2023年考研外語沖刺試卷10

考研外語沖刺試卷10

一、UseofEnglish

1、WithAirbus,giantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskies,

youmightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbigger-andyouwould

beright.Foragivendesign,itturns(1),therecomes

apointwherethewingsbecometooheavytogenerate(2)

lifttocarrytheirownweight.(3)anewwayofdesigning

andmakingmaterialscould(4)thatproblem.Twoengineers

(5)UniversityCollegeLondonhavedevisedallinnovative

waytocustomizeandcontrolthe(6)ofamaterial

throughoutitsthree-dimensionalstructure.

Inthe(7)ofawing,thiswouldmakepossibleamaterial

thatisdense,strongandload-bearingatoneend,closetothe

fuselage,(8)theextremitiescouldbemadelessdense,

lighterandmore(9).Itislikemakingbespokematerials,

(10)youcancustomizethephysicalpropertiesofevery

cubicmillimeterofastructure.

Thenewtechniquecombinesexistingtechnologiesina(n)

(11)way,Itstartsbyusingfinite-element-analysis

software,ofthetypecommonlyusedbyengineers,(12)a

virtualprototypeoftheobject.Thesoftwaremodelsthe

stressesandstrainsthattheobjectwillneedto(13)

throughoutitsstructure.Usingthisinformationitisthen

(14)tocalculatethepreciseforcesactingonmillions

ofsmallersubsectionsofthestructure.(15)ofthese

subsectionsis(16)treatedasaseparateobjectwithits

ownsetofforcesactingonit-andeachsubsection(17)

foradifferentmicrostructuretoabsorbthoselocalforces.

Designingsomanymicrostructuresmanually(18)beahuge

task,sotheresearchersapplyanoptimizationprogram,called

ageneticalgorithm,(19).Thisusesaprocessof

randomizationandtrial-and-errortosearchthevastnumberof

possiblemicrostructurestofindthemost(20)designfor

eachsubsection.

A.off

B.out

C.away

D.in

2、⑵

A.many

B.much

C.enough

D.necessary

3、(3)

A.But

B.And

C.Or

D.Yet

4、(4)

A.find

B.discover

C.getover

D.getaround

5、(5)

A.of

B.at

C.in

D.from

6、(6)

A.properties

B.nature

C.qualities

D.characteristics

7、(7)

A.sample

B.case

C.condition

D.situation

8、(8)

A.while

B.which

C.what

D.where

9、(9)

A.easy

B.flexible

C.reflective

D.compatible

10、(10)

A.as

B.since

C.because

D.solongas

11、(11)

A.novel

B.strange

C.odd

D.peculiar

12、(12)

A.creates

B.andcreates

C.creating

D.tocreate

13、(13)

A.stand

B.sustain

C.understand

D.withstand

14、(14)

A.possible

B.impossible

C.likely

D.unlikely

15、(15)

A.Each

B.One

C.Every

D.All

16、(16)

A.next

B.then

C.after

D.since

17、(17)

A.asks

B.calls

C.demands

D.requires

18、(18)

A.isto

B.should

C.would

D.hasto

19、(19)

A.inorder

B.inplace

C.inspite

D.instead

20、(20)

A.perfect

B.complete

C.suitable

D.proper

二、ReadingComprehension

1>PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Whatistime?Isitathingtobesavedorspentorwasted,like

money?Orisitsomethingwehavenocontrolover,likethe

weather?Istimethesameallovertheworld?That'saneasy

question,yousay.Whereveryougo,aminuteis60seconds,an

houris60minutes,adayis24hours,andsoforth.Well,maybe.

ButinAmerica,timeismorethanthat.Americansseetimeas

averyvaluableresource.Maybethat'swhytheyarefondofthe

expression,“Timeismoney.”

BecauseAmericansbelievetimeisalimitedresource,theytry

toconserveandmanageit.PeopleintheU.S.oftenattend

seminarsorreadbooksontimemanagement.Itseemstheyall

wanttoorganizetheirtimebetter.Professionalscarryaround

pocketplanners-someinelectronicform-tokeeptrackof

appointmentsanddeadlines.Peopledoalltheycantosqueeze

morelifeoutoftheirtime.TheearlyAmericanheroBenjamin

Franklinexpressedthisviewbest:"Doyoulovelife.)?Then

donotwastetime,forthatisthestufflifeismadeof.”

ToAmericans,punctualityisawayofshowingrespectforother

people'stime.Beingmorethan10minuteslatetoanappointment

usuallycallsforanapology,andmaybeanexplanation.People

whoarerunninglateoftencallaheadtoletothersknowofthe

delay.Ofcourse,thelessformalthesituation,theless

importantitistobeexactlyontime.Atinformalget-togethers,

forexample,peopleoftenarriveasmuchas30minutespastthe

appointedtime.Buttheyusuallydon'ttrythatatwork.

Tooutsiders,Americansseemtiedtotheclock,Peopleinother

culturesvaluerelationshipsmorethanschedules.Inthese

societies,peopledon，ttrytocontroltime,buttoexperience

it.ManyEasterncultures,forexample,viewtimeasacycle.

Therhythmofnature-fromthepassingoftheseasonstothe

monthlycycleofthemoonshapestheirviewofevents.People

learntorespondtotheirenvironment.Asaresult,theyfind

iteasierto“gowiththeflow“thanAmericans,wholikeplans

tobefixedandunchangeable.

EvenAmericanswouldadmitthatnoonecanmastertime.

Time-likemoneyslipsalltooeasilythroughourfingers.And

time-liketheweather-isveryhauttopredict.Nevertheless,

timeisoneoflife'smostpreciousgifts.Andunwrappingit

ishalfthefun.

WhyAmericansarefondoftheexpression“Timeismoney”?

A.Becauseitmaybesavedorspentorwasted.

B.Becauseitissomethingwehavenocontrolover.

C.Becauseitisequaltoeveryone.

D.Becauseitisregardedasaninvaluableresource.

2、

Americansconserveandmanagetimeinallthefollowingcases

EXCEPT.

A.theyoftenattendseminarsorreadbooksontimemanagement

B.theyallwanttoorganizetheirtimebetter

C.theykeeptrackofappointmentsanddeadlines

D.peopledoalltheycantosqueezemorelifeoutoftheir

time

3、

TheearlyAmericanheroBenjaminFrankliniscitedas

A.anexampleofsqueezingmorelifeoutofhistime

B.amanwholoveslife

C.asummaryoftheabovestatement

D.awarningtotheAmericanpeople

4、

WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueasregardspunctualityin

America?

A.Never30minuteslaterthantheappointedtimeinanycase.

B.Anapologyformorethan10minuteslatetoanappointment.

C.Callingaheadtoletothersknowofthedelay.

D.Beingexactlyontimeatwork.

5、

Tooutsiders,Americansseemtiedtotheclock,whichisshown

inthefactthat.

A.theyvaluerelationshipsmorethanschedules

B.theydon'ttrytocontroltime

C.theyviewtimeasacycle

D.they1ikeplanstobefixedandunchangeable

6^Successfulbusinessestendtocontinueimplementingthe

ideasthatmadethemsuccessful.Butinarapidlychangingworld,

ideasoftenbecomeobsoleteovernight.Whatworkedinthepast

won,tnecessarilyworkinthefuture.Inordertothriveinthe

future,youmustconstantlycreatenewideasforeveryaspect

ofyourbusiness.Infact,youmustcontinuallygeneratenew

ideasjusttokeepyourheadabovewater.Businessesthataren't

creativeabouttheirfuturemaynotsurvive.

AlthoughBillGatesistherichest,mostsuccessfulmanonthe

planet,hedidnotanticipatetheInternet.Nowhe'sscrambling

tocatchup.IfBillGatescanmissamajoraspectofhis

industry,itcanhappentoyouinyourindustry.Yourbusiness

needstocontinuallyinnovateandcreateitsfuture.

GatesisnowconstantlyworriedaboutthefutureofMicrosoft.

Here'swhathesaidinarecentinterviewinU.S.NewsWorld

Report:"Willwebereplacedtomorrow?No.Inaveryshorttime

frame,Microsoftisanincrediblystrongcompany.Butwhenyou

looktothetwo-tothree-yeartimeframe,Idon'tthinkanyone

cansaywithastraightfacethatanytechnologycompanyhas

aguaranteedposition.NotIntel,notMicrosoft,notCompaq,

notDell,takeanyofyourfavorites.Andthat'stotally

honest.”

Youmayrememberthatin1985theCabbagePatchKidsdollswere

thebeat-sellingtoyonthemarket.ButafterColecoIndustries

introducedtheirsensationallineofdollstheybecame

complacentanddidn，tcreateanynewtoysworthmentioning.As

aresult,Colecowentbankruptin1988.

Themostsuccessfulbusinessessurviveinthelongtermbecause

theyconstantlyreassesstheirsituationsandreinvent

themselvesaccordingly.The3MCompanyhasa15%rule:

Employeesareencouragedtospend15%oftheirtimedeveloping

newideasonanyprojecttheydesire.It'snosurprise,then,

that3Mhasbeenaroundsince1902.

Mostbusinessesarenotwillingtotearapartlastyear'smodel

ofsuccessandbuildanewone.Here'safamiliaranalogyto

explainwhytheyarelulledintocomplacency.Imaginethatyour

businessislikeapetoflobsters.Tocooklobsters,youput

themintoapotofwarmwaterandgraduallyturnuptheheat.

Thelobstersdon'trealizethey'rebeingcookedbecausethe

processissegradual.Asaresult,theybecomecomplacentand

diewithoutastruggle.However,ifyouthrowalobsterinto

thepotwhenthewaterisboiling,itwilldesperatelytryto

escape.Thislobsterisnotlulledbyaslowlychanging

environment.Itrealizesinstantlythatit'sinabad

environmentandtakesimmediateactiontochangeitsstatus.

Judgingfromthecontext,“tokeepyourheadabovewater”(Para.

1)probablymeans.

A.tobedrown

B.tokeepawayfromdanger

C.tokeepoutoffinancialdifficulty

D.toprotectyoufromwater

7、

WhyisGatesnowconstantlyworriedaboutthefutureof

Microsoft?

A.Becauseheistherichest,mostsuccessfulmanontheplanet.

B.Becausehiscompanywillbereplacedtomorrow.

C.Becauseinaveryshorttimeframe,Microsoftisan

incrediblystrongcompany.

D.Becausehedoesn，tthinkthatanytechnologycompanyhas

aguaranteedposition.

8、

ColecoIndustries'casesuggeststhat.

A.theCabbagePatchKidsdollswerethebest-sellingtoyon

themarket

B.theCabbagePatchKidsdollsweresensationallineofdolls

C.complacencyandlackofcreationwillultimatelyruina

business

D.themostsuccessfulbusinessessurviveinthelongterm

9、

Accordingtothispassage,the3MCompany'ssuccessliesin

its.

A.constantreassessmentoftheirsituations

B.15%rule

C.reinvention

D.beingaroundsince1902

10、

Byusingtheanalogyof，zthrowingalobsterintoapot〃，the

authortriestoimplythat.

A.somemanagersarereallyfoolishpeople

B.it'scrueltocooklobsters

C.peoplearetendtobecomecomplacent

D.badenvironmentcallsforimmediateaction

11、Myinspirationismygrandmother,who'sstillaliveat

96.SheraisedmefromthetimeIwas8onadairyfarmin

Wisconsin.InanothererashecouldhavedonewhatIdo,

althoughIdidn'tknowwhataCEOwasthen.I'marealgo-getter

anddon，tknowanyotherway.Itellmy12-year-olddaughter,

ifyouhaveatest,whynottryforanA?Idon'tbelievein

halfdoingsomething.

Inmycareer,thebiggestshockcameinmy20's.Ilovedmyjob

asafieldsystemsanalystat3M,andwantedmyfirstmanager's

jobatheadquarters.TheyeventoldmeIwasthebestcandidate,

totallyqualified.Thentheytoldme,"It'snotpossible

becauseyou'reawoman."IwassoshockedthatIquit.Ihad

thisfeelingofbeingtotallyblownawayasIcrawledbackto

Atlanta.

Ipreachtopeople:therearenobadbosses.Youlearnhownot

totreatpeople.Myworstbosswasfullofhimselfandwanted

tomicromanage.Themandidn'thaveacomplimentaryboneinhis

body.Istillhavemyperformancereviewhewroteinsmallanal

print.ItwaswinterinMinnesota.Ididn'twanttodrive.I

wasoutthedoorat5p.m.becausethebusleftthefrontdoor

at5:06.HeputthatdowninmyreviewhowfastIwasoutthe

door.Itdidn'tmattertherestoftheyearIwasthereuntil

6or7.

Later,whenIswitchedcompanies.Iattendedanoff-site

strategymeetinginFlorida.Therewasabarbecueandthe

meetingcontinuedonintotheevening.Myboss*bossthrewa

towelacrosstheroomandsaid,“Cleanup,Carol."Icaughtthe

towel,wentoverandscrubbedhisface.Everybodyintheroom

went"Ohhhh.”

TheluckiestthinginmycareeristhatIhaveacomputerscience

degree.Doorsopenedwideatatimewhenitwasn'tnecessarily

greatforwomen.IfIcouldwaveamagicwand,I'dhaveevery

girlpasscollegefreshmancalculus.

Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthatthe

author.

A.livesinthecountryside

B.isamiddle-agedman

C.isaCEO

D.doesverywellintests

12、

Whatisthebiggestshockinthewriter,scareer?

A.Shelostherjobasafieldsystemsanalystin1920s.

B.Shelosthergrandmotherwhowasherinspiration.

C.Shewasdeniedthepostoffirstmanageronaccountof

sexualdiscrimination.

D.Shequitafterbeingtotallyblownawayandcrawledback

home.

13、

Itdidn'tmattertherestoftheyearIwasthereuntil6or

7(Para.3)impliesthat.

A.thebossdidnotcareifshewasthereat6or7o'clock

B.thebossneverhadagoodopinionofhereversince,no

matterhowshetried

C.itdidn'tmatterintherestoftheyearwhethersheleft

herworkat6or7o'clock

D.shestayedinthatcompanyfor6or7years

14、

Everybodyintheroomwent“Ohhhh”(Para.4)because.

A.theauthormadetheroomsocleanandtidy

B.theauthorscrubbedthefacewiththetowel

C.theauthorwastoogladtoobeytheorder

D.theauthorseemedtoorudewithhersuperior

15、

Accordingtothepassage,thecharacteristicsoftheauthor

maybedescribedas.

A.Intelligentandgentle.

B.Industriousandmoderate.

C.Stubbornandperseverant.

D.Ambitiousandenterprising

16、“Targetapologizesforanydiscomfort,saidaspokesman

forthediscountchain,“thatmayhavebeencausedbythe

baseballcapsandshortscarryingtheinsignia'88'."He

explainedthatitwasnotthecompany，sintenttopromotehate.

Sincewhendoes88mean"hate"?Itturnsoutthatsomeneo-Nazis

havediscoveredthattheeighthletterofthealphabetis"h",

andtothemthenumber88isanoh-sosecretcodedsymbolfor

“heilHitler”.

TheBostonHeraldrecalledthedaysofdot-and-dashtelegraphy,

withitstwo-digitcodesforcommonphrases,andobservedthat

“onCBandhamradio,andatthebottomofanodde-mail,you

stillrunacross'88'—'loveandkisses',whichnogallantwill

dareuseanymoretopiquetheinterestoftheYLs(youngladies)

forfearthey'11thinkheisabug-eyed,swastika一tattooed

nutcake”

FansofChetGould，s“DickTracy"stripofthe1950'swill

rememberapiano-playingcartooncharacterwiththemusical

name"88Keys”,playedbyMandyPatinkininthe1990movie

version.Itcomesfromthenumberofkeysonapianokeyboard,

anditssymbolcanbetheoppositeofhatred:"Someofthose

88keysarewhite,andsomeblack,“notesLarryHornofYale

University,“allplayingtogetherinpeacefulharmony-andeach

setprettyboringonitsown.Makesyouwonder.”

Thislatestsuperstitionimposedonanumber,anditspanicky

effectonmerchants,isnothingnew.It'savariantof311,

throereferencestothe11thletter,k,fortheKuKluxKlan.

(Manufacturerswhomayhaveinadvertentlyturnedoutbasebal1

capswiththatnumberonitwillnowturnwhiteasasheet.)

Beforethat,666wasahotnumberforthenervous.IntheNew

Testament'sRevelation13:9-18,theApostleJohnrecallsa

visionofaboastthatwasanopponentofChrist:"Countthe

numberofthebeast,“goestheKingJamesVersion,“foritis

thenumberofaman;andhisnumberissixhundredthreescore

andsix.”

Extrapolatingthisintoanameisanexampleofgematria,an

ancientnumbersgamethatassignseachletterofthealphabet

anumericalvalue.Somescholarspointoutthattheverse

characterizes,butdoesnotname,thebeast-whicharen,tSatan.

Numbersarenotletters.Hategroupsandconcernedcabalsdo

notownthenumbers,whichcanbeusedtostandforanything.

Sowear88allyoulike,andifyouhavenightmaresabout666,

assodajerksusedtosayI'm86onthemail.

Accordingtothepassage,whydoes88mean"hate"?

A.Becausethebaseballcapsandshortscarrytheinsignia

"88”.

B.BecausesomeneoNazishavediscoveredthat.

C.Becausethenumber88isanoh-so—secretcodedsymbol

D.Becausetheeighthletterofthealphabetis"h",asecret

cededsymbolfor"heilHitler”.

17、

Itmaybeinferredthattheinsignia"88".

A.isatwo-digitcedesforcommonphrases

B.isoftenusedtoindicate“l(fā)oveandkisses”

C.wasusedtoexcitetheinterestoftheYLs

D.issomethingnogallantwilldareuseanymoretopiquethe

interestoftheYLs

18、

Whatdoes"themusicalname'88Keys'"(Para.4)imply?

A.Apiano-playingcartooncharacter.

B.A1990movieversion.

C.Peacefulharmony.

D.Hatred.

19、

Whatdoes"thatnumber”(Para.5)referto?

A.88.

B.311.

C.The11thletter.

D.TheKuKluxKlan.

20、

Accordingtothepassage,whatdoes666standfor?

A.NewTestament,sRevelation13:918.

B.AvisionofabeastthatwasanopponentofChrist.

C.Anumberofthebeast.

D.Thenumberofaman.

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、

B、C、D、E、F、G...)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.

Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthe

gaps.(10points)

Sciencedevelopsthroughobjectiveanalysis,insteadof

throughpersonalbelief.Knowledgegainedinscience

accumulatesastimegoesby,buildingonworkperformedearlier.

Someofthisknowledge-suchasourunderstandingof

numbers-stretchesback'tothetimeofancientcivilizations,

whenscientificthoughtfirstbegan.Otherscientific

knowledgesuchasourunderstandingofgenesthatcausecancer

orofquarks(thesmallestknownbuildingblockofmatter)dates

backlessthan50years.However,inallfieldsofscience,old

ornew,researchersusethesamesystematicapproach,knownas

thescientificmethod,toaddtowhatisknown.

(41).Forexample,in1676,theEnglishphysicistRobert

Hookediscoveredthatelasticobjects,suchasmetalsprings,

stretchinproportiontotheforcethatactsonthem.Despite

alltheadvancesthathavebeenmadeinphysicssince1676,this

simplelawstillholdstrue.

(42).Sometimesscientificpredictionsgomuchfurther

bydescribingobjectsoreventsthatarenotyetknown.An

outstandinginstanceoccurredin1869,whentheRussianchemist

DmitryMendeleyevdrewupaperiodictableoftheelements

arrangedtoillustratepatternsofrecurringchemicaland

physicalproperties.

(43).Atthetime,mostgeologistsdiscountedWegener's

ideas,becausetheEarth'scrustseemedtobefixed.But

followingthediscoveryofplatetectonicsinthe1960s,in

whichscientistsfoundthattheEarth'scrustisactuallymade

ofmovingplates,continentaldriftbecameanimportantpart

ofgeology.

Throughadvanceslikethese,scientificknowledgeis

constantlyaddedtoandrefined.Asaresult,sciencegivesus

anevermoredetailedinsightintothewaytheworldaroundus

works.

(44).However,withthedawnoftheIndustrialRevolution

inthe18thcentury,thisrapidlychanged.Today,sciencehas

aprofoundeffectonthewaywelive,largelythrough

technology—theuse.ofscientificknowledgeforpractical

(45).Therefrigerator,forexample,owesitsexistence

toadiscoverythatliquidstakeinenergywhentheyevaporate,

aphenomenonknownaslatentheat.

A.Scientistsutilizeexistingknowledgeinnewscientific

investigationstopredicthowthingswillbehave.Forexample,

ascientistwhoknowstheexactdimensionsofalenscanpredict

howthelenswillfocusabeamoflight.Inthesameway,by

knowingtheexactmakeupandpropertiesoftwochemicals,a

researchercanpredictwhatwillhappenwhentheycombine.

B.Foralargepartofrecordedhistory,sciencehadlittle

bearingonpeople;severydaylives.Scientificknowledgewas

gatheredforitsownsake,andithadfewpracticalapplications.

C.Duringscientificinvestigations,scientistsputtogether

andcomparenewdiscoveriesandexistingknowledge.Inmost

cases,newdiscoveriesextendwhatiscurrentlyaccepted,

providingfurtherevidencethatexistingideasarecorrect.

D.Tileprincipleoflatentheatwasfirstexploitedina

practicalwayin1876,andtherefrigeratorhasplayedamajor

roleinmaintainingpublichealtheversince.Tilefirst

automobile,datingfromthe1880s,madeuseofmanyadvances

inphysicsandengineering,includingreliablewaysof

generatinghigh-voltagesparks,whilethefirstcomputers

emergedinthe1940sfromsimultaneousadvancesinelectronics

andmathematics.

E.Someformsoftechnologyhavebecomesowellestablishedthat

itiseasytoforgetthegreatscientificachievementsthatthey

represent.

F.Inscience,importantadvancescanalsobemadewhencurr

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Asmorepeopleliveclosertogether,andastheyusemachines

toproduceleisure,theyfindthattheirleisure,andeventheir

workinghours,becomespoiltbyabyproductoftheir

machines一namely,noise.Noiseisnowadaysinthenews;ithas

acquiredpoliticalstatus,andpublicopinionsaredemanding,

moreandmor