國際貿(mào)易課件學(xué)第一章

InternationalTrade:TheoryandPolicy喻美辭經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易系E-mail:maisieyu@163.com1-1Chapter1Introduction1-3PreviewWhatisinternationaleconomicsabout?Whatisinternationaltradeabout?Whydowestudyinternationaltrade?Howdowestudyinternationaltrade?InternationalfinancetopicsInternationaltradevs.internationalfinance1-4I.WhatIsInternationalEconomics

About?Nationsaremorecloselylinkedthroughtradeingoodsandservices,throughflowsofmoney,andthroughinvestmentthaneverbefore.（隨著國際商品和服務(wù)貿(mào)易的發(fā)展、國際間資金的流動(dòng)，以及跨國投資的發(fā)展，各個(gè)國家之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系變得更加緊密。）Internationaleconomicsisabouthownationsinteractthroughtradeingoodsandservices,throughflowsofmoneyandthroughinvestment.國際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究的是國際商品和服務(wù)貿(mào)易的發(fā)展、國際間資金的流動(dòng)，以及跨國投資的發(fā)展對(duì)各個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響。國際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的一般理論包括國際貿(mào)易理論和政策、國際金融理論和國際投資理論等。1-5WhatIsInternationalEconomicsAbout?(cont.)Internationaltradeasafractionofthenationaleconomyhastripled(番了3倍)fortheU.S.inthepast

40years.Whilebothimportsandexportshaveincreased,importshavegrownmore,leadingtoalargeexcessofimportsoverexportswhichiscalledastradedeficit(貿(mào)易逆差).Question:HowistheUnitedStatesabletopayforallthosetradedeficit?ComparedtotheU.S.,othercountriesareevenmoretiedtointernationaltrade.1-6Fig.1-1:ExportsandImportsasaPercentageofU.S.NationalIncomeSource:U.S.BureauofEconomicAnalysisFrom1960sto1980,bothexportsandimportsrosesteadilyassharesofU.S.income.Since1980,importshavecontinuedtorise,whileexportshavefluctuatedsharply.1-7Fig.1-2:ExportsandImportsasPercentageofNationalIncomein2005Source:OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentInternationaltradeisevenmoreimportanttomostothercountriesthanitistotheUnitedStates.1-8II.WhatIsInternationalTradeAbout?Internationaltradeistheinternationalexchange(國際交換)ofgoodsandservicesbetweencountries.Thistypeoftradegivesrisetoaworldeconomy,inwhichprices,orsupplyanddemand,affectandareaffectedbyglobalevents.Therearesometypesofinternationaltrade:Importtrade,exporttrade,transittrade(過境貿(mào)易/轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易)Visibletrade(有形貿(mào)易),invisibletradeinter-industrytrade(產(chǎn)業(yè)間貿(mào)易),intra-industrytrade(產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易)1.WhatisInternationalTrade1-9BasisforTrade(WhyTradeOccurs?)TheMercantilists’Views(重商主義)onTradeTradeBasedonAbsoluteAdvantage(絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢):theAdamSmithModelTradeBasedonComparativeAdvantage(比較優(yōu)勢):theDavidRicardoModelResourceEndowments(資源稟賦)andInternationalTrade:theHeckscher-OhlinTheoryEconomiesofScale,ImperfectCompetition,andInternationalTrade2.TheTheoryofInternationalTrade1-10PatternsofTrade(Whosellswhattowhom?)Thatis,whatcommoditiesaretradedandwhichcommoditiesareexportedandimportedbyeachnation?Differencesinclimateandresources

canexplainwhyBrazilexportscoffeeandAustraliaexportsironore.ButwhydoesJapanexportautomobiles,whiletheU.S.exportsaircraft?Differencesin

laborproductivity(勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率)mayexplainwhysomecountriesexportcertainproducts.Howrelativesuppliesofcapital,laborandland

areusedintheproductionofdifferentgoodsandservicesmayalsoexplainwhysomecountriesexportcertainproducts.1-11GainsfromTrade(貿(mào)易利得/收益)SeveralideasunderliethegainsfromtradeWhenabuyerandasellerengageinavoluntarytransaction(自愿參與交易),bothreceivesomethingthattheywantandbothcanbemadebetteroff.（國與國之間相互銷售自己的產(chǎn)品和勞務(wù)通常總對(duì)雙方都有利）Norwegianconsumerscouldbuyorangesthroughinternationaltradethattheyotherwisewouldhaveadifficulttimeproducing.Theproduceroftheorangesreceivesincomethatitcanusetobuythethingsthatitdesires.1-12GainsfromTrade(cont.)b.Tradeispredictedtobenefitacountrybymakingitmoreefficientwhenitexportsgoodswhichintensivelyuseabundantresourcesandimportsgoodswhichintensivelyusescarceresources.（如果一個(gè)國家出口密集使用其豐富資源的商品，進(jìn)口密集使用其稀缺資源的商品，那么該國會(huì)從這種貿(mào)易模式中受益。）c.Whencountriesspecialize,theymayalsobemoreefficientduetolargescaleproduction.（當(dāng)某些國家實(shí)現(xiàn)專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)時(shí)，他們可以從規(guī)?；a(chǎn)中獲得收益。）1-13GainsfromTrade(cont.)d.Tradeispredictedtobenefitcountriesasawholeinseveralways,buttrademayharmparticulargroups(特定集團(tuán))withinacountry.Internationaltradecanadverselyaffecttheownersofresourcesthatareusedintensivelyinindustriesthatcompetewithimports.（與進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品相競爭的產(chǎn)業(yè)密集使用的要素的所有者會(huì)因?yàn)橘Q(mào)易而受損）Trademaythereforehaveeffectsonthedistributionofincomewithinacountry,suchasworkersandtheownersofcapital,skilledworkersandunskilledworkers.1-14FreeTradevs.Protectionism

(HowMuchTrade?)Themainideaoffreetrade(自由貿(mào)易)isthatsupplyanddemandfactors,operatingonaglobalscale,willensurethatproductionhappensefficiently.Therefore,nothingneedstoprotectorpromotetradeandgrowthbecausemarketforceswilldosoautomatically.Incontrast,protectionism(貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義)holdsthatregulationofinternationaltradeisimportanttoensurethatmarketsfunctionproperly.Advocatesofthistheorybelievethatmarketinefficienciesmayhamperthebenefitsofinternationaltradeandtheyaimtoguidethemarketaccordingly.1-153.TheEffectsofGovernmentPolicies

onTradePolicymakersaffecttheamountoftradethroughTariffs(關(guān)稅):ataxonimportsorexports,Quotas(配額):aquantityrestrictiononimportsorexports,exportsubsidies(出口補(bǔ)貼):apaymenttoproducersthatexport,orthroughotherregulations(ex.,productspecifications)

thatexcludeforeignproductsfromthemarket,butstillallowdomesticproducts.Whatarethecostsandbenefitsofthesepolicies?1-16IV.HowDoWeStudyInternational

Trade?Readclassicbooksandliteraturesoninternationaltrade,understandthemainideaoftheGreatEconomistsinthisfield.Matertheanalysismethodsandtoolsofinternationaltrade.Attachimportancetoforeignlanguagelearningandtherelevantprofessionalcourses.Payattentiontodomesticandworldeconomicdynamics.1.SomeRequirements2.TheGreatEconomistsinthefield

ofInternationalTrade亞當(dāng)·斯密（AdamSmith，1723-1790）：AbsoluteAdvantageTheory。1776年出版的“AnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations”《國民財(cái)富的性質(zhì)和原因研究》，簡稱《國富論》提出了絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢學(xué)說。大衛(wèi)·李嘉圖（DavidRicardo，1772-1823）：ComparativeAdvantageTheory。1817年出版《政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)及賦稅原理》（PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomyandTaxation）一書提出了比較優(yōu)勢學(xué)說。1-17赫克歇爾（E.F.Heckscher，1879-1952）和俄林（B.Ohlin，1899-1979）1933年共同提出了要素稟賦理論（H-O貿(mào)易模型）。他們的代表作是：《外貿(mào)對(duì)收入分配的影響》，《區(qū)間貿(mào)易和國際貿(mào)易論》。俄林1977年獲得諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。P.A.薩繆爾森（PaulAnthonySamuelson，1915-）：用數(shù)學(xué)方法證明了要素價(jià)格均等化定理、與斯托爾珀一起提出了Stolper-Samuelson定理，1970年獲得諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。W.里昂惕夫（W．Leontief，1906-1999）：建立了投入產(chǎn)出分析模型，提出了里昂惕夫悖論，大大地推動(dòng)了國際貿(mào)易理論的發(fā)展，1973年獲諾獎(jiǎng)。P.克魯格曼（P.Krugman，1953-）國際貿(mào)易新理論的主要倡導(dǎo)者，2008年獲諾獎(jiǎng)。1-183.AnalysisToolsinTheoryand

PolicyofInternationalTradeProductionPossibilitiesCurve/FrontierSupplyCurveandExcessSupplyCurveDemandCurveandExcessDemandCurveProducerSurplus,ConsumerSurplus,andGainsfromTradeEconomiesofScale,DiseconomiesofScale,ConstantReturnstoScaleIndifferenceCurve1-194.AnalysisMethodsinInternational

TradeGeneralEquilibriumAnalysisandPartialEquilibriumAnalysis(一般均衡分析和局部均衡分析)EconomicAnalysisofPolitics(政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分析)1-201-21V.InternationalFinanceTopicsBalanceofPayments(國際收支)ExchangeRateDetermination(匯率的決定)InternationalPolicyCoordination(國際政策協(xié)調(diào))TheInternationalCapitalMarket(國際資本市場)1-22VI.InternationalTradevs.

InternationalFinanceInternationaltradefocusesontransactions

ofgoodsandservices(商品和服務(wù)交易)acrossnations.Thesetransactionsusuallyinvolveaphysicalmovement

ofgoodsoracommitmentofintangibleresourceslike

laborservices.Internationalfinancefocusesonfinan