

D.underlying

2、Wewill(shortly)bearrivinginKing'sCrossStation.

MayIremindallpassengerstotaketheirluggagewiththem.

A.immediately

B.directly

C.soon

D.later

3、Actaccordingtowhatthelaws(prescribe)andyou111

havenotrouble.

A.say

B.impose

C.decide

D.define

4、Thematterhasbeen(goneinto)verythoroughly,andwe

findtherearenogroundsfortheallegations.

A.investigated

B.explained

C.described

D.stated

5、Thetest(comprises)foursections,namely,Listening,

Reading,VocabularyandCompositionwithatimelimitforeach.

A.consistsof

B.involves

C.indicates

D.composesof

6>BeingCinfamous)forhisdishonestyinbusinessmatters,

themanhadfewfriends.

A.fresh

B.immediate

C.notorious

D.famous

7、Somepeople(persistin)thepracticeofsomeveryold

customsortraditionsjustbecausetheyenjoydoingso.

A.endure

B.support

C.stickto

D.continuein

8、Manylocalauthoritiesrealizetheneedtomake

(provisions)forelderlypeopleintheirhousingprogrammes.

A.assistance

B.rooms

C.conditions

D.supplies

9、Hewasverycarefulinwhateverhedid(lest)something

unfavourablemightbewrittenintohisrecord.

A.ifonly

B.forfearthat

C.unless

D.otherwise

10、Thestorywasgivena(prominent)positioninthefront

page.

A.obvious

B.clear

C.apparent

D.noticeable

三、PartIIClozeTestForeachblankinthefollowingpassage,

choosethebestanswerfromthechoicesgivenbelow.Markyour

answerontheAnswerSheetbydrawingwithapencilashortbar

acrossthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.

1、Itisdifficulttoimaginewhatlifewouldbe1ikewithout

memory.Themeaningsofthousandsofeverydayperceptions,the

bases(1)thedecisionswemake,andtherootsofourhabits

andskillsaretobe(2)inourpastexperience,whichare

broughtintothepresent(3)memory.Memorycanbedefinedas

thecapacitytokeep(4)availableforlateruse.Itincludes

notonly"remembering“thingslikearithmeticorhistorical

facts,butalsoanychangeinthewayananimaltypically

behaves.Memoryis(5)whenaratgivesupeatinggrainbecause

hehassniffedsomethingsuspiciousinthegrainpile.Memory

isalsoinvolvedwhenasix-year-olechildlearnstoswinga

baseballbat.Memory(6)notonlyinhumansandanimalsbutalso

insomephysicalobjectsandmachines.Computers,forexample,

containdevicesforstoringdataforlateruse.Itis

interestingtocomparethememory-storagecapacityofa

computer(7)thatofahumanbeing.Theinstant-accessmemory

ofalargecomputermayholdupto100000"words”-readyfor

(8)use.AnaverageAmericanteenagerprobablyrecognizesthe

meaningsofabout100000wordsofEnglish.However,thisis

butafractionofthetotal(9)ofinformationwhichthe

teenagerhasstored.Consider,forexample,thenumberoffacts

andplacesthattheteenagercanrecognizeonsight.Theuse

ofwordsisthebasisoftheadvancedproblem-solving

intelligenceofhumanbeings.Alargepartofaperson'smemory

isintermsofwordsand(10)ofwords.

A.of

B.to

C.for

D.on

2、

A.keep

B.found

C.sought

D.stored

3、

A.by

B.from

C.with

D.in

4、

A.experiences

B.bases

C.observations

D.information

5、

A.called

B.taken

C.involved

D.included

6、

A.exists

B.appears

C.affects

D.seems

7、

A.to

B.with

C.against

D.for

8、

A.progressive

B.instructive

C.instant

D.protective

9、

A.deal

B.number

C.mount

D.amount

10、

A.combinations

B.connections

C.co-ordinations

D.collections

四、PartIIIReadingComprehensioninthisparttherearefour

passagesfollowedbyquestionsorunfinishedstatements,each

withfoursuggestedanswers.Choosetheoneyouthinkisthe

bestanswerandmarkyourchoiceontheAnswerSheet.

1、Theneedforsolarelectricityisclear.Itissafe,

ecologicallysound,efficient,continuouslyavailable,andit

hasnomovingparts.Thebasicproblemwiththeuseofsolar

photovoltaicdevicesiseconomics,butuntilrecentlyvery

littleprogresshadbeenmadetowardthedevelopmentof

low-costphotovoltaicdevices.Thelargerpartofresearch

fundinghasbeendevotedtostudyofsingle-crystalsilicon

solarcells,despitetheevidence,includingthatofthe

leadingmanufacturersofcrystallinesilicon,thatthe

techniqueholdslittlepromise.Thereasonforthispatternis

understandableandhistorical.Crystallinesiliconisthe

activeelementintheverysuccessfulsemiconductorindustry,

andvirtuallyallofthesolidstatedevicescontainsilicon

transistorsanddiodes.Crystallinesilicon,however,is

particularlyunsuitabletoterrestrialsolar

cells.Crystallinesiliconsolarcellsworkwellandare

successfullyusedinthespaceprogram,wherecostisnotan

issue.Whilesingle-crystalsiliconhasbeenprovenin

extraterrestrialusewithefficienciesashighas18percent,

andothermoreexpensiveandscarematerialssuchasgallium

arsenidecanhaveevenhigherefficiencies,costsmustbe

reducedbyafactorofmorethan100tomakethempracticalfor

commercialuse.Besidesthefactthatthestartingcrystalline

siliconisexpensive,95percentofitiswastedanddoesnot

appearinthefinaldevice.Recently,therehavebeensome

imaginativeattemptstomakepolycrystallineandribbon

silicon,whicharelowerincostthanhigh-qualitysingle

crystals;buttodatetheefficienciesoftheseapparently

lower-costarrayshavebeenunacceptablysmall.Moreover,

thesematerialsarecheaperonlybecauseoftheintroduction

ofdisorderingincrystallinesemiconductors,anddisorder

degradestheefficiencyofcrystallinesolarcells.This

dilemmacanbeavoidedbypreparingcompletelydisorderedor

amorphousmaterials.Amorphousmaterialshavedisordered

atomicstructureascomparedtocrystallinematerials:thatis,

theyhaveonlyshort-rangeorderratherthanthelong-range

periodicityofcrystals.Theadvantagesofamorphoussolar

cellsareimpressive.Whereascrystalscanbegrownaswafers

aboutfourinchesindiameter,amorphousmaterialscanbegrown

overlargeareasinasingleprocess.Whereascrystalline

siliconmustbemade200micronsthicktoabsorbasufficient

amountofsunlightforefficientenergyconversion,only1

micronoftheproperamorphousmaterialsisnecessary.

Crystallinesiliconsolarcellscostinexcessof$100per

squarefoot,butamorphousfilmscanbecreatedatacostof

about50persquarefoot.Althoughmanyscientistswereaware

oftheverylowcostofamorphoussolarcells,theyfeltthat

theycouldneverbemanufacturedwiththeefficiencies

necessarytocontributesignificantlytothedemandfor

electricpower.Thiswasbasedonamisconceptionaboutthe

featurewhichdeterminesefficiency.Forexample,itisnotthe

conductivityofthematerialsinthedarkwhichisrelevant,

butonlythephotoconductivity,thatis,theconductivityin

thepresenceofsunlight.Already,solarcellswith

efficiencieswellabove6percenthavebeendevelopedusing

amorphousmaterials,andfurtherresearchwilldoubtlessfind

evenlesscostlyamorphousmaterialswithhigherefficiencies.

Whatsthemajorobstacletothewideuseofsolarelectricity?

A.Solarphotovoltaicdevicesaretooexpensive.

B.Littleresearchhasbeendonetostudysolarcells.

C.Solarelectricityisneithersafenorefficient.

D.Theleadingmanufacturersonlyproducecrystallinesilicon

forextraterrestrialuse.

2、Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOT

trueofcrystallinesilicon?

A.Itcanbefoundinnearlyallsolidstatedevicesinthe

formoftransistorsanddiodes.

B.Itissuccessfullyusedinthespaceprogramwithhigh

efficiency.

C.Itisunsuitabletoterrestrialsolarcellsasitislimited

tomilitaryuse.

D.Itsuseisnoteconomicalwithahighpercentagewasted.

3、Theauthor,sattitudetowardattemptstomake

polycrystallineandribbonsiliconcanbestbedescribedas

A.enthusiasm

B.optimism

C.doubt

D.Disapproval

4^InPara.3,theauthorfocusesprimarilyon.

A.presentingtwotypesofmaterialsforsolarcells

B.discussingtheadvantagesofamorphousmaterialsover

crystallinesilicon

C.pointingoutthefeasibilityofusingamorphousmaterials

inextraterrestrialprograms

D.outliningthespecificreasonswhyaprobleminsolarcells

hasnotyetbeensolved

5^Whichofthefollowingwastrueofmanyscientists?

A.Theyfeltamorphousmaterialsweretoocostly.

B.Theyweredoubtfulwhethertheycoulddevelopamorphous

solarcellswithhigherefficiencies.

C.Theyrealizedthatitwastheconductivityinthepresence

ofsunlightthatwasrelevanttoefficiency.

D.Theywereoptimisticaboutthefutureuseofamorphous

materialswithhigherefficiencies.

五、PassageTwo

1、Myhandsaresweating,myfaceisbreakingout,myheart

ispounding,mytemperisshort.AmIhavingaheartattack?

AmIhavinganervousbreakdown?No!Finalexamsarecomingup

andIamexperiencingtestanxiety.Istestanxietydestructive?

Canwemaketestanxietyworkforus?Theanswertobothofthese

questionsisyes.Testanxietyofteninterfereswithstudent

performancebutthissametestanxiety,ifchanneledcorrectly,

canhelpimproveperformance.Thegoodsideoftestanxietyis

thatitcausesustoattendtotheproblem.Itmotivatesusto

wanttostudyandpreparefortheexam.Withoutthiscatalyst

wemightneverbeconcernedaboutpreparingforatest.Thus,

alittleanxiousnessshouldntworryyou.Thoseofuswhospeak

publiclyknowthatafewbutterfliesinthestomachjustprior

toaspeechmeansthatwewillprobablydoagoodjob,thatwe

willfocusonourspeechandblockoutextraneousmaterial.

However,whenstressinterfereswithyourabilityto

concentrate,thenithasreachedthedestructivestate.In

ordertolessenthedestructiveelementsoftestanxiety,the

approachshouldbetodevelopimprovedconfidenceandknowledge.

Thesetwofactorsgohandinhand.Asyourknowledgeofthe

coursematerialincreases,yourconfidenceinyourabilityto

succeedwillincrease.Asyourconfidenceincreases,your

anxietywillgodown,allowingyourknowledgetocomethrough

moreefficiently.Thewayyouprepareforatestcanreduce

anxietyduringthetest.

WhichofthefollowingisNOTasymptomoftestanxiety?

A.Handsaresweating.

B.Faceisbreakingout.

C.Heartispounding.

D.Heartattack.

2、Accordingtothepassage,testanxietycanbenefitusin

allofthefollowingwaysexceptthatit.

A.motivatesustomakegoodpreparationforthetest

B.helpsustoconcentrate

C.canensureusagoodscoreinthetest

D.canhelpimproveperformanceifchanneledcorrectly

3、WhichofthefollowingstatementisTRUEaboutthe

relationshipbetweentestanxietyandconfidenceandknowledge?

A.Asyourknowledgeofthecoursematerialincreases,your

confidenceinyourabilitytosucceedwillincrease.

B.Asyourconfidenceincreases,youranxietywillgodown.

C.Asyouranxietyincreases,yourknowledgewillincrease

moreefficiently.

D.BothA)andB)

4、Whatmightbediscussedinthefollowingpartofthearticle?

A.Somespecificrecommendationsforreducingtestanxiety

B.Thenegativeeffectsofanxietyonstudentswhotaketests

C.onlypoorstudentshavetheproblemoftestanxiety

D.onlyifyouarehard-working,youwillnothavetheproblem

oftestanxiety

5^Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?

A.Howtopreparetests?

B.Knowledgeandpreparationfortests

C.TestAnxiety:FriendorFoe?

D.Istestanxietydestructive?

六、PassageThree

1、LikeherwhitefriendsEleanorRooseveltandAubrey

Williams,MaryBethunebelievedinthefundamentalcommitment

oftheNewDealtoassisttheblackAmericansstruggleandin

theneedforblackstoassumeresponsibilitiestohelpwinthat

struggle.Unlikethoseofherwhiteliberalassociates,however,

Bethunesideashadevolvedoutofalongexperienceasarace

leader.FounderofasmallblackcollegeinFlorida,shehad

becomewidelyknownby1935asanorganizerofblackwomens

groupsandasacivilandpoliticalrightsactivist.Deeply

religious,certainofherowncapabilities,shehelda

relativelyunclutteredviewofwhatshefeltweretheNewDeals

andherownpeoplesobligationstothecauseofracialjustice.

Unafraidtospeakhermindtopowerfulwhites,includingthe

President,ortodifferingblackfactions,shecombinedfaith

intheultimatewillingnessofwhitestodiscardtheir

prejudiceandbigotrywithastrongsenseofracialprideand

commitmenttoNegroself-help.Morethanher1iberalwhite

friends,Bethunearguedforastronganddirectblackvoicein

initiatingandshapinggovernmentpolicy.Shepursuedthisin

herconversationswithPresidentRoosevelt,innumerous

memorandatoAubreyWilliams,andinheradministrativework

asheadoftheNationalYouthAdministrationsOfficeofNegro

Affairs.WiththeassistanceofWilliams,shewassuccessful

inhavingblacksselectedtoNYApostsatthenational,state,

andlocallevels.Butshealsowantedablackpresence

throughoutthefederalgovernment.Atthebeginningofthewar

shejoinedotherblackleadersindemandingappointmentstothe

SelectiveServiceBoardandtotheDepartmentoftheArmy;and

shewasinstrumentalin1941insecuringEarlDickersons

membershipontheFairEmploymentPracticesCommittee.By1944,

shewasstillmakingappealsforblackrepresentationall

publicprograms,federal,state,andlocal,andin

policy-makingpostsaswellasrankandfilejobs.Though

recognizingtheweaknessintheRooseveltadministrations

responsetoNegroneeds,MaryBethuneremainedinessencea

blackpartisanchampionoftheNewDealduringthe1930sand

1940s.Herstrongadvocacyofadministrationpoliciesand

programswaspredicatedonanumberoffactors:herassessment

ofthelowstatusofblackAmericansduringtheDepression;her

faithinthewillingnessofsomeliberalwhitestoworkforthe

inclusionofblacksinthegovernmentsreform,andrecovery

measures;herconvictionthatonlymassivefederalaidcould

elevatetheNegroeconomically;andherbeliefthatthe

thirtiesandfortieswereproducingamoreself-awareand

self-assuredblackpopulation.Likeanumberofherwhite

friendsingovernment,Bethuneassumedthatthepreservation

ofdemocracyandblackpeoplesfullintegrationintothe

benefitsandtheresponsibilitiesofAmericanlifewere

inextricablytiedtogether.Shewasconvincedthat,withthe

helpofafriendlygovernment,amilitant,aggressiveNewNegro

wou1demergeoutofthedevastationofdepressionandwar,a

NewNegrowhowouldsaveAmericafromitself,whowouldlead

Americatowardthefullrealizationofitsdemocraticideas.

WhatwasthecommonbeliefheldbyMaryBethuneandherwhite

friends?

A.Forblackswhowantedtoachieveequalitytherewasalong

waytogo.

B.Itwastheresponsibilityofbothgovernmentandblacksto

fightforracialjustice.

C.Racialprejudicewastoodeep-rootedtoovercome.

D.Itwasthecauseofblackstostruggleforequalrights.

2、WhichofthefollowingwastrueofMaryBethune?

A.ShegraduatedfromasmallblackcollegeinFlorida.

B.Shefoundedablackwomen'sgroupin1935.

C.Shewasactiveincivilandpoliticalrightsmovement.

D.Shewasunwillingtoexpressherviewsdirectlytopowerful

whites.

3^BethunetalkedtoPresidentRooseveltandwrotecountless

letterstoAubreyWilliaminorderto.

A.haveblacksselectedtoimportantgovernmentposts

B.letthemheardirectblackvoice

C.beappointedtotheDepartmentoftheArmy

D.appealtothemtosupporthercampaign

4、Theword“instrumental”(Line8,Para.2)isclosestin

meaningto.

A.insistent

B.inspirational

C.important

D.intelligent

5、WhatwasMaryBethune'sresponsewhensherealizedthe

Rooseveltadministrationdidn'ttakestrongactionstoimprove

theBlacks，conditions?

A.ShelosthopeintheNewDealandbegantoattackit.

B.ShecontinuedtosupporttheNewDealsoastowinitshelp

inreturn.

C.Shelookedforwardtoamorefriendlywhitegovernment.

D.Shebelievedonlyamilitant,aggressiveblackgovernment

couldsaveblacks.

七、PassageFour

1>Theexclusiveemphasisoneconomicsisyieldingtoan

appreciationofpolitics.Afterall,beforefreemarketcan

thriveyouneedpoliticalstability.Technologyisstillseen

asapowerfultool,butonethatcanhaveharmfulaswel1as

beneficialconsequences(asOsamabinLadenhasbrutallyshown).

Mostimportant,theglobaltradingsystemisbecomingmore

democratic,withcountrieslikeIndia,ChinaandBrazil

demandingavoiceintheshapeoftradenegotiations.Thistoo

couldbeforthebest.Ifafewconcessionsanddelaysmeanthat

thefree-tradesystemwillhavegreaterlegitimacyinthe

developingworld,itisapricewellworthpaying.Even

September11couldbeevenmorebeneficial.Inthepastfour

monthstheworldhasseenwhatAmericanpoliticalleadership

andpowercandowhenitisambitious,energeticand

internationallyminded.ItistimeforAmericaneconomic

leadershiptobesimilarlyactiveandvisionary.Treasury

SecretaryPaulONeillsspeechattheforumwasaninteresting

beginning.ONeilltalkedaboutchangingtheloans-and-grants

systemtodevelopingcountriestohelpthemhelpthemselves.

Hetalkedaboutinsistingoninternallegalandpolitical

reforms.Hepointedoutthatforeignaidrarelyworks.His

critiquesofthecurrentsystemwassharp,butanyonecan

criticize.Thepointistofixthings.Heshouldtakethis

opportunitytopresentaseriesofbroadAmericaninitiatives

thatwouldbroadenanddeepenglobalization.Washingtonshould

leadthedevelopedworldbyrespondingtothelegitimate

demandsofthedevelopingworldontrade-thatmeansagriculture

andanti-dumping.Hormatsarguesforareform,ofthemajor

internationaleconomicgroupsandinstitutions.Anewsystem

ofeffectiveforeignaidcouldhavemassiveeconomicand

politicalbenefitsforthewholeworld.In