胡壯麟《語言學(xué)教程》修訂版1-12章習(xí)題測驗及答案

胡壯麟《語言學(xué)教程》修訂版1——12章習(xí)題測驗及答案胡壯麟《語言學(xué)教程》（修訂版）測試題Chapter1IntroductionstoLinguisticsI.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman__________A.contactB.communicationC.relationD.community2.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?A.treeB.typewriterC.crashD.bang3.Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.”is__________.A.interrogativeB.directiveC.informativeD.performative4.InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay“碎碎（歲歲）平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?A.InterpersonalB.EmotiveC.PerformativeD.Recreational5.Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?A.TransferabilityB.DualityC.DisplacementD.Arbitrariness6.Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?—Aniceday,isn’tit?—Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.A.EmotiveB.PhaticC.PerformativeD.Interpersonal7.__________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.A.PerformanceB.CompetenceC.LangueD.Parole8.Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof__________.A.culturaltransmissionB.productivityC.displacementD.duality9.__________answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.A.PsycholinguisticsB.AnthropologicallinguisticsC.SociolinguisticsD.Appliedlinguistics10.__________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.A.LinguistictheoryB.PracticallinguisticsC.AppliedlinguisticsD.ComparativelinguisticsII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.12.Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.13.Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.14.Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.15.Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.16.Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.17.F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.18.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.19.Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.20.Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.III.Fillintheblanks.(10%)21.Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof__________communication.22.Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed__________.23.Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis__________.24.Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe__________theory.25.Linguisticsisthe__________studyoflanguage.26.Modernlinguisticsis__________inthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.27.Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof__________overwriting.28.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa__________study.29.Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts.__________referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.30.LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure’slangueandChomsky’s__________.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.Designfeature32.Displacement33.Competence34.SynchroniclinguisticsV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?（南開大學(xué)，2004）36.Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?（北京第二外國語大學(xué)，2004）VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?（青島海洋大學(xué)，1999）Key:[Inthereferencekeys,Iwon’tgiveexamplesorfurtheranalysis.Thatseemstoomuchworkforme.Therefore,thiskeyisonlyforreference.Inordertoanswerthiskindofquestion,youneedmoreexamples.Soyoushouldreadthetextbookcarefully.–icywarmtea]I.1~5BACCC6~10BACACII.11~15FFTFF16~20FFFFFIII.21.verbal22.productivity/creativity23.metalingualfunction24.yo-he-ho25.scientific26.descriptive27.speech28.diachroniclinguistic29.langue30.competenceIV.31.Designfeature:Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.32.Displacement:Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.33.Competence:Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.34.Synchroniclinguistics:Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.V.35.Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.36.Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.VI.37.Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:formhypothesis–collectdata–checkagainsttheobservablefacts–cometoaconclusion.Chapter2SpeechSoundsI.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.A.intonationB.toneC.pronunciationD.voice2.Conventionallya__________isputinslashes(//).A.allophoneB.phoneC.phonemeD.morpheme3.Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme.A.analoguesB.tagmemesC.morphemesD.allophones4.Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas__________.A.glottisB.vocalcavityC.pharynxD.uvula5.Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs.A.wideB.closingC.narrowD.centering6.Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled__________.A.minimalpairsB.allomorphsC.phonesD.allophones7.Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?A.AcousticphoneticsB.ArticulatoryphoneticsC.AuditoryphoneticsD.Noneoftheabove8.Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?A.[n]B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]9.Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?A.[i:]B.[u]C.[e]D.[i]10.Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?A.VoicelessB.VoicedC.GlottalstopD.ConsonantII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.12.Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.13.Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.14.[p]isavoicedbilabialstop.15.Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.16.Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.17.Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.18.Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.19.ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.20.Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)21.Consonantsoundscanbeeither__________or__________,whileallvowelsoundsare__________.22.Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing__________.23.Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthe__________andthelips.24.Oneelementinthedescriptionofvowelsisthepartofthetonguewhichisatthehighestpointinthemouth.Asecondelementisthe__________towhichthatpartofthetongueisraised.25.Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithout__________.26.Inphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail/veilaredistinguishablesimplybecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.Thisisanexampleforillustrating__________.27.InEnglishthereareanumberof__________,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.28.__________referstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.29.__________isthesmallestlinguisticunit.30.Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound.Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthe__________comingfromthelungs.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.Soundassimilation32.Suprasegmentalfeature33.Complementarydistribution34.DistinctivefeaturesV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.Whatisacousticphonetics?（中國人民大學(xué)，2003）36.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation?（南開大學(xué)，2004）VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions;thengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstop[d]dog.（青島海洋大學(xué)，1999）(1)voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstop(2)lowfrontvowel(3)lateralliquid(4)velarnasal(5)voicedinterdentalfricative答案I.1~5ACDAA6~10DBABBII.11~15TTTFF16~20TTTFFIII.21.voiced,voiceless,voiced22.friction23.tongue24.height25.obstruction26.minimalpairs27.diphthongs28.Co-articulation29.Phonemes30.airstreamIV.31.Soundassimilation:Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.32.Suprasegmentalfeature:Thephoneticfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures;thesearethephonologicalpropertiesofsuchunitsasthesyllable,theword,andthesentence.Themainsuprasegmentalonesincludesstress,intonation,andtone.33.Complementarydistribution:Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesamephoneticcontext.Whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.34.Distinctivefeatures:Itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanother.Ifwecangroupthephonemesintotwocategories:onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.V.35.Acousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Whenaspeechsoundisproduceditcausesminorairdisturbances(soundwaves).Variousinstrumentsareusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves.36.Whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless;consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway.Butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiced.[b,z,d]arevoicedconsonants.VI.37.Omit.Chapter3LexiconI.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas__________.A.lexicalwordsB.grammaticalwordsC.functionwordsD.formwords2.Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalled__________morpheme.A.inflectionalB.freeC.boundD.derivational3.Thereare__________morphemesintheworddenationalization.A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.six4.InEnglish–iseand–tionarecalled__________.A.prefixesB.suffixesC.infixesD.stems5.Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand__________.A.derivationalaffixB.inflectionalaffixC.infixD.back-formation6.__________isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.A.affixationB.back-formationC.insertionD.addition7.ThewordTBisformedinthewayof__________.A.acronymyB.clippingC.initialismD.blending8.Thewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby__________.A.blendingB.clippingC.back-formationD.acronymy9.Thestemofdisagreementsis__________.A.agreementB.agreeC.disagreeD.disagreement10.Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor__________.A.lexemeB.phonemeC.morphemeD.allomorphII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.12.Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.13.Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.14.Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.15.Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.16.Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.17.Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.18.Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.19.Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.20.Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)21.An__________ispronouncedletterbyletter,whilean__________ispronouncedasaword.22.Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith__________.23.Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:__________,__________and__________.24.Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainaroot__________.25.Asmallsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongto__________class,whilethelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongsto__________class.26.__________isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening.27.__________isextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsinflectionalendingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofwordsinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa.28.Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthe__________level.29.Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda__________,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalleda__________.30.Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes:__________and__________.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.Blending32.Allomorph33.Closed-classword34.MorphologicalruleV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?Whatarethey?（廈門大學(xué)，2003）36.WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMNII（武漢大學(xué)，2004）III(1)acronyma.foe(2)freemorphemeb.subconscious(3)derivationalmorphemec.UNESCO(4)inflectionalmorphemed.overwhelmed(5)prefixe.calculationKey:I.1~5AACBB6~10BCADBII.11~15FTFTT16~20FTFFFIII.21.initialism,acronym22.vocabulary23.solid,hyphenated,open24.morpheme25.close,open26.back-formation27.conversion28.morpheme29.derivative,compound30.affix,boundrootIV.31.Blending:Itisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast(news+broadcast),brunch(breakfast+lunch)32.Allomorph:Itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.33.Close-classword:Itisawordwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.areallclosed-classwords.34.Morphologicalrule:Itistherulethatgovernswhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofbasetoformanewword,