犬肥胖癥的病因分類及診斷

目錄摘要 摘要寵物犬營養(yǎng)攝入過?；蜻\動不足引起肥胖癥日趨嚴重，影響了犬的生存質(zhì)量。能量控制是控制犬體重、促進犬脂肪動用的重要手段。然而由于犬身體健康狀態(tài)及病癥嚴重程度不同，常需要配合藥物進行治療。目前已使用的幾種藥物主要通過控制能量攝入和調(diào)節(jié)脂肪代謝兩個機制來治療犬肥胖癥，展現(xiàn)出較好的治療效果。此外，在其他動物上，一些膳食添加劑的研究結(jié)果顯示其在防治犬肥胖癥上可能具有極大的潛力。關(guān)鍵詞：犬肥胖癥能量控制藥物治療前言哺乳動物肥胖癥與脂肪代謝隨著生活水平的提高，肥胖（obesity）越來越常見。2013年，美國約有3422億用于治療肥胖引起的相關(guān)疾病，占個人衛(wèi)生保健綜合的28.2%ADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11606-016-3968-8","ISSN":"15251497","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Biener","given":"Adam","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cawley","given":"John","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Meyerhoefer","given":"Chad","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"JournalofGeneralInternalMedicine","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","4","1"]]},"page":"6-8","publisher":"SpringerNewYorkLLC","title":"TheHighandRisingCostsofObesitytotheUSHealthCareSystem","type":"article-journal","volume":"32"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=7572ca36-208a-3b11-9528-9ca1adbf5310"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"^[1]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[1]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"^[1]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[1]。同年，美國醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會（AmericanMedicalAssociation）將肥胖定義為一種疾病ADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecl.2016.04.004","ISSN":"15584410","abstract":"In2013,theAmericanMedicalAssociationrecognizedobesityasacomplex,chronicdiseaserequiringmedicalattention.Definingobesityasadiseaseisaverypublicprocess,largelydrivenbyexpectationofcostsandbenefits.Althoughthepublichasbeenslowtoembracethisdefinition,evidenceisemergingforbroaderawarenessofinfluencingfactorsbeyondpersonalchoice.Thisdecisionseemstobeworkingwithotherfactorstobringmoreaccesstocare,lessblameforpeoplewiththecondition,andmorefavorableconditionsforresearchtoidentifyeffectivestrategiesforpreventionandclinicalcaretoreducetheimpact.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kyle","given":"TheodoreK.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dhurandhar","given":"EmilyJ.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Allison","given":"DavidB.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"EndocrinologyandMetabolismClinicsofNorthAmerica","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016","9","1"]]},"page":"511-520","publisher":"W.B.Saunders","title":"RegardingObesityasaDisease:EvolvingPoliciesandTheirImplications","type":"article","volume":"45"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=48bf229f-8855-3d71-8fab-dfe85eb76d94"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"^[2]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[2]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"^[2]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[2]，2015年名古屋宣言（NagoyaDeclaration）將肥胖疾?。╫besitydisease）定義為由肥胖引起的一種疾病狀態(tài)并需要臨床醫(yī)療干預(yù)ADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"URL":"http://www.jasso.or.jp/data/data/pdf/nagoya2015.pdf","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2020","2","17"]]},"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["0"]]},"title":"(NoTitle)","type":"webpage"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=68a5f5c7-c133-330f-9610-268a02dfc1b5"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"^[3]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[3]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"^[3]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[3]。由此可見，肥胖癥已經(jīng)成為一個世界性的醫(yī)學(xué)難題。BMI（BodyMassindex）是常見的肥胖評判標(biāo)準，一般將BMI30kg/m2的人定義為肥胖人群。肥胖能夠引起多種疾病，包括血脂紊亂、冠心病、高血壓、睡眠呼吸暫停癥、全身性炎癥、胰島素抵抗以及交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)過度活躍等ADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1007/s11892-017-0859-2","ISSN":"1534-4827","abstract":"PurposeofReview:Thisreviewprovidesanoverviewofthecurrentstateofdrugtherapyforobesity,withafocusonfournewdrugtherapies—lorcaserin,phentermine/topiramate,naltrexone/bupropion,andliraglutide3.0

mg—whichhavebeenapprovedbytheUSFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)forlong-termmanagementofobesitysince2012.Topicsdiscussedinthispaperincluderationaleforpharmacotherapy,historyofantiobesitydrugs,andefficacyandsafetydatafromrandomizedcontrolledtrialswithimplicationsforclinicalpractice.RecentFindings:Weightlossachievedbycurrentlyapproveddrugsrangesfromapproximately3to9%,aboveandbeyondweightlosswithlifestylecounselingalone,afterayear.Responseandattritionratesinclinicaltrialsindicatethatthebenefitsofpharmacotherapyrangefromsubstantialforsomepatients,modestforothers,andnobenefitsforothersstill.Summary:Decisionsregardingselectionofasuitabledrugfromtheavailablepharmacotherapyoptionsanddurationoftreatmentshouldbebasedontheexpectedandobservedbenefit-to-riskbalanceandtailoredtotheneedsofeachindividualpatientusingtheprinciplesofshareddecision-making.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gadde","given":"KishoreM.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"PrithamRaj","given":"Y.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"CurrentDiabetesReports","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017","5","4"]]},"page":"34","publisher":"CurrentMedicineGroupLLC1","title":"PharmacotherapyofObesity:ClinicalTrialstoClinicalPractice","type":"article-journal","volume":"17"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=538af538-4e07-3b63-bee8-328fa879d3dd"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"^[4]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[4]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"^[4]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[4]。與人肥胖癥趨勢相同的是，犬、貓等伴侶動物也面臨相同的問題。通常將犬的超重（Overweight）和肥胖分別定義為超過標(biāo)準體重的15%和30%ADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1093/jn/136.7.1940s","ISSN":"0022-3166","PMID":"16772464","abstract":"Obesityisdefinedasanaccumulationofexcessiveamountsofadiposetissueinthebody,andisthemostcommonnutritionaldisorderincompanionanimals.Obesityisusuallytheresultofeitherexcessivedietaryintakeorinadequateenergyutilization,whichcausesastateofpositiveenergybalance.Numerousfactorsmaypredisposeanindividualtoobesityincludinggenetics,theamountofphysicalactivity,andtheenergycontentofthediet.Themainmedicalconcernofobesityrelatestothemanydiseaseassociationsthataccompanytheadiposity.Numerousstudiesdemonstratedthatobesitycanhavedetrimentaleffectsonthehealthandlongevityofdogsandcats.Theproblemstowhichobesecompanionanimalsmaybepredisposedincludeorthopedicdisease,diabetesmellitus,abnormalitiesincirculatinglipidprofiles,cardiorespiratorydisease,urinarydisorders,reproductivedisorders,neoplasia(mammarytumors,transitionalcellcarcinoma),dermatologicaldiseases,andanestheticcomplications.Themaintherapeuticoptionsforobesityincompanionanimalsincludedietarymanagementandincreasingphysicalactivity.Althoughnopharmaceuticalcompoundsareyetlicensedforweightlossindogsandcats,itisenvisagedthatsuchagentswillbeavailableinthefuture.Dietarytherapyformsthecornerstoneofweightmanagementindogsandcats,butincreasingexerciseandbehavioralmanagementformusefuladjuncts.Thereisaneedtoincreasetheawarenessofcompanionanimalobesityasaseriousmedicalconcernwithintheveterinaryprofession.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"German","given":"AlexanderJ.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"TheJournalofNutrition","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"7","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006","7","1"]]},"page":"1940S-1946S","publisher":"OxfordUniversityPress(OUP)","title":"TheGrowingProblemofObesityinDogsandCats","type":"article-journal","volume":"136"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=b72c2bb5-0b75-3a19-b973-3a826f8147b8"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"^[5]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[5]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"^[5]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[5]?，F(xiàn)有臨床報告顯示，34-59%的犬屬于超重，5-20%屬于肥胖ADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1136/vr.156.22.695","ISSN":"00424900","PMID":"15923551","abstract":"AstudywasundertakentodeterminetheprevalenceofobesityindogsexaminedbyveterinarypracticesacrossAustralia,andtodeterminetheriskfactorsinvolved;1700practiceswereaskedtocompleteaveterinarianopinionsurvey,andofthe428practicesthatresponded,178wereselectedtocompleteanRSPCAAustraliaPetObesityQuestionnaire,togetherwithadditionalpracticesselectedbyAustralianStateandTerritoryRSPCAsocieties.Thisquestionnairewassenttoatotalof209practiceswhichwereaskedtorecorddetailsofeligibledogs,andthereasonwhytheyhadbeenexaminedduringthepreviousmonth.Fifty-two(24.9percent)ofthepracticesrespondedandprovideddataon2661dogs,ofwhich892(33.5percent)wereoverweightand201(7.6percent)wereobese.Afurther112dogs(4.2percent)wereclassifiedasthinorverythin,butthesewereexcludedfromsubsequentanalysesoftheremaining2549dogs,approximatelyhalfwerefemaleand1905(74.7percent)wereneutered.Thedogs'weightcategorywasinfluencedbyseveralfactors.Breedinfluencedtheimportanceofsexandneuteringasriskfactors.Theprevalenceofoverweightandobesedogscombinedwas41percent;theprevalenceincreasedwithageuptoabout10yearsold,andthendeclined.Ruralandsemiruraldogsweremoreatriskofobesitythanurbanandsuburbandogs.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"McGreevy","given":"P.D.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thomson","given":"P.C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pride","given":"C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fawcett","given":"A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grassi","given":"T.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jones","given":"B.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"VeterinaryRecord","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"22","issued":{"date-parts":[["2005","5","28"]]},"page":"695-702","publisher":"BritishVeterinaryAssociation","title":"PrevalenceofobesityindogsexaminedbyAustralianveterinarypracticesandtheriskfactorsinvolved","type":"article-journal","volume":"156"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=e656c7c0-649e-3826-bb3c-2b0fff5f8876"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.00933.x","ISSN":"00224510","abstract":"Objectives:Toassesstherelationshipsbetweensocioeconomicandotherenvironmentalfactorswithcanineobesity.Methods:Thiswasacross-sectionalquestionnairestudyofdogownersattendingfiveprimaryveterinarypracticesintheUK.Ownerswereaskedaboutdogage,neuterstatus,feedinghabits,dogexercise,householdincomeandownerage.Thebodyconditionscoreofthedogswasalsoassessed.Factorshypothesisedtobeassociatedwithobesitywereinvestigated.Results:Intotal,datafrom696questionnaireswereevaluated.Outofthosedataevaluated,35·3%ofdogs(n=246)wereclassedasanidealbodyshape,38·9%(n=271)wereoverweight,20·4%(n=142)wereobeseand5·3%(n=37)wereunderweight.Identifiedriskfactorsassociatedwithobesityincludedownerage,hoursofweeklyexercise,frequencyofsnacks/treatsandpersonalincome.ClinicalSignificance:Environmentalriskfactorsassociatedwithcanineobesityaremultifactorialandincludepersonalincome,ownerage,frequencyofsnacks/treatsandamountofexercisethedogreceives.Awarenessabouthealthrisksassociatedwithobesityindogsissignificantlylessinpeopleinlowerincomebrackets.Thisphenomenonisrecognisedinhumanobesity.?2010BritishSmallAnimalVeterinaryAssociation.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Courcier","given":"E.A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thomson","given":"R.M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mellor","given":"D.J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yam","given":"P.S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"JournalofSmallAnimalPractice","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"7","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010","7"]]},"page":"362-367","title":"Anepidemiologicalstudyofenvironmentalfactorsassociatedwithcanineobesity","type":"article-journal","volume":"51"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=e64e3b30-2c9a-3590-9108-c8c052abe1f2"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1093/jn/136.7.1951s","ISSN":"0022-3166","abstract":"Therehasbeenarapidriseintheincidenceofobesity,primarilyasaresultofchangesinlifestyle(dietandactivitylevels).Obesityhasprovidedconsiderableimpetusfortheinvestigationofthefundamentalmechanismsinvolvedintheregulationofenergybalance.Importantdevelopmentsincludetheidentificationofnovelfactorsinvolvedinthecontrolofappetite,suchasghrelin,orexinA,andtheendogenouscannabinoids,andtheemergenceoftheconceptof\"nonexerciseactivitythermogenesis\"(NEAT)providednewperspectivesonenergyexpenditure.Studiesonwhiteadiposetissuehaveledtotherecognitionthatitisanimportantendocrineorgan,communicatingwiththebrainandperipheraltissuesthroughthesecretionofleptinandotheradipokines.Thereisarapidlyexpandinglistofproteinfactorsreleasedbywhiteadiposetissue,includingthekeyhormone,adiponectin.Ofparticularnoteistherangeofcytokines,chemokines,andotherinflammation-relatedproteinssecretedbywhitefatastissuemassrises;indeed,obesityischaracterizedbychronicmildinflammation.Theadipokinesprovideanextensivenetworkofcommunicationbothwithinadiposetissueandwithotherorgans,andsomeareimplicateddirectlyinthepathologiesassociatedwithobesity,particularlythemetabolicsyndrome.Althoughthefocusremainsverymuchonobesityinhumans,thedisorderanditssequelaearealsoagrowingconcernincompanionanimals.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Colliard","given":"Laurence","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ancel","given":"Julie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Benet","given":"Jean-Jacques","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Paragon","given":"Bernard-Marie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Blanchard","given":"Géraldine","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"TheJournalofNutrition","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"7","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006","7","1"]]},"page":"1951S-1954S","publisher":"OxfordUniversityPress(OUP)","title":"RiskFactorsforObesityinDogsinFrance","type":"article-journal","volume":"136"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=9f2ae7e2-6d05-3d56-8d74-aeebe7a24baf"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"^[6–8]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[6–8]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"^[6–8]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[6–8]。這個數(shù)字在20年前僅為22%超重/1%肥胖ADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1093/jn/121.suppl_11.s157","ISSN":"0022-3166","PMID":"1941214","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kronfeld","given":"DavidS.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Donoghue","given":"Susan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Glickman","given":"LawrenceT.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"TheJournalofNutrition","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"suppl_11","issued":{"date-parts":[["1991","11","1"]]},"page":"S157-S158","publisher":"OxfordUniversityPress(OUP)","title":"BodyConditionandEnergyIntakesofDogsinaReferralTeachingHospital","type":"article-journal","volume":"121"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=eedc2f53-9ac9-3518-af9e-c625237f9811"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"^[9]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[9]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"^[9]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[9],由此可見，犬肥胖是一個日益嚴重的問題ADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1093/jn/136.7.1940s","ISSN":"0022-3166","PMID":"16772464","abstract":"Obesityisdefinedasanaccumulationofexcessiveamountsofadiposetissueinthebody,andisthemostcommonnutritionaldisorderincompanionanimals.Obesityisusuallytheresultofeitherexcessivedietaryintakeorinadequateenergyutilization,whichcausesastateofpositiveenergybalance.Numerousfactorsmaypredisposeanindividualtoobesityincludinggenetics,theamountofphysicalactivity,andtheenergycontentofthediet.Themainmedicalconcernofobesityrelatestothemanydiseaseassociationsthataccompanytheadiposity.Numerousstudiesdemonstratedthatobesitycanhavedetrimentaleffectsonthehealthandlongevityofdogsandcats.Theproblemstowhichobesecompanionanimalsmaybepredisposedincludeorthopedicdisease,diabetesmellitus,abnormalitiesincirculatinglipidprofiles,cardiorespiratorydisease,urinarydisorders,reproductivedisorders,neoplasia(mammarytumors,transitionalcellcarcinoma),dermatologicaldiseases,andanestheticcomplications.Themaintherapeuticoptionsforobesityincompanionanimalsincludedietarymanagementandincreasingphysicalactivity.Althoughnopharmaceuticalcompoundsareyetlicensedforweightlossindogsandcats,itisenvisagedthatsuchagentswillbeavailableinthefuture.Dietarytherapyformsthecornerstoneofweightmanagementindogsandcats,butincreasingexerciseandbehavioralmanagementformusefuladjuncts.Thereisaneedtoincreasetheawarenessofcompanionanimalobesityasaseriousmedicalconcernwithintheveterinaryprofession.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"German","given":"AlexanderJ.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"TheJournalofNutrition","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"7","issued":{"date-parts":[["2006","7","1"]]},"page":"1940S-1946S","publisher":"OxfordUniversityPress(OUP)","title":"TheGrowingProblemofObesityinDogsandCats","type":"article-journal","volume":"136"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=b72c2bb5-0b75-3a19-b973-3a826f8147b8"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00863.x","ISSN":"0140-7783","abstract":"Caninepatientsaregenerallyregardedasbeingclinicallyobesewhentheirbodyweightisatleast15%aboveideal.Theincidenceofobesityindogsisthoughttobeintherangeof20-40%ofthegeneralpopulationand,sinceobesityisknowntopredisposeorexacerbatearangeofseriousmedicalconditions,itsimportancecannotbeoverstated.Managementofobesitythroughdietaryrestrictionandincreasedexerciseisoftendifficulttoachieveanddependentuponownercompliance.Untilrecentlytherehasbeennoauthorizedtherapeuticmedicationavailableforweightreductionindogs,anddrugsusedinpeoplehaveprovedunsuitable.However,withthedevelopmentofmicrosomaltriglyceridetransferproteininhibitorsforcanineuse,suchasdirlotapide,theveterinarianhasanovelmethodwithwhichtoaugmenttraditionalweightcontrolprogrammes.Thisapproachhastheadditionaladvantagethatweightlossisachievedwithoutdietaryrestrictionorchangeinexerciseregimen,providingencouragementfortheownertocomplywithsubsequentdietaryandexerciserecommendations,therebyincreasingthelikelihoodforlong-termsuccess.?2007PfizerInc.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"GOSSELLIN","given":"J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"WREN","given":"J.A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"SUNDERLAND","given":"S.J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"JournalofVeterinaryPharmacologyandTherapeutics","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"s1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007","8"]]},"page":"1-10","title":"Canineobesity?anoverview","type":"article-journal","volume":"30"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=a6d30929-8830-3968-81ed-ef4df9029842"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"^[5,10]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[5,10]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"^[5,10]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[5,10]。犬肥胖癥同樣紅肌帶來各種潛在的嚴重疾病，例如運動和肌肉骨骼問題、呼吸窘迫、高血壓、心臟病、糖尿病、難產(chǎn)、耐熱性下降，皮膚病及癌癥，同時也會增加手術(shù)風(fēng)險并損害生育能力ADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1136/vr.118.14.391","ISSN":"00424900","PMID":"3716092","abstract":"Atotalof8268dogsweresurveyedin11veterinarypracticesintheUnitedKingdomduringaperiodofsixmonthsin1983.Theprimarypurposeofthesurveywastoassessthelevelofobesityonafivepointscalewithproperlyidentifiedcriteria.Informationontheclinicalconditionofeachdogwasalsorecordedaswellasproportionsoffoodtypesfed,particularsofbreed,sex,age,sexualstatusandthedog'sname.Resultsshowedthat21.4percentofdogsinthesurveywerejudgedtobeobeseand2.9percentgross;1.9percentwerejudgedasthin,13.5percentleanand60.3percentwereoptimum.Labradorswerefoundtobethemostlikelybreedtobecomeobese.Neuteredfemaleswereabouttwiceaslikelytobeobeseasentirefemales.Thesametrendwasevidentwithneuteredmales.Circulatoryproblemswereassociatedwithdogsover10yearsoldandthosewhichweregross,ratherthanobese.Asimilartrendwasdiscernablewitharticular/locomotorproblems.Skinandreproductiveproblemsshowedlittlerelationshipwithageorobesity.Neoplasiawasmuchmoreprevalentindogsover10yearsoldbuthadlittlerelationshipwitheithersexualstatusorobesityrating.Therewasahighrateofusageofpreparedfoodforallcategories.Theamountoffreshfoodfeddecreasedrapidlyastheproportionofcannedfoodincreased,buttheobeseandnon-obesedogsshowedverylittledifferenceinthetypeoffoodfed.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Edney","given":"A.T.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Smith","given":"P.M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"TheVeterinaryrecord","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"14","issued":{"date-parts":[["1986"]]},"page":"391-396","title":"StudyofobesityindogsvisitingveterinarypracticesintheUnitedKingdom.","type":"article-journal","volume":"118"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=08ce861f-ef9d-32ff-87d3-c1baab255ddc"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/S0034-5288(97)90134-X","ISSN":"00345288","abstract":"Fewcontrolledstudieshavebeenmadeofthepossiblemechanismsandphysiologicalconsequencesofweightgainaftercatshavebeenneutered.Inthisstudy,sixmaleandsixfemalecatsweregonadectomisedandcomparedwithfiveentiremaleandsixentirefemalecats,beforetheywereneuteredandoneandthreemonthslater.Theneuteredmalesgainedsignificantlymoreweight(mean[SEM]percent)thantheentiremales(30·2[5·2]v11·8[2·3])andtheentirefemalesgained40.0(7·3)v16·1(3·3)percent,(P<0-05).Thecastratedmalesgainedmoreweightasfatthanthesexuallyintactmales(22·0[3·3]v8·8[4·5]percent,P<0·05).Therewasasignificantincrease(P<005)indailyfoodintakeafterneutering.Spayedfemalesunderwentasignificantdecreaseinfastingmetabolicrate(83·7[5·5]v67·2[2·3]kcal/kgbodyweight0.75/dayP<0.05).Gonadectomyhadminimaleffectsonserumthyroidhormoneconcentrations,therestingorfastingmetabolicratesinmales,oronindicesofglucosetolerance.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fettman","given":"M.J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stanton","given":"C.A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Banks","given":"L.L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hamar","given":"D.W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Johnson","given":"D.E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hegstad","given":"R.L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Johnston","given":"S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"ResearchinVeterinaryScience","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"page":"131-136","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Effectsofneuteringonbodyweight,metabolicrateandglucosetoleranceofdomesticcats","type":"article-journal","volume":"62"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=91b38a6c-2bc4-354f-b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