俄羅斯方塊設計中英文對照外文翻譯文獻

中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)ASystematicReviewonSoftwaremeasurementProgramsTouseefTahir,AliJafarDepartmentofcomputerscience,Comsatsinstituteofinformationtechnology,Lahore,PakistanBlekingeinstituteoftechnology,SE37179,Karlskrona,SwedenAbstractMostofthemeasurementprogramsfailtoachievetargetedgoals.Thispaperpresentsoutcomesofsystematicreviewonsoftwaremeasurementprograms.TheaimofthestudywastoanalyseApplications,successfactors,existing measurementmodels/frameworksandtools.1579researchstudieswerereviewedinthebeginningandonbasisofpredefinedcriteria28studieswerechosenforanalysis.The selectionofresearchstudieswasdoneonthebasisofstructuredprocedureofsystematicOutcomeofthisstudyconsistsof observationsandsuggestionsonthebasisofanalysisofselectedstudies.Keywords:MeasurementProgram；Software；MeasurementModels；Measurement FrameworkINTRODUCTIONSoftware measurement programs (MP) help in both management and1implementationofsoftwareprocessesateachleveloftheorganization.Inordertogetaccurateresults,itmanagesflowofdatawithintheprocesses.Thesoftwareproductsarebecominglargerandmorecomplex.Bymanagingsuchsoftwareprojectsrequireaccurateandpreciseestimationsthatcanbehelpfultoprovideaqualityproducttothecustomer.Thereshouldbeatechnologicalsupportandwelldefinedstructuredapproachtogatherandprocessthedatacontinuouslythroughoutthesoftwaredevelopment.Thisprocessiscalledthemeasurementprocess.ThisisusedintheMPswhichisbasicallyasetofproceduresandguidelinestogather,calculateandevaluatethemeasures.Accordingto,softwareMPsusuallyfailafterimplementationinasoftwaredevelopmentprocess.In,50-80%oftheMPsfailafterayearduetodifferentreasons.ThemostimportantreasonofthefailureoftheMPsincludesthelackofappropriateknowledgeavailabletogaintherequiredmeasuresand/ortooabstractgoals.ThefailureofthesoftwareMPdependsondifferentfactorsrelevanttoproduct,processresources.Accordingto,softwareMPsusuallyfailastheyrequireexpertjudgmentforselectingappropriatenumberofmeasuresinrelationtotheorganizationalgoals.Thereisaneedtoimprovethemeasurementprocess;whenthereisdifferencebetweentheexpectedoutcomeoftheprocessandtheactualperformanceoftheprocess.Inrecentyears,therearedifferentmodelsandframeworksdevelopedthatareusedtomeasuredifferentattributesofthesoftwareprocess.InassessmentoftheMPcanbedoneaccordingtodifferentviewsi.e.process,product,resource,valuebased,contextandsocial.Inrecentyears,MPsassistaquantitativeapproachtodevelopmentprocesses.TheseMPsalsousedinordertoincreasethesoftwareprocessimprovement.SoftwareMPsgiveacompetitiveadvantageoverthosewhoprefertraditionalapproaches.Theseprogramshavebeenanimportantpartofsoftwaredevelopmentlifecycle(SDLC)likeotherprocessesi.e.design,testing,andimplementation.Measurementactivitiesarecarriedoutduringthesoftwarelifecycleofproject.ImplementingaMPisawelldefinedstructuredapproachinordertogatherand2processthedatacontinuouslythroughoutthesoftwaredevelopmentlifecycle.Themainpurposeofsoftwaremeasuresistoextractgoodfromtherawdata,andMPsareusedtoapplythesesoftwaremeasuresinmanagementandtechnicalaspects.measuresareusedtoclassifythebestpracticesi.e.SoftwareProcessImprovement,estimatingandplanningprojectseffectively,managebudgeteffectively,anditalsohelpscomparisonofcurrentpracticesandtools.SoftwareMPsprovideasourceforindustrycomparisonandfacilitateeffectivecommunicationbetweendeveloperandcustomer.MPsstartwithdefinitionofgoalsandtheirrespectivequestionswhichleadstoformationofmetrics.Atstart,anorganizationneedstosetproperobjectivesforwhattheyaregoingtodoandthenstartmeasuring.Thispaperpresentsasystematicreview(SR)onMPs,theirapplications,measurementmodels/frameworksandtools.SectionIIpresentsSRprocessdefinitionandresearchquestions.SectionIIIpresentsSRplanningprocess.SectionIVpresentsselectedprimarystudy.SectionVpresentsreportingprocessofSR.SectionVIpresentsanalysisanddiscussion.SectionVIIpresentsimplementationofSRanalysis.SectionVIIIpresentsconclusions.SYSTEMATICREVIEWAccordingto,thepurposeofsystematicreviewistoprovidemorestructuredwaytomakeanassessment,identificationandinterpretationofresearchwhichisrelevanttothespecificresearchquestion.Ithasthreephasesnamely“planningthereview”,“conductingthereview”and“reportingthereview”.Intheplanningphase,itisdefinedthathowliteraturereviewhavebeenconductedinasystematicmannerandareviewprotocolisdevelopedwhichactsasasearchguideduringsystematicliteraturereview.Inthesecondstep,systematicliteraturereviewisconductedwhichinvolvesprimarystudies,qualityassessment,dataextractionanddatasynthesis.Inthelaststep,literaturereviewisreported.Systematicreviewisaniterativeprocessinsteadofsequential,becauseitinvolvesanumberofiteration.Examplewouldbeinclusionandexclusioncriteria,3whenactualreviewisconductedseveralprimarystudiesareincludedandexcluded.A.ResearchQuestionsFollowingresearchquestionswillbeansweredduringthesystematicreview:RQ_1a: HowdoOrganizationsusesoftwaremeasurementprograms?RQ_1b: Whatarethesuccessfactorsinsoftwaremeasurementprograms?RQ_2: Whatarethemodels/frameworks,andtoolsdevelopedmeasurementprograms?PLANNINGTHEREVIEWReviewisplannedaccordingtotheguidelinesgivenin.ReviewProtocolReviewprotocolconsistsofinclusion/exclusioncriteria,searchkeywords,databasestobesearched,qualityassessmentchecklist,datasynthesis,dataextractionformandresearchquestions.ReviewProtocoldevelopedtoidentifythecurrentstateoftheartinMPsandgoaldefinitionfrom01Jan,1997to01June,2011.SearchstrategyAppropriateSearchkeywordsareveryimportantforeffectingsearchprocess.Thisprocessisdonebyfollowingtheguidelinesin.ThishasbeendonebyfollowingstepsIdentificationofsearchkeywordsbyanalysingthecontext,objectives,relevantareaofresearchquestions.Searchedresourceswereanalysedforfurtheridentificationofkeywords,includingthekeywordssectionofresearchresources.Identificationofsynonyms,alternativesandhypernymsforeachkeyword.BooleanORwasusedforsynonyms,alternatives,andhypernyms.BooleanANDwasusedtomakeasearchstringandmakesearchingTheresultedsearchstringgivenbelow:(metricORmeasureORmeasurement)AND(programORplanORprocess)AND(successORimportantOrsuccessfulORsuccessstoryorgoodpracticesorpractices)AND(factorORfeatureORvariable)AND(SoftwareORsoftwareapplicationORsoftwaredevelopmentlifecycleORsoftwaredevelopmentprocessOR4softwaresystemORsoftwareindustry)AND(modelsORguidelinesorpractices)AND(frameworkorstructureinfrastructure)AND(toolORinstrumentORmechanismordevice).PrimarysearchprocessThesearchprocessisdividedintotwosteps:primaryandsecondaryresearch.Theprimarysearchprocessconsistedofsearchingonlineresearchdatabases,searchengines,e-journals,conferenceproceedingandgreyliteratureusingsetofkeywordsintheresultedsearchstring.Inthefirststep1579articleswerescannedand69articles wereselectedonthebasisoftitleandabstract.Inthesecondstepselectedarticleswerereviewedcompletedandfinalsetofarticlesafterthesecondstepconsistsof28articles。StudySelectionCriteriaThefollowinginclusioncriteriawereusedinordertoincludeinsystematicreview.F.ExclusionCriteriaThefollowingexclusioncriteriawereusedinordertoexcludeinsystematicreview.QualityAssessmentChecklistItisessentialtoevaluatethequalityofprimarystudiesduringinclusion/exclusioncriteria.Thepurposeofthequalityassessmentinthisresearchistoweighttheimportanceofindividualstudiesduringdatasynthesis.DataExtractionStrategyDataextractionstrategyisgiven。SynthesisoftheExtractedDataThepurposeofdatasynthesisistoproposeaconclusiononthebasisofcollecteddataanalysis.Itinvolvesextractingandsummarizingtheresultsoftheselectedstudies.Thedatawhichisextractedfromprimarystudiesshouldbe abletoanswertheresearchquestions.Datasynthesiscanbeexpressivesynthesis,quantitativeorqualitativesynthesis.Thequalitativesynthesisinvolvesthestudiesthatresultsafterthe5analysisoftheoreticalgrounds,languageresultsandconclusions.Thestudiesinsystematicreviewareheterogeneousbecauseofdifferentmethodologyandoutcomes.Qualitativesynthesisisperformedbecauseofheterogeneousnatureofdata.Accordingto,therearethreeapproachesavailableforqualitativedatasynthesisi.e.Reciprocaltranslation,Refutationalsynthesis,Lineofargumentsynthesis.Inthisstudywefollowedlineofargumentsynthesisbecausefirstly,weanalyzedthestudiesindividuallyandtheninthelaterstepweanalyzethestudiesasawhole.PRIMARYSTUDYSELECTIONPROCESSTherearetwostepsintheselectionprocessofprimarystudiesgiven。Inthefirststeptitle,abstractandconclusionoftheresearchpapersareanalyzedforselection/rejection.Thepapersselectedinthefirststepwerefartherfilteredagainstinclusion/exclusioncriteriadefinedinthereviewprotocol.CONDUCTINGTHEREVIEWInordertoanswerRQ1,wefirstcategorizedtheresearch articles。A.RQ_1aImplementingaMPisawelldefinedstructuredapproachin ordertogatherandprocessthedatacontinuouslythroughoutthesoftwaredevelopmentlifecycle.Themainpurposeofsoftwaremeasuresistoextractgoodsfromtherawdata,andMPsareusedtoapplythesesoftwaremeasuresinmanagementandtechnicalaspects.Softwaremeasuresareusedtoclassifythebestpracticesi.e.SoftwareProcessImprovement,estimatingandplanningprojectseffectively,managebudgeteffectively,anditalsohelpscomparisonofcurrentpracticesandtools.SoftwareMPsprovideasourceforindustrycomparisonandfacilitateeffectivecommunicationbetweendeveloperandcustomer.MPsstartwithdefinitionofgoalsandtheirrespectivequestionswhichtoformationofmetrics.Atthestart,anorganizationneedstosetproperobjectivesforwhattheyaregoingtodoandthen startmeasuring.Anorganizationsetsgoalsbeforestartingimplementationandthesegoalsintendtosatisfytheorganizationalbusinessobjectives.Themappingofthesegoalswithappropriate measures requires experienced resources in the field of 6measurements.Thesegoalsshouldbeprioritizedsothatrelevantandimportantmeasuresareselectedtobecollectedandanalyzedaccordingly.TherearesomereasonswhichhighlighttheimportanceofMPsinindustry.B.RQ_1bShowsthefindingsrelatedtosuccessfactorsinsoftwareMP.Thecontributionofprimarystudiesisshownbyusingscaleoffull,partialandnone.MPsplaysignificantroleinthesuccessofaproject.InordertostartanefficientMPitisimportanttounderstandpreciselytherationaleofusingmeasurementandourobjectiveregardingmeasurementi.e.whatdowewanttoaccomplish?MPsareimplementedinastructuredwaywhichismoreefficientandeffective.InordertostartMPinanorganization,havequotedsteps.SuccessofMPsdependsontwostageapproach.In thefirststage,organizationusesoutputfromtheMPfor decisionmaking.Inthesecondstage,consistentuseoftheseoutputfordecisionmakingincreasetheperformanceofthe TheseSuccessfactorsareshown.C.RQ_2Therearevariousmodels/frameworksandtoolsthatcanbeusedinaMP.Showstheselectedmodelswithindustrialapplica.tionANALYSISANDDISCUSSIONThepurposeofsystematicreviewistoprovidemorestructuredwaytomakeanassessment,identificationandinterpretationofresearchwhichisrelevanttothespecificresearchquestionsinsectionA.ThefirstpartoftheRQ1isrelatedtowaystheMPsarebeingused.Thementioned areas are related to organizational management perspective, softwareprocessimprovement,anditcanbeusedtorealizetherelationship themeasures/entitiesofsoftwareprocess,productandresources.ThemainaimofeveryMPisfirsttocontroltheprocessandasthematurityoftheMPimprovesitcanbeusedfortheimprovementoftheoverallqualityofthemeasurement.Soanyorganizationthatneedstoimprovethe processareascanusetheMP.Similarlyifan7organizationisnotgettingtherequiredoutputintheareasofsoftwareproducts,processesandresources,theycanusetheMPstocollectthedataandanalyzetheresults.ThefirststepofMPsistoassessthesituation,thencontrolandthenusingittoimplementtheimprovementprocesses.ThesecondpartofRQ1isrelatedtothesuccessfactorsofMP.Thereareresearchstudiesinwhichdifferentfactorsfromdifferentorganizationalperspectivesarediscussed.TheMPshelpmanagersinidentifyingthesuccessfactorsforanorganizationandareasofimprovementonthebasisofcollecteddataanalysis.InthesystematicreviewthosesuccessfactorsfortheMPsareidentifiedthatcanhelptoutilizetheMPforbestofitspurpose.Followingaretheimportantsuccessfactors:Welldefinedgoals,questionsandmetrics.Thewell-definedtasks,activitiesfordatacollection.(3)Traceabilityofmeasurementgoalswithrespecttobusinessgoals(4)MeasuresrepositoryThepresenceofwelldefinedstructure,flowandconnectionbetweenmeasurementactivities.TraceabilityofmeasurementgoalswithintheMP.Well-Definedwayofdatacollection(8)Well-Definedwayofdataanalysis(9)Toolsupportindata collection,storageand analysis Understandingmeasurementprocessobjectives（10）Re-usabilityofmeasurementobjects（11）CommunicationandfeedbackTheRQ2isaboutroleofmeasurementmodels,frameworksndofMPintheorganizationtoimprovetheoverallquality oftheorganization.Therationalebehindanalyzing different models is that every MP uses a measurement model measurementtool.SothemoreefficientisthemodelortoolthemoreefficientwilltheMP.InaMP,thereisneedoftopdownapproachtocopetheproblemsandlimitations8inthebottomupapproach.TheGQMapproachisagoaldrivenapproachthatoperatesintopdownfashion.Therearemanymodelse.g.GQIM,GAM,QIP,MIS-PyME,AMIthataredesignedtoovercomethedeficiencyinGQMmodel,followingthebasicideaofGoal,QuestionsandMetrics.TheGQMmodelisalsousedasabasisforthedevelopmentoftoolsandtechniquese.g.MPSP,M2P,Primer,fortheMP.EveryMPusesamodel,framework,andtools,definethestructureofitstasks,activitiesandprocesses.SotheeffectivenessoftheMPdependsontheeffectivenessandprecisionofthemeasurementmethodused.AneffectiveMPnotonlyprovidesthetruevalueoftheobject(product,understudybutitalsoprovidestheareaswheretheimprovementscanbemade.ThedataprovidedbytheMPcanbeanalysedandinterpretedtochecknotonlythematurityoftheprocessesofanorganizationbutalsoMPs.Thiscanimprovetheoverallqualityoftheorganization.IMPLEMENTATIONOFSRANALYSISTheanalysisofSRwasusedtodesignStructuredPrioritizedGoalquestionMetrics(SPGQM)Model.Thismodelisalsovalidatedinindustry.CONCLUSIONSThispaperpresentsasystematicreviewbyfollowing.TheSRandanalysisonapplications,successfactorsandavailablemodels,frameworksandtoolsforMPisdone.MPsareessentialingredientforqualityimprovementastheynotonlyhelpusmonitorand controlthe progressofSDLCbutalsohelptomakepredictions,estimationsandlearningfromexperienceofeveryproject.ThesuccessesofMPsdependonwelldefinedphases,procedures,guidelines.Thechancesoffailureofmeasurementprogramcanbeminimizedbyfollowingthefindingsandanalysis.arefewsuggestionsforfuturework:thereisaneedofwelldefinedmeasurementmodels,frameworksandtoolstodefine,collect,analyze,storeandreusesoftwaremetrics/measures.Thereisneedofsharingmoresuccessandfailuresof MPs.Mostofthemodels,frameworksandtoolsareanextensionof GQMbuttherearenowaysdefinedforsharingofcollectedmeasures,comparisonoffindingsandguidelinesfor9reusabilityofcollecteddatawithinoroutsidesameMPsusing same/differentframeworksortools.REFERENCESM.BerryandM.F.Vandenbroek,“ATargetedAssessmentoftheSoftwareMeasurementProcess,”inProceedingsofthe7thInternationalSymposiumonSoftwareMetrics(ISSM?01),Washington,DC,IEEEComputerSociety,pp.222-235,2001.D.B.Simmons,“Awin-winmetricbasedsoftwaremanagementapproach,”IEEETransactionsonEngineeringManagement,vol.39,Texas:IEEE,pp.32-41,1992.C.KanerandW.P.Bond,“SoftwareEngineeringMetrics:Whatdotheymeasureandhowdoweknow?,”Inproceedingsofthe10thinternationalmetricssymposium,IEEEComputerSociety,pp.2-5,2004.J.SchalkenandH.V.Vliet,“Measuringwhereitmatters:Determiningstartingpointsformetricscollection,”InSpringersystemandsoftwareModeling,vol.(NY,USA):ElsevierScienceInc,pp.603-615,2008.L.LavazzaandG.Barresi,“Automatedsupportfor process-awaredefinitionandexecutionofmeasurementplans,”InProceedingsofthe27thinternationalConferenceonSoftwareEngineering(ICSE'05),May15-21,St.Louis,MO,USA,ACM:NewYork,NY,234-243.2005.[6]A.Fontana,andJ.H.Frey,“TheInterview,FromStructuredQuestionstoNegotiatedText,”ThousandOaks:SagePublications,2ndedition,2000.[7]F.NiessinkanH.V.Vliet,“TowardsMatureMeasurementPrograms,”InProceedings of the 2nd Euromicro Conference on Software Maintenance andReengineering(CSMR?98),March08–11,IEEEComputerSocietyWashington,DC,USA,pp.82.1998.[8]A.Gopal,M.S.Krishnan,T.MukhopadhyayandD.R.Goldenson,“MeasurementProgramsinSoftwareDevelopment:DeterminantsofSuccess,”IEEETransactionsonSoftwareEngineering,vol.28:IEEEPress,pp.863-875.2002.D.R.Goldenson,A.Gopal,andT.Mukhopadhyay,“Determinantsof successin10softwaremeasurementprograms:initialresults,”InProceedingsof6thInternationalSoftwareMetricsSymposium(ISMS?99),November04–06,IEEEComputerSociety,Washington,DC,Pp.10,1999.R.V.SolingenandE.Berghout,“Integratinggoal-orientedmeasurementinindustrialsoftwareengineering:industrialexperienceswithandadditionstoGoal/Question/Metricmethod(GQM),”InProceedingsof7thInternationalSoftwareMetricsSymposium(ISMS?01),IEEEComputerSociety,Washington,DC,pp.246-258,2001.B.Kitchenham,“Proceduresforperformingsystematicreviews,”JointTechnicalReport,KeeleUniversityTechnicalreportTR/SE-0401,ISSN:1353-7776.NICTATechnicalReport0400011T.1,2004系統(tǒng)回顧軟件測量程序摘要大部分的測量項目未能很好的實現(xiàn)目標。本文系統(tǒng)綜述軟件測量程序的結果。這項研究的目的是分析應用程序,成功因素,現(xiàn)有的測量模型/框架和工具。157928基礎上選定的研究分析。關鍵詞:測量程序;軟件;測量模型;測量框架緒論軟件測量程序(MP準確的結果,它是流程管理的數(shù)據(jù)流。軟件產(chǎn)品變得更大、更復雜。通過管理軟件項目需要準確和精確的估計更嚴謹,可以幫助提供一種高質量的產(chǎn)品給客戶。應該有一個技術支持和良好定義的結構化的方法來收集和處理數(shù)據(jù)不斷在整個11集、計算和評估措施。根據(jù)軟件通常失敗后實現(xiàn)的軟件開發(fā)過程。,50-80%的微處理失敗由于不需要提高測量過程;當有不同進程的預期結果和實際過程的性能。近年來,根據(jù)不同的觀點即過程,產(chǎn)品,資源,基于價值、環(huán)境和社會。近年來,微處理協(xié)助開發(fā)過程的定量方法。這些微處理也為了增加使用軟件成部分軟件開發(fā)生命周期(SDLC)軟件生命周期的項目開展。實現(xiàn)一個微處理是一個定義良好的結構化的方法來收集和處理數(shù)據(jù)不斷在整個軟件開發(fā)生命周期。軟件措施的主要目的是為了從原始數(shù)據(jù)中提取好,微處實踐即軟件過程改進,有效地估計和計劃項目,有效地管理預算,它還有助于當前效溝通。微處理開始與定義的目標和各自的問題導致形成的量度。在開始,一個組織需要設置適當?shù)哪繕怂麄円鍪裁?然后開始測量。本文系統(tǒng)回顧(SR)的微處理系統(tǒng),他們的應用程序,測量模型/框架和工具。SRSRSR系統(tǒng)的檢查根據(jù),系統(tǒng)綜述的目的是提供更結構化的方法進行評估,識別和解釋的研究相關的特定的研究問題。定義,文獻綜述進行了系統(tǒng)化的方式和審查協(xié)議開發(fā)過程中充當一個搜索指南系12估、數(shù)據(jù)提取和數(shù)據(jù)。在最后一步中,文獻綜述報告。子是包含和排除標準,當實際審查進行幾個主要研究包括和排除。研究的問題后將回答研究問題在系統(tǒng)回顧:1a：組織使用軟件測量程序如何?1b：軟件測量程序的成功因素是什么?2：是什么模型/框架和工具開發(fā)測量程序嗎?計劃評審審核計劃中給出的指導方針。審查協(xié)議審查協(xié)議由包含/排除標準、搜索關鍵字、數(shù)據(jù)庫搜索、質量評估檢查表、199711201161檢索策略針。這是由以下步驟完成:(1)(2)搜索資源分析為進一步識別關鍵詞,包括研究資源的關鍵字部分。(3)識別同義詞,替代品,并為每個關鍵字上義詞。布爾或使用同義詞、替代、上位詞。導致搜索字符串下面:(公制測量或測量)和(項目或計劃或過程)和(成功或重要或成功或成功的故事或良好的實踐或實踐)(因素或特征或變量)和(軟件或軟件應用程序或軟件開發(fā)生13架或結構基礎設施)和(工具或儀器或機制或設備)。主要的搜索過程搜索過程分為兩個步驟:小學和中學的研究。搜索在線研究的主要搜索過程包括數(shù)據(jù)庫、搜索引擎、)、會議程序和灰色文獻使用的關鍵詞搜索字符串。1579,6928研究選擇標準使用規(guī)定的入選標準值，包括在系統(tǒng)回顧內的