美國(guó)石油學(xué)校定向井課件(英文)

Petroleum

Engineering

406Lesson

18Directional

DrillingLesson

10

-

Directional

DrillingWhen

is

it

used?Type

I

Wells

(build

and

hold)Type

II

Wells

(build,

hold

and

drop)Type

III

Wells

(build)Directional

Well

Planning

&

DesignSurvey

Calculation

MethodsHomework:READ.

“Applied

DrillingEngineering”

Ch.

8,

pp.

351-363REF.

API

Bulletin

D20,

“Directional

DrilliSurvey

Calculation

Methods

andTerminology”What

is

Directional

Drilling?Directional

Drilling

is

the

process

ofdirecting

a

wellbore

along

some

trajectoryto

a

predetermined

target.Basically

it

refers

to

drilling

in

a

non-verdirection.

Even

“vertical”

hole

sometimesrequire

directional

drilling

techniques.Examples:

Slanted

holes,

high

angle

holes

(far

from

vertical),

and

HorizontaDirectionAngleDirection

Plane

XInclinationPlane

Yq,

a

or

IInclination

AngleZ

Axis

(TrueVerticalDepth)Northf,

e

orANon-VerticalWellboreFigure

8.2

-

Plan

view

of

a

typical

oil

and

gas

structure

under

a

lake

showing

hdirectional

wells

could

be

used

to

develop

it.

Best

locations?

Drill

from

lakLease

BoundarySurface

Location

for

Well

No.

1Bottom

Hole

Location

for

Well

2SurfaceLocation

forWell

No.

2HousesOil-WaterContactFigure

8.3

-

Typical

offshore

development

platformwith

directional

wells.NOTE:

All

thewells

aredirectionalTop

View5-50wellsper

platformFigure

8.4

-

Developing

a

field

under

a

cityusing

directionally

drilled

wells.Drilling

Rig

Inside

BuildingFig.

8.5

-

Drilling

of

directional

wells

where

threservoir

is

beneath

a

major

surface

obstructionWhy

notdrill

fromtop

ofmountain?Maximumlateraldispl.?Sidetracked

HoleAround

FishFigure

8.6

-Sidetrackingaround

a

fish.Fish

Lost

in

Hole

andUnable

to

RecoverCement

PlugFigure

8.7

-Usinganoldwell

to

explorfor

new

oil

bysidetrackingout

of

thecasing

anddrillingdirectionallye.PossibleNew

OilSidetrackedOut

of

CasingOil

Producing

WellReady

to

AbandonOld

Oil

ReservoirFigure

8.8

-

Major

types

of

wellbore

trajectoriesBuild

andHold

TypeContinuousBuildHorizontalDepartureto

TargetType

IType

IIIType

IIBuild-hold

and

Drop

(“SType”B)uild-hold

Drop

and/or

Hold(Modified

“S”

Type)Figure

8.10

-Geometry

of

thebuild

section.Build

SectionBuild

Radius:Build

Section:Drop

OffTargetBuild-hold-and

drop

for

the

case

where:End

of

BuildStart

of

BuildupType

IIBuild-hold-anddrop

for

the

casewhere:KickoffEnd

of

BuildMaximumInclinationAngleDrop

OffTargetType

IITarget

1Target

2Target

3Fig.

8-14.

Directional

well

used

to

intersemultiple

targetsProjected

Trajectory

Projected

Trajectorywith

Left

Turn

to

HitTargetsN18ES23EA

=

157oFig.

8-15.Directionalquadrants

andcompassmeasurementsN55WS20WA

=

305oFigure

8-16:

Plan

ViewLead

AngleLakeSurfaceLocationfor

WellNo.

2Projected

Well

PathTarget

at

aTVD

9,659Example

1:

Design

ofDirectional

WDesign

a

directional

well

with

the

followinrestrictions:Total

horizontal

departure

=

4,500

ftTrue

vertical

depth

(TVD) =

12,500

ftDepth

to

kickoff

point

(KOP)

=

2,500

ftRate

of

build

of

hole

angle

=

1.5

deg/100

ftExample

1:

Design

ofDirectional

WThis

is

a

Type

I

well

(build

and

hold)Determine

the

maximum

holeangle

(inclination)

required.What

is

the

total

measured

depthof

the

hole

(MD)?2500’10,000’ImaxTVD1Imax4,500’12,500’Type

I:

Build-and-HoldHD1Uniform

1’30”Increase

in

Driftper

100

ft

of

holedrilled10,000’Vert.Depth4,500’

HorizontalDeviation0’Try Imax

=

27o

??Solution2500’Type

I

Well

1.5deg/100’Available

depth=

12,500-2,500=

10,000’10,000’ImaxImaxFrom

Chart,Try

Imax

=

27oTVD1HD1Build

SectionImaxImaxTVD1HD1MD1

=

1,800’

(27/1.5)1TVD =

1,734’HD1

=

416’Remaining

vertical

height=

10,000

-

1,734

=8,266’From

chart

of

1.5

deg/100’,

with

Imax

=27oIn

the

BUILD

Section:8,266’SolutionHorizontally:416

+

8,266

tan

27o

=

4,628We

need4,500’

only:=

25’

30Next

try

ImaxminImax8,266’2MD =

1,700’(25.5/1.5)TVD2

=

1,644’HD2

=

372’Solution:Remainingvertical

depth

=

10,000-1644=

8,356

ft.Horizontal

deviation =

372+8,356

tan25.5=

4,358

ft.

{ 4500

}Approx.

maximum

angle

=

26What

is

the

size

of

target?MD

=

MDvert

+

MDbuild

+

MDholdType

II

PatternGiven:KOP

=

2,000

feetTVD

=

10,000

feetHoriz.

Depart.

=

2,258

feetBuild

RateDrop

Rate=

20

per

100

feet=

10

30’

per

100

feetThe

first

part

of

the

calculation

is

thesame

as

previously

described.Procedure

-

Find:4a)

The

usable

depth

(8,000

feet)4b)

Maximum

angle

at

completion

ofbuildup

(180)4c)

Measured

depthandvertical

depth

atcompletion

of

build

up(M.D.=900

ft.

and

TVD

=

8864d)

Measured

depth,

horizontal

departureand

TVD

for

1

/100

ft

from

chart.Solve:4For

the

distances

corresponding

to

thesides

of

the

triangle

in

the

middle.4Add

up

the

results.4If

not

close

enough,

try

a

different

valuefor

the

maximum

inclination

angle,

ImaxExample

1:

Design

of

DirectionalWellDetermine

the

maximum

hole

anglerequired.What

is

the

total

measured

depth

(MD)?(MD

=

well

depth

measured

along

thewellbore,not

the

vertical

depth)(i)

MaximumInclinationAngle(i)

Maximum

Inclination

Angle(ii) Measured

Depth

of

Well(ii) Measured

Depth

ofWellHorizontalViewNVerticalViewWe

may

plan

a

2-D

well,

but

we

alwaysget

a

3D

well

(not

all

in

one

plane)Fig.

8-22.

A

curve

representing

a

wellborebetweensurvey

stations

A1

and

A2MD,

a1,

e1DMDa2,

e2b

=

doglegangleDirectional

Drilling41.

Drill

the

vertical

(upper)

section

ofthe

hole.42.

Select

the

proper

tools

for

kicking

offto

a

non-vertical

direction43.

Build

angle

graduallyDirectional

Tools4(i)

Whipstock4(ii)

Jet

Bits4(iii)

Downhole

motor

and

bent

subWhipstocksStandard

retreivableCirculatingPermanent

CasingSetting

a

Whipstock4Small

bit

used

to

start4Apply

weight

to:set

chisel

point

&shear

pin4Drill

12’-20’4Remove

whipstock4Enlarge

holeJetting

Bit4Fast

and

economical4For

soft

formation4One

large

-

twosmall

nozzles4Orient

large

nozzle4Spud

periodically4No

rotation

at

firstSmall

JetsJetting4Wash

out

pocket4Return

to

normaldrilling4Survey4Repeat

for

moreangle

if

neededMud

MotorsDrillpipeNon-magneticDrill

CollarBent

SubMud

MotorRotatingSubIncreasing

Inclination4Limber

assembly4Near

bit

stabilizer4Weight

on

bit

forcesDC

to

bend

to

lowside

of

hole.4Bit

face

kicks

upHold

Inclination4Packed

holeassembly4Stiff

assembly4Control

bit

weightand

RPMDecreaseInclination4Pendulum

effect4Gravity

pulls

bitdownward4No

near

bit

stabilizerPacked

Hole

AssembliesDrillpipeHW

DPStringStabilizerStringStringDCSteel

DC

Steel

DCNBStabilizeSrtabilizerStabMonelVertical

CalculationHorizontal

Calculation3D

ViewDog

Leg

AngleDeflecting

Wellbore

Trajectory090180270Bottom

Hole

LocationSurvey

Calculation

MethodsTangential

Method=

Backward

Station

Method=

Terminal

Angle

MethodAssumption:

Hole

will

maintainconstant

inclination

and

azimuangles

between

survey

pointsAIAIBBPoor

accuracy!!IBAverage

Angle

Method=

Angle

Averaging

MethodAssumption:

Borehole

is

parallel

to

thesimple

average

drift

and

bearing

anglesbetween

any

two

stations.Known:

Location

of

A,

Distance

AB,AnglesSimple

enough

for

field

useMuch

more

accurate

than “Tangential”

MethodAIAIBIAVGBIAVGAverage

Angle

MethodVertical

Plane:AIAIBIAVGBIAVGAverage

Angle

MethodHorizontal

Plane:NABBAAVGAAEDEDNAChange

in

position

towards

the

east:Change

in

position

towards

the

north:Change

indepth:Where

L

is

the

measured

distancebetween

the

two

stations

A

&

B.ExampleThe

coordinates

of

a

point

in

a

wellboreare:x

=

1000

ft

(easting)y

=

2000

ft

(northing)z

=

3000

ft

(depth)At

this

point

(station)

a

wellbore