量子技術能力框架 2.0 版（2023 年 4 月）

FundedbytheEuropeanUnion

UANTUM

FLACSHIP

European

CompetenceFramework

forQuantumTechnologies

compiledbyFranziskaGreinertandRainerMüller,

supportedbySimonGoorney,RiccardoLaurenza,

JacobShersonandMalteUbben

Version2.0(April2023)

Quantumbackground

Coredevicetechnologies

QTsystemsandapplications

ENABLINGTECHNOLO-GIESANDTECHNIQUES

Laboratorytechniques,

noiseandshielding

Solid-statetechnologies,

nanotechnologies

Opticaltechnologies

Controltechnologies

Computersandsoftware

QUANTUMHARDWARE

Superconductingelectroniccircuits

Spin-basedsystems

Neutralatomsandions

Photonicsystems

Emergingqubitconcepts

Quantumstatecontrol

Hybridquantum-classicalsystems

Technologyrealisation

3

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

4

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

EuropeanCompetenceFrameworkforQuantumTechnologiesOverview–Version2.0

PHYSICALFOUNDATIONS

OFQUANTUMTECHNOLOGIES

Atomicphysics

Quantumopticsandelectrodynamics

Solid-statephysic

Quantummany-bodysystemsandopenquantumsystems

CONCEPTS

ANDFOUNDATIONS

Basicquantumconcepts

Mathematicalformalismandinformationtheory

2

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

1

1.1

1.2

QUANTUMCOMMUNICATIONANDNETWORKS

Basics

Quantumrandomnumber

generators

Quantumkeydistribution

Applicationsofquantum

cryptography

Infrastructureforquantuminforma-tionnetworks(quantuminternet)

Systemsnetworks(compositesys-tems),quantuminternetapplications

VALORISATION

Industrylandscapeandmarketanalysis

Businessstrategy,entrepreneurshipandmanagement

Impact

Responsibilityandawareness

QUANTUMCOMPUTINGANDSIMULATION

Basics

Quantumsimulators

Quantumprogrammingtoolsandsoftwarestack,errorcorrection

Quantumcomputing

subroutines

Quantumalgorithms

Applicationsofquantumcomputingandsimulation

QUANTUMSENSORS

ANDIMAGINGSYSTEMS

Basics

Electromagneticfield

sensors

Temperature,particleandpressuresensors

Inertialandgravitysensors

Quantumimaging

Atomicclocks

Applicationsofquantumsensors

5

5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.6

6

6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

6.5

6.6

6.7

7

7.1

7.2

7.3

7.4

7.5

7.6

8

8.1

8.2

8.3

8.4

Version2.0(April2023)compiledbyFranziskaGreinertandRainerMüller,supportedbySimonGoorney,RiccardoLaurenza,JacobShersonandMalteUbbenQUCATS–QuantumFlagshipCoordinationAcTionandSupport

Coverphoto:?Siarhei–

2

BASICQUANTUMCONCEPTS

MATHEMATICALFORMALISMANDINFORMATIONTHEORY

subdomain

BASICQUANTUMCONCEPTS

topic

subtopic

Probabilisticnatureofquantumphysics

Measurementdynam-ics(statereduction)

No-cloningtheorem,incompletestate

informationfrom

measurement

HowtousetheCompetenceFramework

TheEuropeanCompetenceFrameworkforQuantumTechnologiesaimstomapthelandscapeofpossibleknowledgeandskillsinQuantumTechnologies.IthasbeencompiledintheQuantumFlag-shipCSAs(QTEdu,QUCATS)inordertofacilitatetheplanninganddesignofeducationandtrainingprojectsinQuantumTechnologies.

TheCompetenceFrameworkconsistsofeightdomains.Theyout-linethebroadstructureofQuantumTechnologies:

1CONCEPTSANDFOUNDATIONS

Eachoftheseeightdomainshasseveralsubdomains,e.g.

1.1

1.2

Onthe?rstpageofthisdocument,theoverviewofthedomainsandsubdomainsisshowninagraphicalscheme.Foreachdomainthereisanextrapagewithmoredetails:

1.1

Stationarystates,

energyquantisation,wells

Superposition,

interference

Unitarytimeevolution,Schr?dingerequation,tunneling

Quantummeasure-ment

Dependingonthetargetaudience,eacheducationalo?erwillad-dressdi?erentlevelsofdepthanddi?culty.Tore?ectthis,thereisanadditionaldimensiontotheCompetenceFrameworkthatisnotshownintheoverviewgraphic.Foreachentry,apro?ciencylevelcanbespeci?ed:fromA1(Awareness)toC2(Innovation).Theuseofpro?ciencylevelsmakesiteasiertotailoreducationandtrainingo?erstotheneedsofthetargetgroups.Newinversion2.0areextendeddescriptionsoftheselevelsadaptingtheEuro-peanQuali?cationFrameworklevels,seep.5.

A1AwarenessA2Exploration

B1AdaptationB2Expertise C1SpecialisationC2Innovation

Inaddition,thenewp.4explainstheoverallstructurebydescrib-ingthethreelargerblocksoftwoorfourdomains,supplementedbykeyskillsfortheblocks.

TheCompetenceFrameworkhasbeencompiledusingabot-tom-upapproach.Betweensummer2020andspring2021,athree-roundstudywithover150participantsfromtheQTcommunityprovidedinitialinput(seepaperTheFutureQuan-tumWorkforce:Competences,RequirementsandForecasts,tobepublishedinPhys.Rev.Phys.Educ.Res.,preprintondoi:arXiv:2208.08249).Theresultswerere?nedthroughexpertinter-viewsforeachdomain,leadingtoversion1.0fromMay2021.DetailsaredocumentedintheMethodologyandVersionHistory(2021,doi:10.2759/130432).Forthecurrentversion2.0,feed-backandusageexperienceshavebeenincorporated,andeventshavebeenconductedtoinvolvethecommunity.

QuantumTechnologiesarerapidlyevolving.Newtechnologieswillbedeveloped,otherswillbecomelessimportant.TheCompetenceFrameworkwillhavetobeadaptedaccordingly.Thus,theCom-petenceFrameworkisalivingdocumentthatwillbeupdatedinregularintervals.Suggestionsforadditionsandcorrectionsarewelcomeatanytime.

Pleasecontact:

FranziskaGreinert,f.greinert@tu-braunschweig.de

QUCATS–QuantumFlagshipCoordinationAcTionandSupport

Version1.0ofthisframeworkhasbeencompiledaspartofaprojectthathasre-ceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanUnion’sHorizon2020researchandinnovationprogrammeundergrantagreementNo951787.ItsfurtherdevelopmentispartofaprojectthathasreceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanUnion’sHorizonEuroperesearchandinnovationprogrammeundergrantagreementNo101070193.

Thispublicationre?ectsonlytheviewsoftheauthors,theEuropeanCommissionisnotresponsibleforanyusethatmaybemadeoftheinformationitcontains.

Howtocite:

F.GreinertandR.Müller,EuropeanCompetenceFrameworkforQuantumTechnolo-gies,doi:10.5281/zenodo.6834598(2023),version2.0

?EuropeanUnion,2023

ThereusepolicyofEuropeanCommissiondocumentsisimplementedbyCommissionDecision2011/833/EUof12December2011onthereuseofCommissiondocuments(OJL330,14.12.2011,p.39).

Unlessotherwisenoted,thereuseofthisdocumentisauthorisedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0International(CC-BY4.0)licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Thismeansthatreuseisallowed,providedappropriatecreditisgivenandanychangesareindicated.

3

Quantumbackground

technologies

andapplications

Coredevice

QTsystems

NewinVersion2.0

QTsystemsandapplications

Thesedomainscovertherangeoffullquantumtechnology(QT)systemsandtheirapplications.EachofthethreemainQTpillarshasadedicat-eddomain,namelyq.computingandsimulation(domain5),q.sensorsandimagingsystems(6)andq.communicationandnetworks(7).Eachofthesedomainsstartswithdomain-speci?cfoundations(5.1,6.1,7.1),followedbydevicesorprocessessuchaskeydistributionorquantumprogramming.Theyendwithapplicationareasandexampleusecases(5.6,6.7,7.4and7.6).Domain7hasaspecialtwo-partstructure,with7.2to7.4onquantumcryptographyand7.5and7.6onquantumnetworks.Inaddition,domain8coversthegeneralbusinessperspective,with

From

component

toapplica-tion

impactandlandscape,aswellasaddressingresponsibilityandawarenessraising.

Keyskills

Use:Operateadeviceorrunanalgorithmandanalyse/interpretdataincontextoftheusecase.Identifyusecases,createvalue:Identifypoten-tialusecases,analyseadvantagesandpossibili-tiestocreateindustrialvalue.

Translateusecases:Translatereal-worldusecaseintoapplicationrequirements.

Adaptation/implementation:Compareandchoosefromdi?erentapproaches,adaptorcom-binethesedependingontheusecase.

Keyskills

Manufacturing:Technical/mechanicalskillstobuild/assemblehardware.

Hardware:Laboratorytechniques(labskills),componentorsystemimprovement,testingandmaintenance.

Software:Coding/programming(classical),dataprocessingandanalysis,interpretation.

Technologyrealisation:Requirementsde?nition,planning,integrationofquantumhardwareplat-formswithcontroltechnologies,software,etc.intoQTsystems.

Overallstructure:

Threeblockswithdescriptionsandkeyskills

Quantumbackground

Thequantumbackgroundcoversthebasicconcepts(subdomain1.1)thatarerelevantforthephenomenologicalunderstanding(“awareness”)ofthebasicideaofquantumtechnologies,theiradvancesandchallengescomparedtoclassicaltechnologies.Subdomain1.1alsocoversadvancedconceptsthatformthecommonbasisforthequantumphysicalfoundations(domain2).Similarly,subdomain1.2coversbothbasicmathematicalconceptsandhighermathematicsfordomain2thatarerelevantfordescribingtheconceptsandfunctionalityofQTorforcomputingorpredictingapplicationsaswellasinformationtheoryfoun-dations.Thephysicalfoundationsaredividedintofoursubdomainsinwhichonecouldspecialise,includingtheoriesande?ects,strategiesandkeyexperiments.

Keyskills

Communicate/explain:Abilitytoexplainconcepts,phenomena,etc.andtocommunicateaboutquantum.

Mathematics:Describequantumphenomena/conceptsandunderlyingphysicswithmathematicsandusemathematicstocal-culate/computeandpredictapplications.

Theoreticalphysics:Understandordevelopnewapproaches,identifypotentialforadvances.

Experiments:Planandprepareexperiments,conductexperimentsanddocumentandevaluateresults.

Background

Coredevicetechnologies

Thisblockcoversthetechnicalfoundationsforbuildingacompletequantumtechnologysystem.Thecoreofthesesystems,thedi?erenthard-wareplatformsfortheuseofindividualquantumobjects(subdomains4.1to4.5)andthedirectcontrolofthesephysicalqubits(4.6)arelocatedinthequantumhardware(domain4).Theena-blingtechnologies,i.e.thecomponentsaroundthequantumcoretobuildthecompleteQTsys-temandtherelatedtechniquesarecoveredindomain3,includingsoftwaredevelopment(3.5)tocontrolthehardware.Inaddition,theintegra-tionintohybridsystems(4.7)andthetechnolog-icalrealisation(4.8)arecovered.

Supplychain

Selection,

consultancy

Systemsassembly

Development

Adaptation

End-user

Component

supplier

4

NewinVersion2.0

Pro?ciencylevelswithexamples

A1

B1

C1

Awareness(afewhours)

Basicidea,overviewofpossibilitiesandlimitations,

reproducesolutions,operateadeviceorrunanalgorithm.

Adaptation(fewweekscourse)

Specialisedknowledgeinasubdomain,awarenessofitsboundaries,explaincomplexfunctionalities,adapt

approachesforconcretesettings.

Specialisation(longerresearchproject)

Highlyspecialisedknowledge,criticalawarenessof

interconnections,newsolutionsandmethods,combineandintegrateapproaches.

A2

B2

C2

Exploration(afewdays)

Knowledgeoffundamentalsorlandscapeofapproaches,describefunctionalities,readandinterpretanalgorithmoradescription.

Expertise(shortresearchproject)

Advancedknowledge,criticalperspectives,assessment

ofconsequences,adaptordevelopsolutionsforreal-worldusecases,identifypossibleusecases.

Innovation(long-yearexperiencewithR&D)

Mostadvancedknowledge,interconnections,developinnovativesolutions,evaluateandassess,extendandrede?neprofessionalpractice.

Pro?ciencylevels(generaldescriptions,longformat)

withK:Knowledge,S:Skills(abilitytodosomething)

A1Awareness(uptoafewhoursofinstructionorself-study)

K:Basicidea(phenomena-oriented)ofrelatedconceptsandfunctionali-ties,knowbasicvocabulary,overviewofpossibilities,challengesandlimi-tations.

S:Abilitytoreproducesolutionsforsmallproblems,operateadeviceorrunanalgorithmafterinstruction.

A2Exploration(uptoafewdaysofinstructionorself-study)

K:Knowledgeoffundamentalformalismand(working)principles,orland-scapeofapproaches/products/usecases.

S:Abilitytodescribefunctionalitieswithphysicalandmathematicalcon-cepts,readandinterpretanalgorithmorprocessdescription,identifywhichapproachtouseinwhichsituation.

B1Adaptation(e.g.throughasemester-longlecturewithpracticaltasks,homeworkand/orlaboratorycourse;afewweeksofsummerschool)

K:Knowledgeofavarietyofapproaches,specialisedknowledgeinase-lectedsubdomain,awarenessoftheboundariesofthisknowledge.

S:Abilitytoexplaincomplexfunctionalities,adaptapproachesforconcretesettings.

B2Expertise(e.g.throughashortresearchprojectasforabachelorthesis,internshipwithproject)

K:Advancedknowledgeoftheories,approachesandmethodsandtheirvalidity,includingcriticalperspectives,andassessmentofconsequences.

S:Abilitytoadaptordevelopsolutionsforcomplexandunpredictableproblemsandforreal-worldusecaseswithstate-of-the-arttechnologies,identifypossibleusecasesandadvances.

C1Specialisation(e.g.throughalongerresearchprojectsuchasforaMaster’sthesis,alongerinternshiporworkexperiencewithanR&Dproject)

K:Highlyspecialisedknowledgeinonesubdomainandcriticalawarenessofinterconnectionsbetweendi?erent(sub-)domains.

S:Abilityto?ndordevelopinnovativesolutionsfornewproblemsorusecases,generatenewmethods,combineandintegrateapproachesandsolutionsfromdi?erent(sub-)domains.

C2Innovation(e.g.throughalongresearchprojectsuchasaPhDthesis,long-termworkexperienceinanR&Dproject)

K:Mostadvancedknowledgeinthesubdomainandoninterconnectionswithdi?erentapproachesand(sub-)domains.

S:Abilityto?ndordevelopinnovativesolutionsforcriticalproblemsorusecases,evaluateandassesssolutions,extendandrede?neknowledgeorprofessionalpractice.

Examplesforpro?ciencylevels

withK:Knowledge,S:Skills(abilitytodosomething)

A1Awarenessinconceptsandfoundations(1)

K:Basicidea(phenomena-oriented)ofthefundamentalquantumconceptsandvocabularysuchassuperpositionandentanglement,challengesinmeasurementandthroughdecoherence,andbasicmathematicalnotationofquantumstates.

S:AbilitytoexplainthebasicideaofaQTanditspotential.

A2Explorationinquantumcomputing(5)

K:Knowledgeofqubitconceptsandcorrespondingformalism(5.1),over-viewofthealgorithmlandscape(5.5).

S:Abilitytoreadandinterpretanalgorithm(5.3),identifywhichcomputa-tionalapproach(5.5)maybringadvantageforwhichusecase(5.6).

B1Adaptationinquantumsensing:gravity(6.4)

K:Knowledgeofavarietyofquantumsensingdevices(6.2–6.6),special-isedknowledgeaboutquantumgravitysensors(6.4)withcurrentandpo-tentialusecasesandchallenges(from6.7).

S:Abilitytoadaptasensingdevicetoaconcreteusecase,suchasmappingarchaeologicalstructures(6.7.c).

B2Expertiseinquantumcommunication:QKD(7.3)

K:AdvancedknowledgeofQKDprotocols(7.3),includingcriticalperspec-tivesandassessmentofapproaches,e.g.regardingsecurityproofsandconsequencesforimplementation.

S:AbilitytoadaptaQKDsetupforanewusecase,e.g.foravotingproce-dureandassociateddatatransmission,selectthestate-of-the-arttechnol-ogiestobeused;identifypotentialnewusecaseswherethisapproachcanalsobringadvantages.

C1Specialisationinenablingtechnologies:opticaltechnologies(3.3)

K:Highlyspecialisedknowledgeinthe?eldofopticaltechnologies(3.3)andcriticalawarenessofinterconnectionswithothertechnology?eldslikesolid-statetechnologies(3.2)andcontroltechnologies(3.4).

S:Abilitytodevelopinnovativehardwaresystemscombiningcomponentsandcontrolhardware,generatenewmethodstointegrateopticalcompo-nentswithotherhardwarecomponents.

C2Innovationinquantumhardware:superconductingcircuits(7.1)

K:Mostadvancedknowledgeonsuperconductingelectroniccircuits(4.1)andtheiruseasqubitsforquantumcomputingincombinationwithqubitcontrol(4.6)andothertechnologies(3),includingchallengesandstepsto-wardstechnologyrealisation(4.8).

S:Abilitytodevelopinnovativesolutionsforscalableandfault-tolerantqubits,evaluateandassessdi?erentapproaches,extendandrede?nepro-fessionalpracticewithnewandsuccessfulsolutions.

References:

Pro?ciencylevelsystem:LevelA1toC2likeintheCommonEuropeanFrameworkofReferenceforLanguages(CEFR,2020,2001,/lang-cefr),whichhasbeenusedintheEuropeanFrameworkfortheDigitalCompetenceofEducators(DigCompEdu,2017,doi:10.2760/159770),thetemplatefortheframeworkstructureandlevelkeywords.

Pro?ciencyleveldescriptionsarebasedonthelevelsfromTheEuropeanQuali?cationsFramework(EQF,2018.doi:10.2767/750617).

5

1.1

Stationarystates,

energyquantisation,wells

Superposition,

interference

Unitarytimeevolution,Schr?dingerequation,tunneling

Quantummeasure-ment

Probabilisticnatureofquantumphysics

Measurementdynam-ics(statereduction)

No-cloningtheorem,incompletestate

informationfrom

measurement

Staterepresentation,visualisation(e.g.

Bloch/Poincarésphere)

Dynamicsof

two-statesystems

Two-statesystems(e.g.spin-1/2,polari-sation),qubits

Physicalmanipulationwithpulses

Stateevolution,

Blochequation,

Larmorprecession,Rabioscillations

Pureandmixed

quantumstates

Decoherenceandcouplingtotheenvironment

Heisenbergprinciple,complementarity

Entanglement,

Bellinequalities,

non-locality

1.2

Linearalgebra,

functionalanalysis

(Linear)differentialequations

Statistics,probabilitytheory,combinatorics

Advancedmathe-

matics,e.g.topology,grouptheory,

symmetry

Perturbationtheory

Mathematicalfoundations

Statespace,

Diracnotation

Operators,eigenvec-tors,eigenvalues

Classicalinformationtheory,

Shannonentropy

Quantumchannels,

distancemeasures,

vonNeumannentropy

CONCEPTSANDFOUNDATIONS

1

BASICQUANTUMCONCEPTS

MATHEMATICALFORMALISM

ANDINFORMATIONTHEORY

6

PHYSICALFOUNDATIONS

OFQUANTUMTECHNOLOGIES

2

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

ATOMICPHYSICS

Electroniclevels,quantumnumbers,leveltransitions,Rydbergstates

Hyperfinestructure,Zeemaneffect,Starkeffect

Angularmomentum(spin,orbital,total),interactions

QUANTUMOPTICSANDELECTRODYNAMICS

Classical,quantumandnon-linearoptics,polarisationdegreesoffreedom

Photonstatistics,bunching,antibunching

Fockstates,coherentstates,squeezedstates

Quantumopticalexperiments,interferometry,microscopyandspectroscopy

Quantumelectrodynamics(QED)

Light-matterinteractions

SOLID-STATEPHYSICS

Properties(bandstructure,electricaltransport,opticalproperties,magnetism)

Semiconductortheory

Superconductivity,Josephsoneffect,Josephsonjunctions

Mesoscopicphenomena,quantumconfinementeffects

Topologicaleffects

Magnetometry,spinmanipulationexperiments

QUANTUMMANY-BODYSYSTEMSANDOPENQUANTUMSYSTEMS

Pauliprinciple,bosons,fermions,FermigasesandFermiliquids

Quantumdegenerategases,Bose-Einsteincondensation

Quantumstatistics,entropy

Molecularphysics

Openquantumsystems

Decoherencemechanisms(relaxation,dephasing,photonloss)

7

ENABLINGTECHNOLOGIES

ANDTECHNIQUES

3

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

LABORATORYTECHNIQUES,

NOISEANDSHIELDING

Noiseanalysis

Cryogenic,vacuumandcleanroomtechnologies

Shieldingtechniques,housing,magnets

SOLID-STATETECHNOLOGIES,

NANOTECHNOLOGIES

Micro-andnanostructuring

Quantummaterialsdesign

Micro-andnanoelectronics,e.g.2Delectrongasandmaterials,single-electrontransistor(SET),spintronics

Semiconductortechnologies

Superconductingdevices,SQUIDs

OPTICALTECHNOLOGIES

Classicaloptics

Lasers

Singlephotonsources

Singlephotondetectorsandcameras

Photonics,fibres

CONTROLTECHNOLOGIES

Signalanddataprocessing

Electronics,microwaveandRF(radiofrequency)technologies,frequencyconversion,modulationandgeneration

Lasercooling,laserstabilisation

Generationofspecialquantumstates,

e.g.Bellstates,squeezedstates

Resonators

Opto-electronicalandopto-mechanicalsystems

3.5COMPUTERSANDSOFTWARE

ITinfrastructureandsoftwarestack

Classicalprogramming,algorithmdesignand

softwaredevelopmenttechniques,mathematicalmodelling

Controlsoftware:calibration,guideelectronics/optics,error-robustphysicaloperations,tuningandstabilisationofhardware

Quantumcontrolalgorithms

Machinelearninginspiredandintegratedapproaches

8

QUANTUMHARDWARE

QUANTUMSTATECONTROL

Stateinitialisationandreadout

Statemanipulation,realisationofquantumgates

Qubitcoupling&interconnectivity

Interconversionofdifferentqubittypes

HYBRIDQUANTUMSYSTEMS

Highperformancecomputer(HPC)systems

Machinelearningintegration

Integrationofclassicalandquantumnetworks

Quantuminterfaces

4.8TECHNOLOGYREALISATION

Noise,generalandplatform-specificlimitations,benchmarking

Miniaturisation,scaling

Integrationonachip,e.g.photonicintegratedcircuits,atomchips

4.6

4.7

4

SUPERCONDUCTINGELECTRONIC

4.1

CIRCUITS

Qubittypes,e.g.charge,flux,phase,transmon

SPIN-BASEDSYSTEMS

Electron-spinqubits,nitrogen-vacancy(NV)centresindiamond

Semiconductorquantumdots

Nuclear-spinqubits

NEUTRALATOMSANDIONS

Trappedions

Rydbergatoms

Coldatoms,molecules,quantumgases

Neutralatomsinopticallattices

PHOTONICSYSTEMS

Linearopticalelementsandnetworks,

opticalinstrumentsforphotonsasqubits

Bosonsamplingtechniques

Entangledphotonsources

EMERGINGQUBITCONCEPTS

Topologicalqubits

Molecular-spinqubits

4.2

4.5

4.3

4.4

9

QUANTUMCOMPUTING

ANDSIMULATION

5

BASICS

Reversibility,DiVincenzocriteria

Qubits,quantumgates,universalgateset

Universalfault-tolerantquantum

computers,NISQquantumcomputers

Circuitdesign,notation,matrix

representation

Basicquantumprogrammingtechniques

Complexitytheory,quantumcomplexityclasses,computationallimitations,

quantumadvantage

QUANTUMSIMULATORS

Digitalquantumsimulators

Analoguequantumsimulatorsand(adiabatic)quantumannealers

QUANTUMPROGRAMMING

TOOLSANDSOFTWARE

STACK,ERRORCORRECTION

Graphicalplatforms

Quantumassemblerlanguagesandsoftwaredevelopmentkits,quantumcircuitsimulators

Quantumcompilers,high-levelprogram-mingwithpre-de?ndedsubroutines

Hybridquantum-classicalalgorithmsandquantumembedding

Cloudplatforms

Quantumerrorcorrection,

quantumerrormitigation

QUANTUMCOMPUTING

SUBROUTINES

Quantumamplitudeampli?cation

QuantumFourierTransform(QFT),hiddensubgroup?nding

Quantumphaseestimation

Quantumlinearalgebrasubroutines,quantumsingularvaluedecomposition

Othertechniquesandsubroutines,e.g.quantumwalks,amplitudeestimation

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.1

QUANTUMALGORITHMS

Numbertheoryandfactorisation(e.g.Shoralgorithm)

Oracularalgorithmsanddatabasesearch(e.g.Groveralgorithm)

Linearalgebra(e.g.Harrow-Hassidim-Lloydalgorithm)

Quantumoptimisation

Quantummachinelearning,quantumneuralnetworks

Quantumsimulationalgorithms

Noisyintermediate-scalequantum(NISQ)algorithms:VariationalQuantumEigensolver(VQE),

QuantumApproximateOptimisationAlgorithm(QAOA)

APPLICATIONSOFQUANTUMCOMPUTINGANDSIMULATION

Materialsscience

Pharmaceuticaldrugdiscovery

Catalystdiscovery(improve-mentofchemicalprocesseslikeHaber-Bosch)

Simulationofcomplexpro-cesses,e.g.aerodynamics,structuraldynamics,crash&safety

Computational?uiddynamics,

e.g.air?owaroundaircraft

Surrogatemachinelearning

simulations

Designoptimisation

Routing

Supplychainmanagement,

Insuranceriskassessment

Financialportfoliooptimisation

Satis?abilityproblems(SAT):

ofconstraints

Sequencingproblemsforop-

jobs

Datasecurityand

cryptography

loadingandsizing,productionplanning

Optimisationin?nance,production,network

andlogistics

Manufacturing,e.g.newtypesofbatteries

timalsequenceforexecuting

basedmodelsfornumerical

possiblesolutionsforaset

Engineeringanddesign

5.6

5.5

10

QUANTUMSENSORS

ANDIMAGINGSYSTEMS

6

BASICS

Fundamentalquantumlimits(standardquantumlimit,Heisenberglimit)

De?nitionofSIunits

Measurementcriteria(sensitivity,

resolution,etc.),classicalalternatives,performanceanalysis

ELECTROMAGNETICFIELD

6.2

SENSORS

NVcentres,Rydbergatoms,

superconductingsensors

Atomicmagnetometersandopticallypumpedmagnetometers(OPMs)

TEMPERATURE,PARTICLEANDPRESSURESENSORS

Spin-qubitbasedsensors

Precisionspectroscopygassensors

Optomechanicalsensors

INERTIALANDGRAVITYSENSORS

Micro-electromechanicalsensors(MEMS)

Atominterferometers

Rotatingnanoparticlesensors

QUANTUMIMAGING

Interaction-freemeasurement

Quantumghostimaging,lithography,imagingwithundetectedphotons,

tomographicimagin

Quantumradar,quantumlidar

6.3

6.5

6.4

6.1

ATOMICCLOCKS

Microwaveclocks,atomicfountainclocks,coherentpopula-tiontrapping(CPT)clocks

Opticalclocks,trappedionclocks,neutralatomsinopticallatticesclocks,quantumlogicclocks

Nuclearclocks

Transportableatomicclocks

6.7APPLICATIONSOFQUANTUMSENSORS

Metrologyatasingle

quantumlevel

Medicineand

molecularbiology

Transportandnaviga-

tion,precisetiming

andpositiondetection

Controlinindustrial

processes

Geology,underground

surveys,naturalresourceexploration,archaeology

Civilengineering,

infrastructuremonitoring

Earthmonitoring,naturalhazardprevention

Magneticdetectionof

n