環(huán)境因素識別評估

環(huán)境因素識別評估·環(huán)境因素和環(huán)境影響·環(huán)境因素辯識·重大環(huán)境因素評估·識別適用法規(guī)及要求定

義·

環(huán)境因素（environmental

aspect）一個組織的活動、產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)中能與環(huán)境發(fā)生相互作用的要素。注:重大環(huán)境因素是指具有或可能具有重大環(huán)境影響的環(huán)境因素。環(huán)境因素＝

污染物/資源＋狀態(tài)定

義·

環(huán)境影響（environmental

impact）全部或是部分地由組織的活動、產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)給環(huán)境造成的，任何有害或有益的變化.環(huán)境影響(結(jié)果)Environmental

Aspectsb

組織活動、產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)之要件(element)，其對環(huán)境有正面或負(fù)面之衝擊b例如：排放、污染、消耗原料、噪音Environmental

Impactsb環(huán)境因素項目下造成之環(huán)境改變b例如：水污染、自然資源之耗損環(huán)境因素環(huán)境影響(原因)(結(jié)果)環(huán)境因素

v.s.

環(huán)境影響適用的環(huán)保法律法規(guī)及其他要求國際公約；國家法律：憲法/刑法/環(huán)保法/環(huán)保相關(guān)法/單行法；地方法規(guī)；標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：國家/地方/行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；其他要求：內(nèi)部標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求/上級主管部門要求。環(huán)境因素辯識目的：了解組織環(huán)境現(xiàn)狀，確定環(huán)境因素，識別和獲取適用的環(huán)境法規(guī)及要求，找出存在的問題，為組織制定環(huán)境方針/目標(biāo)/指標(biāo)及體系文件作準(zhǔn)備。評審范圍：可以是EMS覆蓋的全部場所/某一種產(chǎn)品/一條生產(chǎn)線/一個部門。收集必要的信息：法律法規(guī)要求/工藝流程及工藝要求/使用化學(xué)品清單及使用量及MSDS（化學(xué)物料安全資料）/污染物排放濃度及排放量/壓力容器使用/環(huán)評報告三同時資料及排污許可證/環(huán)境事故及相關(guān)方抱怨等。A

manufacturing

process

has

been

chosen

as

an

example

since

it

best

demonstrates

how

the

scope

can

be

defined

based

on

○nput?and

○utput?information.

Similar

models

could

be

applied

for

other

types

of

industry

and

in

anmodified

formfor

the

service

industry.

However,

it

is

beyond

the

scope

ofthis

module

to

cover

all

typesof

industry/activity.環(huán)境因素辯識定義範(fàn)圍範(fàn)例：製程的輸入與輸出UnitOperation單位作業(yè)Reusable

Waste可重複使用廢棄物Recycle回收WasteWater廢水LiquidWastes液態(tài)廢棄物

SolidWastes固態(tài)廢棄物Products產(chǎn)品By-Products副產(chǎn)品GaseousEmissions氣體排放RawMaterials原料

Catalyst觸媒

Water/Air水/空氣Energy能源Preliminary

Environmental

ReviewThe

preliminary

environmental

review

is

the

technique

most

commonly

used

to

identifypotential

environmental

aspects.

The

review

can

be

conducted

eitherinternallyor

by

using

external

consultants.Professional

JudgementThis

is

unlikely

to

be

a

systematic

technique

of

effects

identification,

althoughit

mayidentifyareas

whichhave

been

overlooked

by,

or

not

included

in

the

scopeof

other

techniques.

The

technical

validity

of

any

○xperts?used

to

assist

in

this

typeof

exercise

should

always

be

established.Site

SurveySurveys

of

an

industrial

site

are

more

scientific

thaninspections

and

can

include

ecological

assessments

(lookingat

densities

and

diversity

of

species),geological

or

groundwater

surveys

(boreholes

are

sunk

to

establish

the

underlying

structure

of

the

land

and

to

enable

samples

to

be

taken)

and

contaminationsurveys

(also

use

the

borehole

technique

and

tend

to

look

for

evidence

of

contamination

by

hydrocarbons

and

heavy

metals).Historical

ReviewThis

is

used

inidentifying

past

uses

of

a

site,

whichmaygive

indications

of

areas

of

contaminated

land.

It

may

also

reveal

locations

of

old

sewers

andwatercourses.

Information

on

the

past

uses

of

a

site

can

be

obtained

from

local

libraries,

the

local

authority,

interviews

with

local

people

and

past

employees,old

maps,

etc.

More

detailed

informationcan

be

obtained

by

undertaking

a

site

investigation.環(huán)環(huán)境因素辯識的方法問卷調(diào)查現(xiàn)場觀察檢測和測量查閱文件和記錄物料衡算產(chǎn)品生命周期分析（LCA）頭腦風(fēng)暴法等Task

AnalysisTask

analysis

is

the

systematic

evaluation

of

a

taskto

identify

all

loss

exposures

present

while

the

taskis

being

done.

Task

analysis

can

therefore

be

used

as

a

mechanismfor

identifying

potential

environmental

aspects.

Once

theaspects

havebeen

identified

and

evaluated,

those

that

are

considered

to

be

significant

can

be

controlled

eg

by

using

taskprocedures

to

define

the

step-by-stepmethods

to

perform

the

taskproperly

to

minimise

aspects.Accident/Incident

ReportsUsing

accident/incident

reports

will

facilitate

the

identification

of

environmentalaspects

arising

fromaccidents

and

incidents.

Consideration

should

be

given,however,

to

other

accident/incident

scenarios

which

may

not

have

occurred

in

the

past,

but

may

occur

in

the

future

and

have

the

potential

to

give

rise

tosignificant

environmental

aspects.Use

of

ToolsRating

SystemsRatingsystems,

such

as

DNV○

International

Environmental

RatingSystem,

can

be

used

in

the

identification

of

aspects.

The

main

objectives

of

the

IERS

are:To

provide

a

system

to

guide

the

development

of

an

effective

environmental

management

system.環(huán)環(huán)境因素辯識的方向*******

生產(chǎn)部：原料—零部件—能源資源使用/產(chǎn)品副產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)出—污染物排放；設(shè)備動力部：水—油—電—設(shè)備—設(shè)施—壓縮空氣；工程部：設(shè)計和開發(fā)—工藝流程—工程改造；供應(yīng)儲運部：采購—運輸—倉儲—原材料—供方；業(yè)務(wù)部：產(chǎn)品使用/維修—相關(guān)方需求；行政部：食堂—醫(yī)務(wù)室—人事/培訓(xùn)—安全—行政；環(huán)管辦：環(huán)保裝置—法規(guī)—廢棄物管理—監(jiān)測。Hazard

&Operability

(HAZOP)

studies

have

the

overriding

purpose

of

identificationof

hazards

in

a

process

when

a

process

is

reviewed

against

allforeseeable

conditions.

They

normally

combine

the

steps

of

Hazard

Identification

and

Corrective

Action

and

use

methodologies

which

rely

on○rainstorming?

Theywill

usually

give

a

good

indication

of

potential

aspects,

providing

that

○NVIRONMENT?is

one

of

the

key

words

used.

HAZOPs

donot

necessarily

identify

consequences

(impacts),

but

should

identify

causes

(aspects).

The

criteria

tend

to

relate

closely

to

people

and

processes.The

objective

of

aHAZOP

study

can

be

defined

as:-

Identification

of

all

potential

causes

of

process

upset

scenarios

which

could

lead

to

significant

safety,

operability

or

environmental

consequences.-

Decision

onwhether

the

current

design

ensures

that

the

risk

fromeachidentified

scenario

is

at

a

suitably

low

level.-

If

not,

recommendationfor

modifications

which

will

reduce

the

risk

to

asuitably

lowlevel,

or

specify

afurther

study

to

investigate

the

issue,

with

the

objectiveof

identifying

a

suitable

modification.Further

objectives

may

be

based

on

minimisation

of

value

by

reducingprocess

risks

to

tolerable

levels,

to

improve

operating

efficiency,

to

recommend

costeffective

mitigationmeasures

in

line

with

company

targets,etc.環(huán)境因素辯識應(yīng)考慮的因素

三時態(tài)：過去（以往遺留的環(huán)境問題或過去曾發(fā)生的環(huán)境事故）/現(xiàn)在/將來；

三狀態(tài)：正常/異常（開關(guān)機(jī)/停機(jī)/檢修等可以預(yù)見到的情況下產(chǎn)生的與正常狀態(tài)有較大不同的問題）/緊急（如火災(zāi)/爆炸/大規(guī)模泄漏/設(shè)施和儀器故障/臺風(fēng)/洪水/地震等）；六類型：大氣排放/水體排放/廢棄物處理/土地污染/能源自然資源使用/其他地方性環(huán)境問題及對社區(qū)的影響（噪聲/景觀）。Life-Cycle

Assessment

(LCA)

is

one

of

the

tools

used

to

examine

the

environmental

○radle-to-grave?consequences

of

making

and

using

products

andproviding

services.

A

study

described

as

LCAshould

cover

the

complete

life

cycle,

asdefined

below.

The

methodology

is,

however,

often

applied

in

studiesof

a

more

restricted

nature,

for

example

to

study

one

particular

environmental

parameter

arising

fromonly

selected

stagesof

the

life

cycle.

As

a

minimum,

forthe

purposes

of

ISO

14001,

such

amethodologywould

be

expected

to

cover

processes

within

and

without

the

site

over

which

the

organisation

couldreasonably

be

expected

to

have

an

influence.

This

would,

therefore,

be

likely

to

cover

most

of

the○irect?aspects.

If

the

life

cycle

definition

is

extended

toeither

side

(eg

customers,

suppliers,

raw

material

sourcing)

the

scope

of

the

study

would

include

an

identification

of

○ndirect?effects.In

its

most

complete

form,

LCA

isa

process

to

evaluate

the

environmental

burdens

associated

witha

product,

process

or

activity

by

identifying

and

quantifyingenergy

and

materials

used

and

wastes

released

to

the

environment.

It

allows

the

assessment

of

the

impact

of

those

energy

and

material

uses

and

releases

to

the

environment

and

identificationand

evaluation

of

opportunities

to

effect

environmental

improvements.

The

assessment

can

include

the

entire

life

cycle

of

theproduct,

process

or

activity,

encompassing

the

following

stages:環(huán)境因素正確描述及舉例環(huán)境因素的描述應(yīng)敘述完整，具體（通常采用一個動詞＋名詞或名詞＋動詞來描述）：產(chǎn)品類：電腦的報廢產(chǎn)生的×××；服務(wù)類：汽車運輸對汽油的消耗；活動類：×××有機(jī)溶劑的揮發(fā)。不完整/錯誤的描述：污水處理池產(chǎn)生的廢棄物；電腦的使用；柴油。環(huán)境因素辯識的步驟從環(huán)境中索取或輸入原材料向環(huán)境排放或輸出生產(chǎn)加工過程 銷售服務(wù)潛在產(chǎn)品生命周期分析(LCA)────“從搖籃到墳?zāi)埂钡娜^程資源原材料的生產(chǎn)加工產(chǎn)品能源副產(chǎn)品水產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)與加工社會服務(wù)電力水污染物煤產(chǎn)品的運銷過程大氣污染土地固體廢物人力產(chǎn)品的使用與回用噪聲其他產(chǎn)品廢熱等等產(chǎn)品的廢棄與再生放射性等相

關(guān)

方------施加影響的

搬運材料

包裝材料廢棄物處理：施工；中間處理能源的購買，保管，運輸。原材料，零件的購買，保管，運送?！淘胍簟藽O2√SO2√N(yùn)OX√包裝廢棄物生產(chǎn)活動-----能夠控制原材料輔助材料水電、油等能源其它資源活動：制造裝配；設(shè)備運轉(zhuǎn)、保養(yǎng)、維修；辦公活動；宿舍的有關(guān)活動食堂的有關(guān)活動√產(chǎn)品√廢水√廢棄物√噪音√廢氣√其它重大環(huán)境因素評估評價依據(jù)環(huán)境影響的規(guī)模環(huán)境影響的嚴(yán)重性發(fā)生的頻次相關(guān)方的關(guān)注程度環(huán)境影響持續(xù)時間與環(huán)境法律法規(guī)的差距改變環(huán)境影響的技術(shù)難度改變環(huán)境影響的經(jīng)濟(jì)承受能力改變后帶來的效果性公眾形象/因環(huán)境問題存在的風(fēng)險Once

an

organisation

has

identified

all

its

environmental

aspects

it

should

develop

its

own

critera

for

evaluatingsignificance.

Each

identified

aspect

is

thenassessed

against

the

criteria

and

the

resulting

aspects

identified

as

significant

are

compiled

into

a

register.重大環(huán)境因素評估方法1正常情況：*正常評估法：M＝A×X

（X為B/C/D/E中最大值）M：環(huán)境因素得分；A：發(fā)生頻次；B：影響范圍及程度；C：影響的持續(xù)性；D：公眾的關(guān)注程度；E：與排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比較發(fā)生頻次：連續(xù)發(fā)生----每日一次5分；每日一次----每周一次4分；……影響范圍及程度：國家乃至全球嚴(yán)重影響5分；省市嚴(yán)重影響4分；鎮(zhèn)區(qū)3分；……影響的持續(xù)性或可逆轉(zhuǎn)性：一年以上可恢復(fù)或不可恢復(fù)5分；半年以上一年內(nèi)恢復(fù)4分；一周以上半年內(nèi)恢復(fù)3分；一天以上一周內(nèi)恢復(fù)2分；一天內(nèi)可恢復(fù)1分；公眾關(guān)注程度：國際高度關(guān)注5分；我國高度關(guān)注4分；地區(qū)性關(guān)注3分；廠區(qū)2分；不為關(guān)注1分。與排放值比較：超標(biāo)（或違法）5分；0.8~1.0 4分;……評分大于某一基準(zhǔn)值則為重大環(huán)境因素。Examples1.

○ighly

Significantongoing

(ie

daily,

hourly

etc)

breach

of

River

Authorities

discharge

consents/permit○aily?

i.e.

likelihood

of

event

occurring

is

highlegal

violation;

i.e.

consequence

from

the

Environmental

Impact

on

the

organisation

is

major2.

○ignificantaccidental

release

of

small

amounts

(

less

than

10

kg)

of

cleaning

agents

(and

based

on

sodiumhydroxide)

into

surface

water

run

off

into

local

streamaccidental;

so

likelihood

of

event

is

mediummoderate

consequences,

likelihood

of

smallprosecution3.

○robably

Significante.g.

Infrequent

small

fluctuations

in

effluent

temperature.○nfrequent?

ie