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UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment
and
UnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommission
forAsiaandthePacific
Traderegulationsforclimateaction?
Newinsightsfromtheglobalnon-tariffmeasuresdatabase
Advancecopy
UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment
and
UnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommission
forAsiaandthePacific
Traderegulationsforclimateaction?
Newinsightsfromtheglobalnon-tariffmeasuresdatabase
Geneva,2023
?2023,UnitedNations
Thisworkisavailablethroughopenaccess,bycomplyingwiththeCreativeCommonslicencecreatedforintergovernmentalorganizations,at/licenses/by/3.0/igo/.
Thefindings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedhereinarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheUnitedNationsoritsofficialsorMemberStates.
ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialonanymapinthisworkdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.
Photocopiesandreproductionsofexcerptsareallowedwithpropercredits.
Thispublicationhasnotbeenformallyedited.
UnitedNationspublicationissuedbytheUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment
UNCTAD/DITC/TAB/2023/5(Advancecopy)
eISBN:978-92-1-358649-5
Acknowledgementsiii
Acknowledgements
ThisreportwaspreparedbyChristianKnebel,MalickKaneandRalfPetersoftheUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment(UNCTAD)andMariaSemenovafromtheUnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific(ESCAP).
CommentswereprovidedbyChantalLineCarpentier,GrahamMott,Tansu?OkandMihoShirotori,UNCTAD,andAlexeyKravchenko,ESCAP.InputswerealsoprovidedbyHenriquePacini,UNCTAD.
UNCTADandESCAPgratefullyacknowledgetheinputsreceivedfrom:CindyParokkiloftheInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationandKatjaSpur,independentexpert.
JeniferTacardon-Mercadodesignedthecoverandundertookdesktoppublishing.
ivTraderegulationsforclimateaction?:Newinsightsfromtheglobalnon-tariffmeasuresdatabase
Abbreviationsandacronyms
GHG
Greenhousegas
ISO
InternationalOrganizationforStandardization
NDCs
Nationallydeterminedcontributions
NTM
Non-tariffmeasure
SDG
SustainableDevelopmentGoal
SIDS
SmallIslandDevelopingStates
SPS
SanitaryandPhytosanitary
TBT
Technicalbarrierstotrade
TRAINS
TradeAnalysisInformationSystem
UNFCCC
UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange
WTO
WorldTradeOrganization
Contentsv
Contents
Acknowledgements iii
Abbreviationsandacronyms iv
Executivesummary 1
1.Introduction
3
2.Dataandmethodology
5
2.1.Collectingcomprehensivenon-tariffmeasuresdata
5
2.2.Identifyingclimatechange-relatednon-tariffmeasures
6
3.Results
9
3.1.Howrelevantareclimatechnagerelatednon-tariffmeasures?
9
3.2.Whichcountriesareregulatingtradetocombatclimatechange?
12
3.3.Whichtypesofmeasuresareusedforclimateaction?
13
3.4.Whichfactorscanexplaincountries’useofclimatechange-relatednon-tariffmeasures?
18
3.5.Howcostlyarenon-tariffmeasuresthatcombatclimatechange?
19
4.Conclusion 2
1
Bibliography
22
viTraderegulationsforclimateaction?:Newinsightsfromtheglobalnon-tariffmeasuresdatabase
Listoftables
1.UNCTAD-MASTclassificationofnon-tariffmeasures
6
2.Exampleofconformityassessmentmeasures
1
5
3.
Exampleofperformancerequirementsanddifferencesintheircomplexity 1
6
4.
Exampleofimport-relatednon-automaticlicensing 1
7
5.
Exampleofexport-relatednon-automaticlicensing 1
8
6.
Exampleofimporttaxonhydrocarbonsandcoal 1
8
Listoffigures
1.
Globalshareofclimatechangerelatednon-tariffmeasures
9
2.Tradeaffectedbyclimatechangerelatednon-tariffmeasures,bysector
10
3.Shareofclimatechangerelatednon-tariffmeasures,byincomegroup
12
4.Shareofclimatechangerelatednon-tariffmeasures,byregion
13
5.Numberofclimatechangerelatednon-tariffmeasures,bymeasuretype
14
6.Numberofclimatechangerelatednon-tariffmeasures,bymeasuresub-type
15
7.RelationbetweentotalCO2emissionsandtradecoveredbyclimatechangerelatedNTMs
19
Executivesummary1
Executivesummary
Thisreportexaminestheuseoftrade-relatedregulations,knownasnon-tariffmeasures(NTMs),insupportofdomesticandinternationalclimatechangemitigationefforts.Theanalysiscanhelppolicymakersandotherstakeholdersbetterunderstandthelinkagesbetweentradeandclimatepoliciesandmakemoreinformeddecisionstousetradeasadriverforclimateaction.
NTMscoverawidearrayofpolicytoolswhichcanbedirectlylinkedtoclimateactionorbeimposedprimarilyforsafety,healthandbroaderenvironmentalprotectionpurposes.TheInternationalClassificationofNTMsallowsadetailedcategorizationofNTMsandasystematicandgloballycomparableNTMdatacollection.UNCTAD’sTradeAnalysisInformationSystem(TRAINS)NTMsdatabase,whichwasthemaindatasourceforthisreport,coversnearly150countries,over95percentofworldtrade,20’000differentregulationsandcloseto90’000distinctmeasures.
UNCTADandUNESCAPdevelopedamethodologytolinkNTMstoclimatechangemitigationandSustainableDevelopmentGoal13.AnalgorithmcombinesthemappingofpotentiallyrelevantNTMsandproductcodecombinationswithakeywordsearchinthemeasuredescriptionsoftheNTMsdatabase.
Basedonthismethod,atotalof2’366climatechange-relatedNTMswereidentified.Thisrepresents:
.2.6percentofthe87’969measurescapturedintheNTMsdatabase,
.3.5percentofallpotentiallytradablegoods,and
.26.4percentofworldtrade,representingUS$6.5trillion.
Climatechange-relatedmeasurestargettheworld’slargesttradedandmostCO2intensivesectors.Forexample,83percentofglobaltradeinmotorvehicles,whichequatestotradeworthUS$2.3trillion,isregulatedwithobjectivesrelatedtoclimatechange.Othercommonlyregulatedsectorswithlargetradevolumesareelectricityandheatgenerationdevices(48percentofsectoralglobaltradeareregulated),motorfuel(37percent),commercialandindustrialmachinery(19percent),householdappliancesandelectronics(44percent).Otherhighlyregulatedsectorsare:singleuseplasticsandmicroplastics;timber,pulp,paperandfurniture;othertransportdevices(trains,airplanes,ships);andlightingproducts.Forallremainingsectors,thecoverageratioisstillasignificant9percent,amountingtoalmostUS$1.7trillionor4.9percentofglobaltrade.
Climatechange-relatedNTMscoverahighershareoftradeinhighincomeandindustrializedmiddleincomecountries,astheyarethelargesttradersintheseCO2intensivesectors.Lowincomeeconomies’importbasketsfeaturelessCO2intensivegoodsandtheirNTMsthereforehaveasmallerimpactonglobaltrade.ButlowincomecountriesmakenofewerregulatoryeffortsincombatingclimatechangethroughNTMs.Infact,theshareofclimatechange-relatedNTMsamongcountries’totalnumberofNTMsishighestinlowincomecountries.Particularly,SmallIslandDevelopmentStates(SIDS),whichfaceverytangiblerisksfromclimatechange,tendtotakeabove-averageactionagainstit.
TechnicalBarrierstoTrade(TBT)accountformorethan61percentofallidentifiedclimatechange-relatedNTMs.ThisfindingisconsistentwiththeconclusionsfromUNCTAD’sfirstanalyticalreportonNTMsandclimatechange(UNCTAD2022)whichhighlightedtherole,importance,legalandpoliticalacceptabilityofTBTasatooltopromoteclimatechangemitigationthroughtrade.TheidentifiedTBTcover18.6percentofglobaltrade.Wecanthereforeassumethatasimilarlysignificantshareofglobalproductionisaffectedbyclimatechange-relatedregulations.OthercommonNTMsarequantitativerestrictions(16percent)andexport-relatedmeasures(17percent)thatalsooftentaketheshapeofquantitativeandtechnicalmeasures.IncomparisonwithacompilationofWTOmembers’notifications
2Traderegulationsforclimateaction?:Newinsightsfromtheglobalnon-tariffmeasuresdatabase
(WTO,2021),weseethatsubsidiesandcountervailingmeasuresarealsoanimportantelementfortrade-relatedclimateaction.
WhilebroadertypesofrelevantNTMsaresimilaracrosscountries,thereissignificantdivergenceinthedetailsandspecificrequirementsthathintsatlackinginternationalcoordinationandcausesunnecessarytradecosts.Moreinternationalcooperationandcoordinationcanreducetradecostsaswellasregulatoryeffortsthroughsharingofbestpractices.
Theoveralleconomy-widecostsofclimatechange-relatedNTMsarerelativelysmall.Basedonexistingstudies,weextrapolateanaveragecostof0.22percentofglobalmanufacturingtrade.However,costsarenotnegligibleeverywhere.WhereNTMsareindeedapplied,theyhaveanimpact.AccordingtoKnebelandPeters(2019),eachindividualtechnicalmeasureinthemanufacturingsectorhasacostincreasingimpactof3.4percentandeachquantitativerestrictionacostof2.9percent.
WhileNTMsaregenerallyappliedinanon-discriminatorymanner,theyhaveadisproportionateeffectondevelopingandleastdevelopedcountries(NicitaandSeiermann,2017),micro,smallandmedium-sizedenterprises(Fugazza,2017)andwomentraders(UNCTAD,2022c).Interalia,thisisduetotheinherentfixedcostsofNTMs,constraintsintechnicalandlogisticalinfrastructure,highcostandlimitedaccesstofinanceforinitialinvestments,thelackoftransparencyandtechnicalcomplexityofrequirements.Furthermore,thecomplexityoftherequirementsappearstobeincreasingwiththelevelofdevelopmentofeconomiesadoptingthem.
?luchschenF-AdobeStock
1
INTRODUCTION
Withconsecutiverecord-breakingmonthsforglobalseaandsurfacetemperaturesin2023andtheconsequencesoftheassociatedheatwavesinvariouspartsoftheglobe,thereisagrowingglobalconsciousnessontheenvironmental,socialandeconomicimpactofclimatechange.Changesintemperature,sealevelsandincreasingextremeweathereventsalreadyaffectmoreandmorepeople.Theawarenessisrisingthattheimpactsarebecomingmoretangibleandwillverylikelyincrease.
Governmentsworldwideareenactingpoliciesandregulationsaimedatmitigatingclimatechange.Countriesseektoreducetheircarbonfootprint,promotesustainablepractices,imposecarbontariffsorothertraderestrictionsongoodsthatdonotmeetenvironmentalstandards,orprovidesubsidiestosupportagreentransition.Thesepoliciesoftendirectlyinfluenceinternationaltrade.
Policymeasuresotherthantariffsthatcanaffectinternationaltradearecallednon-tariffmeasures(NTMs)(UNCTAD,2010).Theycomprisetechnicalmeasuresforsafety,healthand,particularly,environmentalprotectionaswellasmeasurestraditionallyusedasinstrumentsofcommercialpolicysuchaspriceandquantitymeasures.ThepoliciesimplementedtomitigateclimatechangethatcanaffecttradearethereforeNTMs.Suchpoliciesarestrictlyregulatedbymultilateralandregionaltradeagreements.FourimportantquestionsarisefortheassessmentofthepotentialofNTMsandtheidentificationofmosteffectiveNTMstomitigateclimatechange.
1.Whichtraderelatednationalregulationsareinlinewithinternationaltradeandenvironmentallaws?2.Whatistheuniverseandactualuseofsuchclimatechange-relatedNTMs?
3.Whatistheeffectivenessofspecificclimatechange-relatedNTMstomitigateclimatechange?
4.Howcancountriesidentifyfortheirspecificcircumstancesthebestclimatechange-relatedNTMsandhowcantheybeimplemented?
UNCTAD(2022)addressesthefirstquestionandidentifiesthepotentialoftraderegulations,andoftechnicalregulationsinparticular,tomaketradeanengineforclimateaction.Thereportprovidesadetailedanalysisoftheapplicablelegalinternationaltradeandclimatechangeframeworkfortheformulationofcompliant
4Traderegulationsforclimateaction?:Newinsightsfromtheglobalnon-tariffmeasuresdatabase
andfairclimatechange-relatedtechnicalregulations.Theinternationallegalframeworkrelevantforclimatechange-relatedNTMscomprisesbothinternationalclimatechangelawandinternationaltradelaw.WTOagreements,aimingatpreventingdiscriminationandensuringthattechnicalregulationsdonotcreateunnecessarytradebarriers,arebindingcommitmentsforthedesignofclimatechange-relatedNTMs.Still,WTOmembershavetherighttoestablishregulationsandstandardsintheinterestofenvironmentalprotectionandclimatechangemitigation.
ThisreportonNTMsandclimatechangeaddressesthesecondquestionandprovidesadetailedoverviewofthecurrentuseofclimatechange-relatedNTMs,exceptsubsidies.ItisbasedonacomprehensivemappingofNTMsfromUNCTAD’sglobalNTMdatabaseTRAINScomprisingdetailedinformationontraderelatedregulationsfromover142countriesaccountingforover95percentofglobaltrade.Morethan2000climatechange-relatedNTMsinvariousformshavebeenadoptedbybothdevelopedanddevelopingcountriestoaddressSustainableDevelopmentGoal13to‘takeurgentactiontocombatclimatechangeanditsimpacts’.
Wefindthatover26percentofglobaltradeisaffectedbyclimatechange-relatedNTMs.TradeinthemostCO2intensivegoodsandthelargestCO2emittingeconomiesisregulated.Thispattern,however,islargelydrivenbytheCO2intensiveimportbasketsofhighincomecountries.Theshareofclimatechange-relatedNTMsasanindicatorofregulatoryeffortsslightlydecreasesaspercapitaincomerises.
Thefollowingsectionsofthisreportareorganizedasfollows.Section2providesanintroductiontotheconceptofNTMsandanoverviewofthemethodologyusedfortheidentificationofclimatechangerelatedNTMs.Section3identifiesthemaintypesofclimatechange-relatedNTMscurrentlyinforce,theaffectedsectorsandtheintensityofcountries’regulatoryeffortsbyincomelevel,region,CO2emissionsandclimaterisk.Section4concludesthereport.
?SOMKID-AdobeStock
2
DATAANDMETHODOLOGY
2.1Collectingcomprehensivenon-tariffmeasuresdata
UNCTADhasactivelyworkedonNTMssincethe1980sandestablishedaGroupofEminentPersonsandaMulti-AgencySupportTeam(MAST)in20061.ThisledtothedevelopmentoftheInternationalClassificationofNTMs,whichwasupdatedin2019(UNCTAD,2019).This“commonlanguage”facilitatescollection,analysisanddisseminationofdataonNTMs,withthefinalobjectivetoincreasetransparencyandunderstandingaboutNTMs.
TheInternationalClassificationofNTMs(2019)has16chaptersofdifferentmeasurecategories(leftsideof
Table1
).TechnicalmeasurescompriseSanitaryandPhytosanitary(SPS)andTBTmeasuresandrelatedpre-shipmentrequirements(chaptersA,BandC).Thesemeasuresareimposedforobjectivesthatarenotprimarilytrade-related:forexample,human,plantandanimalhealth,andtheprotectionoftheenvironment.Evenifequallyappliedtodomesticproducers,theyneverthelessaffectinternationaltradeandarethusconsideredNTMs.Thisdoesnot,however,implyanyapriorijudgementabouttheirimpactandlegitimacy.Non-technicalmeasurescoverawidearrayofpolicies,including“traditional”tradepoliciessuchasquotas,licences(chapterE),pricecontrolsandpara-tariffmeasures(chapterF).Thefulllistispresentedin
Table1
.ChaptersJtoOarecurrentlynotcollected.Theseincludesubsidies(ChapterL),whichisnotcoveredinthisreport.
Eachchapterisfurtherbrokendownintomoredetailedmeasuretypes.therightsideof
Table1
showsthedisaggregationofTBTmeasures,whicharethemostcommonlyusedmeasuresforclimate-changemitigation.The“treestructure”allowsforaratherfine-grainedclassificationofmeasures.Forexample,theTBTchapter(B)consistsof24NTMcodesatthefinestlevelofdetail.
Basedonthisclassification,UNCTADleadsaninternationalefforttocollectcomprehensivedataonNTMstogetherwithnationalgovernmentsaswellasregionalandinternationalpartners.Thedatabasenow
1Multi-AgencySupportTeam:UNCTAD,WTO,WorldBank,UNIDO,FAO,ITCandOECD.
Import-relatedmeasures
Non-technicalmeasuresTechnicalmeasures
6Traderegulationsforclimateaction?:Newinsightsfromtheglobalnon-tariffmeasuresdatabase
coversnearly150countries,over95percentofworldtrade,20,000differentregulationsandalmost90,000distinctmeasures.2
Table1.UNCTAD-MASTclassificationofnon-tariffmeasures
A
measures
Sanitaryandphytosanitary(SPS)
BTechnicalbarrierstotrade(TBT)BTechnicarrdfrexample:
B1Importauthorization/licensingrelatedtoTBT
formalitiescertainproducts
(…)
CPre-shipmentinspectionsandotherB14Authorizationrequirementsforimporting
DContingenttrade-protectivemeasuresB2Tolerancelimitsforresiduesandrestricteduseof
prohibitionsandquantity-control(…)
B3Labelling,marking,packagingrequirements
measures(..)
additionaltaxesandcharges(…)
ENon-automaticlicensing,quotas,substances
FPrice-controlmeasures,includingB4Productionorpost-productionrequirements
GFinancemeasuresB6Productidentityrequirements
HMeasuresaffectingcompetitionB7Productquality,safetyorperformancerequirements
ITrade-relatedinvestmentmeasuresB8Conformityassessment
B82Testingrequirement
B83Certificationrequirement
(...)(...)B81Productregistration/approval
Export-PExport-relatedmeasuresB84Inspectionrequirement
related
B85Traceabilityrequirement
B851Originofmaterialsandparts
B852Processinghistory(…)
B89OtherconformityassessmentsB9TBTnotelsewherespecified
measures
Source:UNCTADillustration,basedonUNCTAD(2019).
2.2Identifyingclimatechange-relatednon-tariffmeasures
In2019,ESCAPandUNCTADdevelopedamethodologytolinkNTMstotheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)(UnitedNations,2019;Kravchenkoetal,2019).Theinsightforsuchlinkageswasderivedfrom:
1.Targetsandindicators(includingmetadatadocumentation)withineachSDG,whichhelpeddeterminewhichinternationallytradedproductsplayaroleintherelevantGoal’sachievementandwhatregulationsimposedonsuchproductsmayhaveanimpactonthem(UnitedNations,2023).
2.NTMdataanddescriptionsasreflectedintheUNCTADTRAINSdatabase,whichhelpeddiscernstatedorimpliedobjectivesofNTMsimplementedbythenationalregulators.
2Thedataisfreelyandpubliclyaccessiblethroughthreedisseminationportalsthatsharethesamedatabutaredesignedfordifferentusers:theUNCTADTRAINSportal(
)forpolicymakers,theGlobalTradeHelpDesk(
)fortheprivatesector,andtheWorldIntegratedTradeSolution(
)forresearchers.
2.Dataandmethodology7
Astheresultofthiswork,amatchingmatrixwasdevelopedlinkingSDGstoNTMcodesandHSproductcodes.TheoriginalmatrixwasabletoestablishlinkagesbetweenNTMsand9outof16SDGs:SDG2onendinghunger,SDG3onhealth,SDG6onwater,SDG7onenergy,SDG11oncitiesandhumansettlements,SDG12onsustainableconsumptionandproduction,SDG14onlifebelowwater,SDG15onlifeonland,andSDG16onpeaceandcrime(UnitedNations,2019).
Notably,Goal13onclimatechangewasnotprominentlyincludedinthatmatchingmatrix,asitsSDGtargetsorindicatorscouldnotbematchedunambiguouslywithcombinationsofNTMcodesandproductcodes.Furthermore,manyclimatechange-relatedissuescanbeaddressedbyactionsunderafewotherSDGs.Therefore,someofsuchNTMswerelocatedelsewhereintheconcordancematrix(Kravchenkoetal,2019).3ThisissueoflinkingNTMstoclimatechangeissueswaspartiallyaddressedintheAsia-PacificTradeandInvestmentReport(ESCAP,2021).
Inthecontextofever-growingurgencyofclimatechangemitigationandadaptationactions,amorenuancedmethodologyhasnowbeendeveloped.First,areviewofliteratureandNTMentriesintheTRAINSdatabasewasconductedtoidentifypossibletypesofclimatechange-relatedNTMs.Thesecanbegroupedasfollows:
1.RegulationsthatdirectlyandindirectlyaddresstheissueofGHGemissions:
a.RegulationsonemissionsofGHGsandotherrelevantairpollutantsthatcanbegeneratedatanypointinaproduct’slifecycle.
b.Regulationsontradeintimber,pulp,paper,furniture,otherplant-basedforestproductsforreasonsofsustainableforestmanagement,sincepreservationofforestsiscrucialforCO2absorptionandlossofforestsresultsinland-usechangewhichcontributestoCO2emissions(Merzetal,2007;IPPC,2020).
c.Regulationsontradeinlow-densitysingle-usenon-biodegradableornon-recyclableplasticormicroplasticstomitigateemissionsassociatedwithitsproductionanddisposal,aswellastoreduceitsimpactonmarineecosystems.Thelattermayinterferewiththeoceans’capacitytoabsorbandsequesterCO2(Shenetal,2019;Fordetal,2022),andincreaserisksandseverityoffloodinginurbanareas(McVeigh,2023).
2.Regulationsthataddresstheissueofenergyefficiency:
a.Regulationsonenergyperformanceofappliances,machineryandvehiclesthatuseelectricityorfuelduringtheiroperation,andregulationsonenergyefficiencyofproductionprocessesforawiderangeofcommodities.
b.Restrictionsontradeinincandescentlamps.
3.RegulationsthatmaycontributetoGHGemissionreductionbypromotingcleanerenergysourcesorbyincreasingenergyefficiencyofconventionalenergysources:
a.Regulationsonuseofalternativecombustiblefuels.
b.Regulationsonuseofalternativeenergysourcesforelectricityandheatgeneration.
c.Restrictionsontradeinoldvehicles,machinery,equipment,sinceoldervehiclesandmachinerytendtobelessenergyefficientandmorepollutingbothforthereasonofconformingto
3Forexample,thereductionofGHGemissionscanbeachievedthroughNTMsregulatingCO2andotherpollutantemissionsandenergyperformanceinvarioussectors(SDG7andSDG12).Adaptationtoclimatechangecanbeachievedbyusingsustainablepracticesinagricultureandbymakingcitiesresilient(SDG11and15).Mitigationcanbecontributedtobyprotectingon-landandmarineecosystems,assomechangesmayleadtoreleaseofgreenhousegases,suchasmethane,andtodegradationofnaturalcarbonsinks(SDG14and15).
8Traderegulationsforclimateaction?:Newinsightsfromtheglobalnon-tariffmeasuresdatabase
outdatedtechnicalspecifications,andforthereasonofreducedperformanceefficiencyduetoaccumulatedwearandtearduringtheirservicelife.
Second,thematchingmatrixwasimprovedtocombinethemappingofpotentiallyrelevantNTMandproductcodecombinationswithakeywordsearchinthemeasuredescriptionsthatarealsocapturedduringtheNTMdatacollectionprocess.Forexample,anNTMismarkedasclimatechange-relatedifitappliestolamps(asidentifiedbyHScodesunder8539intheTRAINSdatabase)andthemeasuredescriptioninthedatabasementionskeywordslike“energysaving”.Jointly,thiseliminatesmostoftheuncertaintyinestablishingaclearlinktoclimatechange.Third,thematrixwasthenmerged,usingthestatisticalsoftwareR,withtheTRAINSdatabasetocheckeachofalmost90’000entriesinthedatabaseforclimatechange-relatedNTMs.
?ProximaStudio-AdobeStock
3
RESULTS
3.1Howrelevantareclimatechangerelatednon-tariffmeasures?
Globally,2’366climatechange-relatedNTMswereidentified.Thisrepresents2.6percentofthe87’969measurescapturedintheUNCTADTRAINSdatabase(see
Figure1
).Thisshareofmeasuresmayreflectthelevelofattentionthatregulatorsaffordtothetopicofclimatechange.However,thissharedoesnotprovidemuchinsightintotherelevanceofthesemeasures.
Figure1.Globalshareofclimatechangerelatednon-tariffmeasures
26.4%
2.6%
3.5%
shareofmeasuresshareofproductsshareoftrade
Source:UNCTADcalculations,basedontheTRAINSdatabase.
9%
Other
10Traderegulationsforclimateaction?:Newinsightsfromtheglobalnon-tariffmeasuresdatabase
NTMsdifferwidelyintermsofproductcoverage.Somemayaffectonlyoneproductwhereasothersmaycovermanyproducts.Therefore,afirststeptowardsunderstandingtherelevanceofclimatechange-relatedmeasuresistoass
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